臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

乳房腫瘤輪廓的規則性是辨別腫瘤良惡性一個很重要的特徵。對電腦輔助診斷系統而言，如何用特徵參數來代表乳房腫瘤輪廓規則性是一個關鍵的課題。在我們的研究中，乳房腫瘤輪廓規則性可以視為一維訊號中的區域變異性。而區域變異性可以藉由一維離散週期小波轉換的高階轉換係數能量求得。為了減少運算複雜度，我們使用可逆的一維離散非遞迴式小波轉換來計算高階轉換係數。
特徵參數必需能抗雜訊且不會因乳房腫瘤輪廓變動而影響診斷效能。為了評估乳房腫瘤輪廓變動對診斷效能以及特徵值所造成的影響，此研究使用的樣本由兩種方法產生，分別為人工手繪腫瘤輪廓以及使用ImageJ影像處理程式設定三組不同的參數繪製。實驗結果顯示，我們提出高階轉換係數能量診斷效能和專業醫師的診斷非常接近。值得注意的是，分別以三組ImageJ影像處理程式產生的腫瘤輪廓為實驗樣本所得到的ROC參數分析數據差異並不明顯。另外，結合其他和輪廓相關的特徵參數可以進一步獲得很大的診斷效率改善。
在硬體方面，本論文使用區段累加演算法(SAA)來實現高階轉換係數，此種演算法可以大量地減少乘法器和加法器的數目，而且不會造成系統時間延誤。另外，本論文亦進一步探討有效位元對診斷效能以及硬體資源的影響。

The infiltrative nature of lesions is a significant feature that implies a malignant breast lesion in ultrasound images. Characterizing the infiltrative nature of lesions with computationally inexpensive and highly efficacious features is crucial for the realization of a computer-aided diagnosis system. In this study, the infiltrative nature of lesions is regarded as an energy that produces irregular and considerably local variances in a 1-D signal. The local variances can be characterized by a few high octave energies (i.e., the channel energies close to low frequency bands) in 1-D discrete periodized wavelet transform (DPWT). To reduce computation cost, high octave decomposition is performed by a reversible round-off 1-D non-recursive DPWT (1-D RRO-NRDPWT).
For breast lesion classification, contour features should be able to resist noise and contour variation. To evaluate the differences in performance and feature value induced by the variations in boundary definitions, two delineation methods were considered, hand-painted and semi-automatic segmentation. A high individual performance result implies that the proposed feature is well correlated with radiologist’s perception and closer to match those in trained physician than morphometric parameters. The performance differences in the three ImageJ-generated datasets derived by variant setting parameters are not significant. Experimental results also reveal that the proposed feature is suitable for combination with some morphometric parameters for performance improvement.
For the realization of high octave decomposition, a segment accumulation algorithm (SAA) is also presented in this dissertation. The SAA is a new folding technique that can reduce multipliers and adders dramatically without the cost of increasing latency. Finite precision performance analysis is also taken to study the word length suppression efficiency and the feature efficacy in breast lesion classification on ultrasonic images.

Abstract i
List of Tables viii
List of Figures x

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Organization of the Dissertation 5

CHAPTER 2 The Reversible Round-Off Non-Recursive 1-D Discrete Periodized Wavelet Transform 6
2.1 Exploration of Word-Length-Growth Effect. 7
2.2 The Non-Recursive 1-D Discrete Periodized Wavelet Transform 7
2.3 The Reversible Round-Off 1-D NRDPWT Theorem 12
2.4 Finite Precision Performance of the Reversible Round-Off 1-D NRDPWT 19

CHAPTER 3 Octave Energy Features for Breast Lesion Description 23
3.1 Breast US Images Acquisition 24
3.2 Derivation of Breast Lesion Contour 24
3.3 Resampling Process 29
3.4 Multiresolution Representations of Breast Lesion Shapes 30
3.5 Measurement of Fisher’s Estimation 33

CHAPTER 4 Experimental Results of Classification Performance Analysis 35
4.1 Materials and Methods 35
4.2 Experimental Results 36
4.2.1 Individual performance of morphometric and octave energy features by using manual delineated breast lesions 36
4.2.2 Combined performance of morphometric and octave energy features by using manual delineated breast lesions 39
4.2.3 Performance of morphometric and octave energy features by using semi-automatic delineated breast lesions 42


CHAPTER 5 Segment Accumulation Algorithm for the Realization of High Octave Decomposition 50
5.1 The Segment Accumulation Algorithm 50
5.2 Example 53

CHAPTER 6 SAA-Based VLSI Architecture for High Octave Decomposition 56
6.1 VLSI Architecture Design of Segment Accumulation Algorithm 56
6.2 Bit Performance Analysis of NRDPWT Filter Coefficients 60
6.3 Hardware Simulation Results 67

CHAPTER 7 Discussions and Conclusions 72

References 77
Appendix 83
Publication List 87

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