臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國際上由於船舶攜帶壓艙水而導致外來物種入侵的現象層出不窮，為了遏止此類現象持續擴大發生，由國際海事組織所訂定之《國際控管船舶壓艙水及底泥公約》已於2004年開放簽署，其目的就是希望能透過一套有效的管理制度、標準、和在實際執行時所能應用的指導方針，來防止、減少和控制壓艙水對於生態環境所造成的威脅、以及對經濟所造成的損失。

高雄港是我國第一大港口，藉由國際船舶所帶來的壓艙水量不可忽視。然而我國目前尚未訂定任何壓艙水管理辦法，因此使得高雄港區環境暴露在壓艙水導入外來侵襲物種的風險之下。於是，本研究透過文獻分析法以清楚定位我國在《國際海洋法公約》及《生物多樣性公約》中擁有的管轄權力、探討《國際控管船舶壓艙水及底泥公約》當中的相關規範，並且透過比較分析法對於美國及澳洲兩國所制定的壓艙水管理辦法中所著重的部分進行探討，再為高雄港未來進行壓艙水管理提出可行的建議事項，避免高雄港環境受外來種危害。

本研究發現，高雄港未來管理壓艙水之應有之作為如下: (1) 儘速劃設出壓艙水交換區域，並禁止外來船舶於港內排放壓艙水；(2) 培訓港口國管制官員並逐步落實管制時壓艙水相關項目的檢查，以防止於港區排放高風險水體的機會；(3) 建立進港船舶的風險評估準則，以判定出高風險船舶進行管理並藉此準則降低港口國管制的營運成本；(4) 建立岸上壓艙水收受設施及處理設備供船舶使用，以強化高雄港之競爭力；(5) 積極開發壓艙水處理設備之新技術，以符合公約要求並且降低裝置門檻。未來政府應分析各項規範的需求及統整規劃出一套適用於全國之壓艙水管理辦法，透過瞭解各項管理方式對我國環境及經濟可能造成的優缺點，並且因地制宜規劃出適合的管理模式，才能夠於日後公約正式實施時，使我國港口能達到水準以上之管理成效，並能徹底防止壓艙水可能對近岸海域造成的污染及傷害。

The adverse impact of non-indigenous species transported by ballast waters has been gradually increased in recent years. In order to combat such problem, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), United Nations body that administers the international regulatory regime for shipping, has determined that an international convention would best meet the needs of the global community. Hence, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted in 2004 and is now open for signature. This convention was set to reduce the transfer and subsequent impact of aquatic organisms in the ballast water and sediment of ships by acting to reduce the load of these organisms in the discharged ballast water.

Port of Kaohsiung is the largest port in Taiwan. A great amount of exotic ballast water was probably discharged daily into the port through international shipping sector. However, there is no law or regulation related to ballast water management in Taiwan. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to analyze Taiwan’s jurisdiction on the matter of ballast water management according to international legal instruments; to conduct case study for the current ballast water management practice in other countries; and to provide some insightful strategy for future management of ballast water in Port of Kaohsiung.

We found that Port of Kaohsiung should consider the following practices for future ballast water management: (1) implement a mandatory ballast water exchange requirement in the designated area; (2) train port state control officers for vessel examination related to ballast water issues to prevent any possible discharge; (3) set risk assessment procedures for foreign vessels and prioritize their risk for port state control examinations; (4) establish land-based reception facilities for treating non-compliance ballast waters; and (5) develop innovative treatment technology to reduce installation costs. In the future, the government should provide a comprehensive ballast water management plan that can be used in all international port in Taiwan, such that we can prevent the negative impacts of non-indigenous species from ballast waters in our nearshore marine environment.

第一章 緒論 ................................................................................................................ 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 ........................................................................................ 1
第二節 研究範圍 .................................................................................................... 1
第三節 研究方法 .................................................................................................... 2
第四節 研究架構 .................................................................................................... 2
第二章 壓艙水之傳輸途徑與危害 ........................................................................... 5
第一節 船舶壓艙水之基本特性 ............................................................................ 5
第一項 壓艙水之定義及重要性 ........................................................................ 5
第二項 壓艙水及底泥傳遞的過程 .................................................................... 5
第三項 船舶種類與攜帶壓艙水量的關係 ........................................................ 7
第四項 進出口量與壓艙水量關係 .................................................................... 7
第二節 壓艙水之危害 ............................................................................................ 8
第一項 十大海洋入侵物種 .............................................................................. 12
第二項 外來物種對於環境的傷害 .................................................................. 13
第三章 國際上與壓艙水相關公約之探討 ............................................................. 19
第一節 《聯合國海洋法公約》 .......................................................................... 19
第一項 公約精神 .............................................................................................. 19
第二項 壓艙水管理之相關性與適用性 .......................................................... 20
第二節 《生物多樣性公約》 .............................................................................. 32
第一項 公約精神 .............................................................................................. 32
第二項 壓艙水管理之相關性與適用性 .......................................................... 32
第三節 《國際控管船舶壓艙水及底泥公約》 .................................................. 33
第一項 公約源起 .............................................................................................. 33
第二項 公約精神 .............................................................................................. 34
第三項 公約效力 .............................................................................................. 34
第四項 公約之規範 .......................................................................................... 35
第五項 附則內容 .............................................................................................. 38
第六項 指導方針內容 ...................................................................................... 44
第四章 美國及澳洲壓艙水管理法令 ..................................................................... 51
第一節 美國壓艙水管理法令 .............................................................................. 51
第一項 聯邦法 .................................................................................................. 51
第二項 加州州法 .............................................................................................. 56
第二節 澳洲壓艙水管理法令 .............................................................................. 64
第一項 聯邦法 .................................................................................................. 64
第二項 維多利亞州環境部管理規範 .............................................................. 66
第三項 壓艙水回報表格分析 .......................................................................... 67
第四項 特殊管理辦法 ...................................................................................... 70
第三節 美澳管理之回報標準比較 ...................................................................... 70
第五章 未來高雄港面對國際控管船舶壓艙水及底泥公約的因應策略 .............. 75
第一節 高雄港現況 .............................................................................................. 75
第二節 建議壓艙水交換區域 .............................................................................. 76
第三節 建立船舶風險評估準則 .......................................................................... 82
第四節 高雄港港口國管制 .................................................................................. 85
第五節 未來壓艙水處置之探討 .......................................................................... 92
第一項 壓艙水及底泥收受設施 ...................................................................... 92
第二項 相關處理技術之發展 .......................................................................... 95
第六章 結論與建議 ............................................................................................... 103
第一節 結論 ........................................................................................................ 103
第二節 建議 ........................................................................................................ 103

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