本研究主要目的為地下水資源調查與分析，以流域作為案例研究，本論文主要分為三大主軸，分別為 (1)流域地下水補注量推估；(2)流域地下水補注潛勢能區劃分；(3)流域地下水補注特性評估。首先在流域地下水補注量推估方面，應用兩種水平衡方法推估清水溪流域地下水補注量，第一種方法為土壤水分收支法，評估常年降雨產生之入滲、逕流、蒸發散及地下水補注，其中土壤含水量為隨時間變化的。第二種方法為使用河川總流量進行基流分離之基流推估模式，其中之地下水蒸發散量是假設忽略的。本研究提出基流模式相對於土壤水分收支法而言，它不需要複雜的水文地質模型及詳盡的地質特徵，即可對流域地下水補注量有正確的推估。
第二部份為流域地下水補注潛勢能區劃分，針對不同地下水補注影響因素進行知本溪流域地下水補注潛能區劃分。其中，影響因子包括岩性、土地利用/覆蓋、線型構造、河系以及坡度等五項。根據航照圖、地質圖幅、國土利用資料庫以及現地探勘驗證，決定地下水補注影響因子之性質與特徵，並應用地理資訊系統之空間整合功能性進行地下水補注潛能區之劃分。
最後部份為主要利用穩定氫氧同位素組成評估知本溪流域地下水補注來源及雨水對地下水補注的季節性差異，主要收集雨水、河水及地下水樣本進行穩定氫氧同位素組成分析，其以乾季及溼季來探討。並利用質量平衡概念比較雨水與地下水的氘過剩值來評估雨水對地下水補注的季節性差異，結果顯示該流域地下水76%來自濕季降雨，24%來自乾季降雨，可知研究區域地下水補注有顯著的季節性差異。另外，補注水源所佔分率中，流域內之地下水補注量其山區河水佔79％，平原雨水佔21％。

The principal objectives of this dissertation are to investigate the groundwater resources in mountainous basin through a set of detailed case studies. This dissertation is mainly divided into three major parts including: (1) groundwater recharge estimation; (2) groundwater recharge potential zone mapping; and (3) groundwater recharge characteristics evaluation. The first part is to apply a water balance concept with two methods to estimate the groundwater recharge in the Ching-Shui Creek basin. A soil moisture budget method is established to estimate the infiltration, runoff, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge in the basin, where the moisture content of the soil is tracked through time. Both soil-water properties of the unsaturated zone and climatic conditions must be fully considered. The base-flow model uses the base-flow separation from the total streamflow discharge to obtain a measure of groundwater recharge, where groundwater evapotranspiration is negligible. In contrast to the soil moisture budget method, base-flow estimation does not require complex hydro-geologic modeling and detailed knowledge of soil characteristics.
The second part is to assess the potential zone of groundwater recharge. The Chih-Pen Creek basin in eastern Taiwan is examined in this study to assess its groundwater resources potential. Remote sensing and the geographical information system (GIS) are used to integrate five contributing factors: lithology, land cover/land use, lineaments, drainage, and slope. The weights of factors contributing to the groundwater recharge are derived using aerial photos, geological maps, a land use database, and field verification.
The final part is to use the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to estimate the sources of groundwater and seasonal contributions of precipitation to groundwater recharge in Chih-Pen Creek basin. Precipitation, river water, and groundwater samples are collected for oxygen and hydrogen isotopic analyses between January and December, 2007. Sampling is carried out during both wet and dry periods. Using a mass-balance equation, a comparison of deuterium excess or d-values of precipitation and groundwater indicates the groundwater consist of 76% wet season precipitation and 24% dry season precipitation, representing a distinct seasonal variation of groundwater recharge in study area. About 79% of the groundwater is recharged from the river water of the mountain watershed and 21% is from the rain that falls on the basin.

ABSTRACT
摘要
誌謝
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Outline of dissertation 8
Chapter 2 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Methodology 14
2.2.1 Soil moisture budget method 14
2.2.2 Base-flow model 20
2.2.3 Stable-base-flow analysis 24
2.3 Study area 26
2.3.1 Field data 27
2.4 Results and discussions 30
2.4.1 Soil moisture budget Analysis 30
2.4.2 Base-flow analysis 33
2.5 Summary 38
Chapter 3 Assessment of the Groundwater Recharge Potential Zone 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Methodology 41
3.2.1 Study approach 41
3.2.2 The Infrastructure of the groundwater recharge potential model 43
3.3 Establishment of groundwater recharge potential-related factors 44
3.3.1 Lithology 44
3.3.2 Land use/cover 44
3.3.3 Lineaments 45
3.3.4 Drainage 46
3.3.5 Slope 47
3.4 Interrelationships between the factors of the groundwater recharge potential 47
3.5 Study area 49
3.5.1 Geographical position and meteorological hydrology 49
3.5.2 Topography and geology 50
3.6 Groundwater recharge potential factor establishment and spatial analysis 53
3.6.1 Factor establishment 53
3.6.2 Spatial analysis 56
3.6.3 Demarcation of the groundwater recharge zone 60
3.7 Summary 62
Chapter 4 Evaluation of Groundwater Recharge Characteristics 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Theory of environmental isotopes 63
4.3 Sampling and analytical method 70
4.4 Results and discussion 71
4.4.1 Isotopic compositions of precipitation 71
4.4.2 Mass-balance of isotopic compositions of groundwater 75
4.4.3 Isotopic compositions of river water 79
4.5 Summary 81
Chapter 5 Summary and Conclusion 82

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