臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要在探討公司創業精神脈絡模式之發展與實證，重點在探討「知覺外部環境不確定性」、「高階管理團隊特質」、「公司創業精神」、「組織績效」之間的相關性，並兼論「部門間的功能協調」、「高階管理團隊與董事會關係」的干擾效果與「公司創業精神的中介效果」，主要研究對象鎖定在台灣服務業的192位高階管理團隊成員。本研究透過多變量統計分析的方法來探討高階管理團隊成員特質對公司創業精神與組織績效的相對預測能力，研究結果顯示高階管理團隊的特質的確會對公司創業精神與組織績效產生顯著的影響。經實證研究後，得到的主要結論如下：
一、TMT的特質對公司創業精神及組織績效具有顯著的影響。
二、知覺外部環境的不確定性對於公司創業精神及組織績效具有顯著的影響。
三、公司創業精神在「高階管理團隊特質－公司創業精神－組織績效」以及「知覺外部環境不確定性－公司創業精神－組織績效」的關係模式中具有顯著的中介效果。
四、「部門間的功能協調」、「高階管理團隊與董事會關係」的干擾效果顯著。
本研究嘗試驗證在研究中加入了公司創業精神之中介效果，並獲得證實。因此本研究建議，企業在追求組織績效時，除了致力提昇公司創業精神，應試著將TMT成員的特質進行最佳的配置，此將有利於企業績效之提升。

In this study, we focused develop and confirmation corporate entrepreneurship contextual model. We developed hypotheses relating the relationship between perceived environmental uncertainty, TMT diversity, corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance, and the moderate effect of interfunctional coordination and relationship between TMT and board of directors in a sample of 192 Taiwanese service sector corporations. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the relative predictive power of TMT diversity on corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance. The results of the study indicated a significant relationship between TMT diversity and corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance. After the empirical study, the main conclusion is as followed:
1.TMT diversity significant impact the corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance.
2.The perceived environmental uncertainty significant influenced impact on the corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance.
3.The relationship between “TMT diversity — corporate entrepreneurship — organizational performance” and “perceived environmental uncertainty — corporate entrepreneurship — organizational performance” corporate entrepreneurship have significant mediate effect.
4.The moderate effect of interfunctional coordination and relationship between TMT and board of directors was significant.
This study verified the mediate effect of corporate entrepreneurship. Therefore, it was suggested that when enterprises are pursuing organizational performance, with the addition to be devoted to improve the corporate entrepreneurship, they should make the best allocation of diversity from TMT members.

目錄
目錄 …………………………………………………… Ⅲ
表目錄 …………………………………………………… Ⅴ
圖目錄 …………………………………………………… Ⅷ

第一章　 緒論……………………………………………… 1
第一節 研究背景……………………………… 1
第二節 研究動機……………………………… 4
第三節 研究目的……………………………… 10
第四節 研究範圍……………………………… 11
第五節 研究流程……………………………… 12
第六節 論文結構……………………………… 13
第二章　 文獻探討………………………………………… 14
第一節 服務業………………………………… 14
第二節 環境不確定性………………………… 16
第三節 高層理論與高階管理團隊…………… 21
第四節 公司創業精神………………………… 29
第五節 組織績效……………………………… 52
第六節 各研究構念關聯性的探討…………… 58
第三章　 研究設計與實施………………………………… 65
第一節 研究架構……………………………… 66
第二節 操作型定義、問卷發展與驗證……… 67
第三節 假設推論與發展……………………… 79
第四節 抽樣設計與問卷發放………………… 79
第五節 資料分析方法………………………… 80

第四章　 結果分析與討論………………………………… 83
第一節 樣本結構描述………………………… 83
第二節 各研究構念的項目分析……………… 85
第三節 探索性因素分析與信、效度分析…… 94
第四節 個別測量模式的驗證性因素分析…… 100
第五節 各研究構念關聯性探討……………… 106
第六節 公司創業精神脈絡模式的驗證……… 127
第五章　 結論與建議……………………………………… 130
第一節 研究結果與發現……………………… 130
第二節 理論與實務意涵……………………… 133
第三節 對後續研究者的建議………………… 137
參考文獻 …………………………………………………… 139
附錄一 問卷……………………………………………… 159

中文參考文獻
方平煌。高階管理者的人格特質、領導風格對內控制度執行成效之影響研究。未出版碩士論文，國立成功大學，台南市，2003。
方至民、曾志弘、鍾憲瑞、沈如騏。高階經營團隊特質與財務能力對企業研發支出影響之研究以台灣上市電子產業公司為例。科技管理學刊，5（3），29-46，2002。
朱道凱（譯）。平衡計分卡。臉譜文化：台北。（Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P., 1992），1999。
行政院主計處。98年5月21日發布國民所得統計及國內經濟情勢展望，2009。線上檢索日期：2009年7月3日。網址：http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=24410&ctNode=497
行政院主計處。中華民國行業標準分類，2006。線上檢索日期：2009年7月3日。網址：http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=16333&ctNode=1309
行政院主計處。就業、失業統計－速報統計表，2009。線上檢索日期：2009年7月3日。網址：http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=17166&ctNode=517
行政院主計處。提要分析－產業結構。國民經濟動向統計季報，124，2009。線上檢索日期：2009年7月3日。網址：http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=24479&ctNode=3565
吳如玉。高階經營團隊差異性與董事會的關係對創新能力與績效影響之研究。未出版碩士論文，長榮大學，台南縣，2007。
吳安妮。績效評估觀念交友上運用。會計研究月刊，164，18-20，1999。
吳家聲、吳惠林。臺灣的服務業與經濟發展－總體面的分析。臺灣服務業發展論文集（頁37-66），1988。
吳萬益、林清河。企業研究方法。華泰：臺北，2000。
呂良添。創業導向、管理實務、人際網絡與組織績效關係之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立中央大學，桃園縣，1998。
李惠櫻。企業策略、企業資源規劃導入、知識管理能力對企業績效關聯性之研究－以資訊電子業為例。未出版碩士論文，國立成功大學，台南市，2005。
林經豪。天下雜誌2008台灣最佳聲望標竿企業調查。台灣商務網，2008年10月8日。線上檢索日期：2009年4月2日。網址：http://www.taiwanpage.com.tw/news/000018762.html
林衢江。建構人力資源部門績效衡量模式：平衡計分卡觀點。未出版碩士論文，國立中山大學，高雄市，2003。
邱士榮。高階管理團隊特質與策略科技聯盟之關係影響研究－以高科技產業為例。未出版碩士論文，國立成功大學，台南市，2001。
柯元達。CEO轉換型領導與權力支配性對組織績效的影響：高階經營團隊社會資本的中介效果。未出版博士論文，國立中山大學，高雄市，2008。
常國強。組織創業精神及創新與組織績效關係之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立中央大學，桃園縣，2005。
張建豪、袁淑娟。服務業管理。揚智：臺北，2002。
莊皓宇。影響新創事業績效因素之探討－以台灣中小企業為例。未出版碩士論文，朝陽科技大學，台中縣，2005。
陳琮智。組織寬裕、高階管理團隊特質與經營績效之關聯性－以策略相似性為中介變項。未出版碩士論文，國立東華大學，花蓮縣，2005。
黃彥強。影響新創事業績效因素之探討－以集團新創事業為例。未出版碩士論文，朝陽科技大學，台中縣，2005。
楊俊、張玉利。國外PSED項目研究述評及其對我國創業研究的啟示。外國經濟與管理，29（8），1-9，2007。
楊錦洲。服務業品質管理。品質學會：臺北，2001。
詹德松。經濟統計指標：兼述政府統計實務。華泰：臺北，1997。
廖志德。導入ERP－實踐世界級的管理。能力雜誌，514，20-25，1998。
趙維穎。董事會屬性、董事會功能與企業經營績效之關聯性研究。未出版碩士論文，中原大學，桃園縣，2004。
劉常勇、謝如梅。創業管理研究之回顧與展望：理論與模式探討。創業管理研究期刊，1（1），1-43，2006。
劉韻僖。台灣高科技產業高階經營團隊及董事會權力與組織績效關係之研究。Chiao Da Management Review，26（1），173-200，2006。
劉常勇。創業管理的12堂課。天下文化，2002。
蔡政安、溫肇東。公司興業精神之台灣實證研究。科技管理學刊，11（4），37-62，2006。
蔡敦浩、利尚仁、林韶怡。複雜性科學典範下的創業研究。創業管理研究期刊，2（1），31-60，2007。
賴思樺。臺中地區服務業空間結構變遷之特性。未出版碩士論文，逢甲大學，台中市，2005。
謝宗林、吳惠林。服務業發展理論綜述－兼論美國服務業的發展。台灣經濟論衡，2（8），1-56，2004。
鍾喜梅、劉韻僖、葉匡時。我國上市公司家族控制力與董事會運作關係之探討。中山管理評論，11（2），341-356，2003。

英文參考文獻
Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. Introduction to the handbook of entrepreneurship research. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 3-20). Boston/Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
Aldrich, H. E. Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979.
Aldrich, H. E., & Martinez, M. A. Many are called, but few are chosen: An evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 41-56, 2001.
Amason, A. C. Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 123-148, 1996.
Amason, A. C., & Sapienza, H. J. The effects of top management team size and interaction norms on cognitive and affective conflict. Journal of Management, 23(4), 495-516, 1997.
Ancona, D. G., & Caldwell, D. F. Bridging the boundary: External activity and performance in organizational teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 634-995, 1997.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423, 1988.
Andrews, K. R. The concept of corporate strategy (3rd ed.). Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1987.
Antoncic, B., & Hisrich, R. D. Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 495-527, 2001.
Antoncic, B., & Zorn, O. The mediating role of corporate entrepreneurship in the organizational support-performance relationship: An empirical examination. Managing Global Transitions, 2(1), 5-14, 2004.
Auh, S., & Menguc, B. Top management team diversity and innovativeness: The moderating role of interfunctional coordination. Industrial Marketing Management, 34(3), 249-261, 2005.
Badaracco, J. L., & Ellswort, R. R. Leadership and the quest for integrity. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1989.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94, 1988.
Bantel, K. A., & Jackson, S. E. Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference?. Strategic Management Journal, 10, Summer Special Issue, 107-124, 1989.
Baron, R. A. Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 275-294, 1998.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182, 1986.
Bartlett, M. S. The goodness of fit of a single hypothetical discriminat function in the case of several groups. Annuals of Eugenics, 16, 199-214, 1951.
Baumol, W. J. Horizontal collusion and innovation. Economic Journal, 102, 129-137, 1992.
Beer, M., Eisenstat, R. A., & Spector, B. The critical path to corporate renewal. Harvard Business Review, 1990.
Birkinshaw, J. Entrepreneurship in the global firm. London: Sage Publications, 2000.
Block, Z., & MacMillan, I. C. Corporate venturing: Creating new businesses within the firm. Harvard Business School Press, 1993.
Boeker, W. Strategic change: The influence of managerial characteristics and organizational growth. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 152-170, 1997.
Boseman, G., Phatak, A., & Schellenberger, R. E. Strategic management: Text and cases. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1986.
Boulton, W. R., & Carland, J. A. Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners. The Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 354-359, 1984.
Bourgeois, L. J. Strategy and environment: A conceptual integration. Academy of Management Review, 5, 25-39, 1980.
Bowen, D. D., & Hisrich, R. D. The female entrepreneur: A career development perspective. Academy of Management Review, 11(2), 397-399, 1986.
Brandt, P. Hjemloshed og psykisk lidelse (Homelessness and mental illness). Nord Psykiatr Tidskr, 41, 295-301, 1987.
Brockhaus, R. H., & Horowitz, P. S. The psychology of theentrepreneur. In the Art and Science of Entrepreneurship. In D. L Sexton & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship (pp. 25-48). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1986.
Brooks, B. W., & Rose, R. L. A contextual model of negotiation orientation. Industrial Marketing Management, 33, 125-133, 2004.
Brown, T. E., Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. An operationalization of Stevenson’s conceptualization of entrepreneurship as opportunity-based firm behavior. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 953-968, 2001.
Buchko, A. A. Conceptualization and measurement of environmental uncertainty: An assessment of the miles and snow perceived environmental uncertainty scale. Academy of Management Journal, 37(2), 410-425, 1994.
Bunderson, J. S., & Sutcliffe, K. M. Comparing alternative conceptualizations of functional diversity in management teams: Process and performance effects. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 875-893, 2002.
Burgelman, R. A. Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management: Insights from a process study. Management Science, 29, 1349-1364, 1983.
Burgelman, R. A. Designs for corporate entrepreneurship. California Management Review, 26(2), 154-166, 1984.
Busenitz, L. W., West III, G.P., Shepherd, D., Nelson, T., Chandler, G. N., & Zacharakis, A. Entrepreneurship research in emergence: Past trends and future directions. Journal of Management, 29(3), 285-308, 2003.
Bygrave, W. D. The entrepreneurship paradigm (II): Chaos and catastrophes among quantum jumps. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(2), 7-30, 1989.
Carmeli, A., & Schaubroeck, J. Top management team behavioral integration, decision quality, and organization decline. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 441-453, 2006.
Carpenter, M. A. The implications of strategy and social context for the relationship between top management team heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23, 275-284, 2002.
Carpenter, M. A., & Frederickson, J. W. Top management teams, global strategic posture, and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3), 533-545, 2001.
Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G.. Upper echelons research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30(6), 749-778. 2004.
Child, J. Organization structure, environment and performance: The role of strategic choice. Sociology, 6, 1-22, 1972.
Chittipeddi, K., & Wallett, T. A. Entrepreneurship and competitive strategy for the 1990’s. Journal of Small Bussiness Management, 29(1), 94-98, 1991.
Christensen, C. M., & Raynor, M. E. The innovation solution. Harvard Business School Press, 2003.
Cooper, A. Entrepreneurship: The past, the present, the future. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 21-36). Boston/Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
Covin, J. G., & Miles, M. P. Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 47-63, 1999.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 7-25, 1991a.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 7-25, 1991a.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. Entrepreneurial versus conservative firms: A comparison of strategies and performance. Journal of Management Studies, 28, 439-462, 1991b.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87, 1989.
Cox, T. L., & McLeod, P. Effects of ethnic group culture differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 827-847, 1991.
Daft, R. L. Organization theory and design. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Press, 2001.
Daft, R. L., Sormunem, J., & Parks, D. Chief executive scanning environmental characteristics and company performance: An empirical study. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 123-139, 1988.
Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. Levels of analysis in entrepreneurship research: Current research practice and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2), 81-99, 2001.
Davidsson, P., Low, M., & Wright, M. Editor’s introduction: Low and MacMillan ten years on: Achievements and future directions for entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25(4), 5-16, 2001.
Dess, G. G., Lumpkin, G. T., & McFarlin, D. The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 147-156, 2005.
Dess, G. G., Lumpkin, G. T., & McGee, J. E. Linking corporate entrepreneurship to strategy, structure, and process: Suggested research directions. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 23(3), 85-102, 1999.
Dess, G., & Bread, D. Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 52-73, 1984.
DeVellis, R. F. Scale Development Theory and Applications. London: Sage, 1991.
Dollingers, M. J. Entrepreneurship: Strategies and resources. Prentice Hall, 2003.
Downey, H. K, Hellriegel, D., & Slocum, J. W. Uncertainty: Measures, research and sources of variations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, 562-577, 1975a.
Downey, H. K., Hellriegel, D., & Slocum, J. Environmental uncertainty: The construct and its applications. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 613-629, 1975b.
Drucker, P. F. Entrepreneurial strategies. California Management Review, 27(2), 9-25, 1985a.
Drucker, P. F. Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper & Row, 1985b.
Duncan, R. B. Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environment uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 313-327, 1972.
Eccles, R. G., & Nohria, N. Beyond the hype: Rediscovering the essence of management. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. Resource-based view of strategic alliance formation: Strategic and social effects in entrepreneurial firms. Organization Science, 7(2), 136-150, 1996.
Ellis, R. J., & Taylor, N. T. Specifying entrepreneurship. In N. C. Chruchill, J. A. Hornaday, B. A. Kirchhoff, O. J. Krasner, & K. H. Vesper (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 527-541). Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 1987.
Emery, F. E., & Tris, R. The causal texture of organizational environments. Human Relation, 21-31, 1965.
Ferreira, J. Corporate entrepreneurship: A strategic and structural perspective. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 59-71, 2001.
Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul: West Educational Publishing, 1996.
Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. Top management team tenure & organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3), 484-503, 1990.
Florin, J., Lubatkin, M., & Schulze, W. A social capital model of high-growth ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 374-384, 2003.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50, 1981.
Gartner, W. B. Is there an elephant in entrepreneurship? Blind assumptions in theory development. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 27-40, 2001.
Gartner, W. B. What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship? Journal of Business Venturing, 5(1), 15-28, 1990.
Gautam, V. & Verma, V. Corporate entrepreneurship: Changing perspectives. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 6(2), 233-247, 1997.
Gifford, W. E., Bobbitt, H. R., & Slocum, J. W. Message characteristics and perceptions of uncertainty by organizational decision makers. Academy of Management Journal, 22(3), 458-481, 1979.
Ginsberg, A., & Venkatraman, N. Investing in new information technology: The role of competitive posture and issue, diagnosis. Strategic Management Journal, 13, Special Issue, Summer, 37-53, 1992.
Gupta, Y. P. & Chin, D. C. W. Strategy making and the environment: An organizational life cycle perspective. Technovation, 13, 27-44, 1993.
Guth, W. & Ginsberg, A. Guest editors’ introduction: Corporate entrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 297-308, 1990.
Guth, W., & Ginsberg, A. Guest Editors’ introduction: Corporate entrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 297-308, 1990.
Hage, J., & Dewer, R. Elite values versus organizational structure in predicting innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, Sept, 279-290, 1973.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. Multivariate data analysis. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1998.
Hambrick, D. C. Environmental scanning and organizational strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 3, 159-173, 1983.
Hambrick, D. C. The top management team: Key to strategic success. California Management Review, 30, 88-108, 1987.
Hambrick, D. C. Top management groups: A conceptual integration and reconsideration of the “team” label. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, (vol. 16, pp. 171-213). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1994
Hambrick, D. C. Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334-343, 2007.
Hambrick, D. C., & D’Aveni, R. A. Top team deterioration as part of the downward spiral of large corporate bankruptcies. Management Science, 38, 1445-1466, 1992.
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193-206, 1984.
Hambrick, D. C., Cho, T. S., & Chen, M. The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms’ competitive moves. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 659-684, 1996.
Han, J. K., Kim, N., & Srivastava, R. K. Market orientation and organizational performance: Is innovation a missing link. Journal of Marketing, 62(4), 30-45, 1998.
Harrison, E. Perspectives on uncertainty in successful strategic choice at the CEO level. Omega, 20, 105-116, 1992.
Hequet, M. Teams at the Top. Training, 31, 7-9, 1994.
Hill, P. Tangibles, intangibles and services: A new taxonomy for the classification of output. Canadian Journal of Economics, 32(2), 1999.
Hinkin, T. R. A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organization Research Methods, 1(1), 104-121, 1998.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Palia, K. A. Industrial firms grand strategy and functional importance: Moderating effects of technology and uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 295-298, 1982.
Hofer, C. W., & Bygrave, W. D.. Researching entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(3), 91-100, 1992.
Hornaday, J.A., & Aboud, J. Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Personnel Psychology, 24, 141-153, 1971.
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., & Zahra, S. A. Middle managers’ perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: assessing a measurement scale. Journal of Business Venturing, 17, 253-273, 2002.
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., Shepherd, D. A., & Bott. J. P. Managers’ corporate entrepreneurial actions: Examining perception and position. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 236-247, 2009.
Howells, J. The nature of innovation in services. In Innovation and Productivity in Services, OECD, 57-82, 2001.
Ireland, R. D., Kuratko, D. F., & Morris, M. H. A health audit for corporate entrepreneurship: innovation at all levels: part II. Journal of Business Strategy, 27(2), 21-30, 2006.
Ireland, R. E., Covin, J. G., & Kuratko, D. F. Conceptualizing corporate entrepreneurship strategy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), 19-46, 2009.
Jaworski, Bernard, & Kohli, Ajay. Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 52(2), 53-70, 1993.
Johnson, H. T., & Kaplan, R. S. Relevance lost. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1987.
Kaiser, H. F. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychomertrika, 39, 31-35, 1974.
Kanter, R. M. The Change Masters. Simon & Schuster. New York, NY. 1983.
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. The balanced scorecard: Translating strategy into action. Harvard Business School Press, 1996.
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. The balanced scorecard--measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 1, 71-79, 1992.
Katzenbach, J. R., & Smith, D. K. The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. New York: Harper Collins, 1993.
Kazanjian, R. K., Drazin, R., & Glynn, M. A. Implementing strategies for corporate entrepreneurship: A knowledge-based perspective. In M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland, S. M. Camp, & D. L. Sexton (Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset (pp. 173-200). Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2001.
Keats, B. W., & Hitt, M. A. A causal model of linkages among environmental dimensions, macro organizational characteristics, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 570-598, 1988.
Keck, S. Top management team structure: differential effects by environmental context. Organizational Science, 8, 143-156, 1997.
Khandwalla, P. N. Generators of pioneering-innovative management: Some Indian evidence. Organization Studies, 8(1), 39-59, 1987.
Khandwalla, P. N. The design of organizations. New York, Harcourt Bruce Jovanovich Inc, 1977.
Kilduff, M., & Tsai, W. Social networks and organizations. London: Sage Publication, 2003.
Kirzner, I. M. Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
Klein, Frazier, & Roth. A transaction cost analysis model of channel integration in international markets. Journal of Marketing Research, 27, 196-208, 1990.
Knight, D., Pearce, Smith, C. L., Olian, K. G., Sims, J. D., Smith, H. P. Top management team diversity, group process, and strategic consensus. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 445-465, 1999.
Knight, G. A. Cross cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, 12 (3), 213-226, 1997.
Kotler, P. Marketing management: Analysis, planning, implementation and control (10th ed.). Prentice-Hall Inc, 2000.
Kuratko, D. F. Family business succession in Korean and U.S. firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 31(2), 132–136, 1993.
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Bishop, J. W. Managers’ corporate entrepreneurial actions and job satisfaction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 275-291, 2005.
Kuratko, D. F., Ireland, R. D., & Hornsby, J. S. Improving firm performance through entrepreneurial actions: Acordia’s corporate entrepreneurship strategy. Academy of Management Executive, 15(4), 60-71, 2001.
Kuratko, D. F., Montagno, R. V., & Hornsby, J. S. Developing an intrapreneurial assessment instrument for an effective corporate entrepreneurial environment. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 49-58, 1990.
Lawrence, B. S. The black box of organizational demography. Organization Science, 8(1), 1-22, 1997.
Lawrence, P., & Lorsch, J. Differentiation and integration in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12, 1-30, 1967.
Lefebvre, É., & Lefebvre, L. A. Firm innovativeness and CEO characteristics in small manufacturing firms. Journal Engineering and Technology Management, 1(9), 243-277, 1992.
Lefebvre, L. A., Mason, R., & Lefebvre, É. The influence prism in SMEs: The power of CEOs, perceptions on technology policy and its organizational impacts. Management Science, 43(6), 856-878, 1997.
Leonard-Barton, D. Wellsprings of knowledge: building and sustaining the sources of innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.1995.
Lingle J. H., & Schiemann, W. From balanced scorecard to strategic gauge: Is measurement worth it?. Management Review Mar, 56-61, 1996.
Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2), 139-161, 1988.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172, 1996.
McGrath, R. G., & MacMillan, I. C. Assessing technology projects using Real Options Reasoning. Research-Technology Management, 43(4), 35-49, 2000.
Michel, J. G., & Hambrick, D. C. Diversification posture and top management team characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 9-38, 1992.
Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. Organizational strategy, structure and process. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1978.
Miller, D. A. framework for integrated risk management in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 311-331, 1992.
Miller, D. Relating porter’s business strategies to environment and structure. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 280-308, 1988.
Miller, D. Strategy making and structure: Analysis and implications for performance. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 7-32, 1987.
Miller, D. The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-91, 1983.
Miller, D. The structural and environmental correlates of business strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 8, 55-76, 1987.
Miller, D., & Droge, C. Psychological and traditional determinants of structure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 539-560, 1986.
Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial Firms: Two models of strategic momentum. Strategic Management Journal, 3(1), 1-25, 1983a.
Miller, D., & Friesen, P. Strategic-making and environment: The third link. Strategic Management Journal, 4(3), 221-235, 1983b.
Miller, K. D. Industry and country effects on managers’ perceptions of environmental uncertainties. Journal of International Business Studies, 24, 693-714, 1993.
Milliken, F. J. Perceiving and interpreting environmental change: An examination of college administrators interpretation of changing demographics. Academy of Management Journal, 1, 42-63, 1990.
Milliken, F. Three types of perceived uncertainty about the environment: state, effect & response uncertainty. Academy of Management Review, 12, 133-143, 1987.
Mintzberg, H. The nature of Managerial work. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. S. Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(2), 93-104, 2002.
Morris, M. H., & Paul, G. W. The relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in established firms. Journal of Bussiness, 2(3), 247-59, 1987.
Murray, A. I. Top management group heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 125-142, 1989.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Reviewv, 23, 242-266, 1998.
Naman, J., & Slevin, D. Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical tests. Strategic Management Journal, 14(2), 137-153, 1993.
Narver, J. C., & Slater, S. F. The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54, 20-35, 1990.
Norburn, D., & Birley, S. Top management team and corporate performance. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 225-237, 1998.
Numazaki, I. The laoban-led development of business enterprises in Taiwan: An analysis of the Chinese entrepreneurship. The Developing Economies, 35(4), 440-57, 1997.
Nunnally. Psychometric theory (2ed ed.), New York: McGraw Hill, 1978.
Pearce II, J. A., & Zahra, S. A. The relative power of CEO’s and boards of directors: Association with corporate performance. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 135-153, 1991.
Penrose, E. T. The theory of the Growth of the firm. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1959.
Pfeffer, J. S., & Salancik, G. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York, 1978.
Phan, P. H., Wright, M., Ucbasaran, D., & Tan, W. L. Corporate entrepreneurship: Current research and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 197-205, 2009.
Pinchot, G. Intrapreneuring: Why you don't have to leave the corporation to become an entrepreneur. New York: Harper and Row, 1985.
Pitcher, P. & Smith, A. D. Top management team heterogeneity: Personality, power, and proxies. Organization Science, 12(1), 1-18, 2001.
Priem, R. L., Lyon, D. W., & Dess, G. G. Inherent limitations of demographic proxies in top management team heterogeneity research. Journal of Management, 25(6): 935-953, 1999
Ray, S., & Ramachandran, K. Towards a framework for a comprehensive theory of entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 1-22, 1996.
Ripsas, S. Towards an interdisciplinary theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 10, 103-115, 1998.
Robbins, S. P. Fundamentals of management: Essential concepts and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
Robbins, S. P. Organization theory: Structure, design and application (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
Robert, E. B. New ventures for corporate growth. Harvard Business Review, Jul-Aug, 134-142, 1980.
Rue, L. W., & Byars, L. L. Management: Skills and application (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Irwin, 2003.
Russell, R. D. Developing a process model of intrapreneurial systems: A cognitive mapping approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 65-84, 1999.
Russell, R. D., & Russell, C. J. An examination of the effects of organizational norms, structure, and environmental uncertainty on entrepreneurial strategy. Journal of Management, 18, 639-656, 1992.
Sambharya, R. B. Foreign experience of top management teams and international diversification strategies of U.S. multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 17(9), 739-746, 1996.
Sambrook, S., & Roberts, C. Corporate entrepreneurship and organizational learning: a review of the literature and the development of a conceptual framework. Strategic Change, 14(3), 141-155, 2005.
Sathe, V. Corporate entrepreneurship: Top managers and new business creation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Sathe, V. Fostering entrepreneurship in a large diversified firm. Organization Dynamic, 18, 20-32, 1989.
Schollhammer, H. Internal corporate entrepreneurship. In: C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 209-229). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1982.
Schumpeter, J. The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
Scott, W. R. Organizations: rational, natural, and open systems (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992.
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of management Review, 25(1), 216-217, 2000.
Sharma, P., & Chrisman, J. J. Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 11-27, 1999.
Shieh, G. S. “Boss” Island: The subcontracting network and micro-entrepreneurship in Taiwan’s development. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1992.
Simons, T., Pelled, L. H., & Smith, K. A. Making use of difference: Diversity, debate, and decision comprehensiveness in top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42(6), 662-673, 1999.
Simons, T., Pelled, L. H., & Smith, K. A. Making use of difference: Diversity, debate, and decision comprehensiveness in top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42(6), 662-673, 1999.
Simsek, Z., Veiga, J. F., Lubatkin, M. H., & Dino, R. N. Modeling the multilevel determinants of top management team behavioral integration. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 69-84, 2005.
Smith, Arnold, & Bizzell. Business Strategy and Policy. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991.
Smith, K. G., Smith, K. A., Olian, J. D., Sims, H. P., O’Bannon, D. P., & Scully, J. A. Top management team demography and process: The role of social integration and communication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(3), 412-438, 1994.
Snow, C. C. & Wolfe, J. Business policy teaching research-A comment and reply. The Academy of Management Review, 1(4), 136, 1976.
Srivastava, A., & Lee, H. Predicting order and timing of new product moves: the role of top management in corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing. 20, 459-481, 2005.
Starbuck, C. J. Increasing production of new roots by potted roses with root applied IBA. J. Envir. Hort, 5(3), 125-127, 1987.
Steers, R. M. Problems in the measurement of organizational effectiveness. Administative Science Quarterly, 20, 1975.
Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 17-27.1990
Stopford, M. J., Baden-Fuller, & Charles, W. F. Creating corporate entrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 521-536, 1994.
Swamidass, P. M., & Newell, W. T. Manufacturing strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance: A path analytic model. Management Science, 30(4), 509-524, 1987.
Swedberg, R. Entrepreneurship: the social science view. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Tan, J. J., & Litschert, R. J. Environment-strategy relationship and its performance implications: An empirical study of the Chinese electronics industry. Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), 1-20, 1994.
Thompson, J. P. Organization in actions. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1967.
Thornberry, N. Corporate entrepreneurship: Antidote or oxymoron?. European Management Journal, 19(5), 526-533, 2001.
Timan, S., & Wesseler, R. The determinants of capital structure choice. Journal of Finance, 43(1), 1-19, 1988.
Timmons, J. S. Contribution of dietary roasted soybeans and milk components to the development of spontaneously oxidized flavor. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1999.
Tosi, H., Aldag, R., & Storey, R. G. On the measurement of the environment: An assessment of the Lawrence and Lorsch environmental uncertainty scale. Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, 27-36, 1973.
Tsai, & Ghoshal. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464-476, 1998.
Tung, R. L. Dimensions of organizational environments: An exploratory study of their impact on organization structure. The Academy of Management Journal, 22(4), 672-693, 1979.
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. The focus of entrepreneurial research: Contextual and process issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2), 57-80, 2001.
Van de Ven, A. H. Longitudinal methods for studying the process of entrepreneurship. in D.L. Sexton and J.D. Kasarda (Eds), The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship, PWS-Kent Publishing, Boston, Massachusetts (pp. 214-242), 1992.
Veciana, J. Generación y desarrollo de nuevos proyectos innovadores: “Venture management” vs. “corporate entrepreneurship”. Economia Industrial, 310/IV, 1996.
Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. The Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814, 1986.
Virany, B., Tushaman, M., & Romanelli, E. Executive succession and organization outcomes in turbulent environments: An organizational learning approach. Organization Science, 3(1), 72-91, 1992.
Weick, K., & Van Orden, P.. Organizing on a global scale. In N. Tichy (ed.), Human Resource Management (Vol. 29, pp. 49-62). New York: Wiley, 1990.
West Ⅲ, G. P., & Meyer, G. D. To agree or not to agree? Consensus and performance in new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 395-422, 1998.
West, C., & Schwenk, C. Top management team strategic consensus, demographic homogeneity and firm performance: A report of resounding nonfindings. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 571-576, 1996.
Westphal, J. D., & Zajac, E. J. Who shall govern? CEO/board power, demographic similarity, and new director selection. Administrative Sciennce Quarterly, 40, 60-83, 1995.
Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D.. Strategic Management and Business Policy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986.
Wiersema, M., & Bantel, K. Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 91-121, 1992.
Zahra, S. A. Environment, corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance: a taxonomic approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 8, 319-340, 1993.
Zahra, S. A. Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 6, 259-285. 1991.
Zahra, S. A., & Covin, J. G.. Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship–performance relationship: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 43–58. 1995.
Zahra, S. A., Jennings, D. F., & Kuratko, D. F.. The antecedents and consequences of firm-level entrepreneurship: The state of the field. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(2), 45-65, 1999.
Zahra, S., Filatotchev, I., & Wright, M. How do threshold firms sustain corporate entrepreneurship? The role of boards and absorptive capacity. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 248-260, 2009.
Zald, M. N. The power & functions of boards of directors: A theoretical synthesis. American Journal of Sociology, 75, 97-111, 1969.