本研究目的在於探討高分子材料之界面作用特性，包含高分子刷界面作用與高分子軟性材料界面黏著性質兩大部分。在高分子刷結構及界面作用分析上，本研究考慮到高分子刷構形變動及互滲效應的影響，提出一個整合巨觀統計理論與微觀分子動力學模擬的方法以分析良好溶劑裡兩接枝同質高分子鏈之平行表面間的作用特性。此方法解決了分子動力學模擬法在定量上必須給定尺度因子的問題，並可準確預測兩接枝表面間單位面積之作用力及作用自由能，與文獻實驗數據比較之結果亦顯示本研究方法明顯優於AdG與MWC理論模型。此精確性來自於利用適當之高度機率密度函數來描述高分子刷構形變動效應以及壓縮過程中產生的互滲效應對界面作用的影響。在此方法中，分子動力學模擬結果用來建立在純壓縮作用或有互滲效應下，平均高分子刷高度與高分子刷高度分佈之標準差隨平面間距變化之分布。以此為根據，由統計理論配合數值疊代方法得到高分子刷高度分布之偏度與峰度，決定出對應於平面間距變化之高分子刷高度機率密度函數，再利用統計方法得到兩接枝表面間單位面積之作用自由能。最後透過Derjaguin近似法決定兩接枝表面間之作用力。
在高分子軟性材料黏著性質分析上，本研究利用奈米壓痕試驗來探討不同壓頭幾何形狀下壓頭與試件間黏著性質的影響。選定的軟性黏著材料為聚二甲基矽氧烷，結果證實一冪次法則可用來準確評估初始壓深效應，並藉以修正其對機械性質分析上產生之偏差。在錐形壓頭部份，針對實驗負載位移曲線在一臨界負載後所產生之等斜率可逆現象，可用沾黏邊界條件下之彈性接觸理論來加以解釋。正常與濕潤環境下黏著性質差異所形成之實驗結果亦反映出初始壓深與界面黏著之影響，且利用經由初始壓深與界面黏著效應修正後之O&P法所得到之材料彈性性質亦屬合理值。在球形壓頭部份，針對壓頭與試件間之界面黏著效應，本研究證實一接觸誘發之機制可正確加以描述，並利用修正過後之黏著接觸理論作為分析基礎。在加載段部份，同時利用M-D黏著理論及Hertzian無黏著接觸理論來分析實驗負載位移曲線，所得到的曲線幾乎重疊，且兩者之彈性模數極為接近，證實在加載段由凡得瓦爾作用造成的黏著效應對接觸情形影響甚小。而一連續加卸載壓痕試驗亦驗證此黏著機制中，加載段過程中壓頭與試件間不斷加劇的黏著接觸行為會造成卸載時先前Hertzian接觸區外高分子扯出鏈之彈性拉伸現象。在理論分析上，結合M-D黏著理論與基因演算數值方法可正確描述卸載段中產生之兩階段負載位移行為，並可求得過程中黏著能之變化，此兩階段現象乃由一臨界最大扯出鏈長度值所主導。再配合Hertzian彈性接觸解與Love變形理論可求得過程中之真實應力及變形場分布。

This dissertation aims to study the interfacial interactions of polymer materials, which are divided into two parts: the interfacial interaction between polymer brushes and the interfacial adhesion effect in the soft polymer materials. In polymer brushes part, considering the conformation fluctuations and interpenetration effect, an integrated macro-statistical and micro-simulation technique for analyzing the interaction between two parallel surfaces grafted with the same polymer brushes in a good solvent was presented. The proposed method resolves the limitations of pure MD simulation schemes in quantity determination and provides a convenient and accurate means of establishing the interaction free energy and interaction force per unit area between the two parallel substrates. Furthermore, the results obtained by the current method for the interaction force are found to be in better agreement with the experimental data than those obtained using the AdG or MWC models. The enhanced performance of the proposed method is attributed primarily to the use of an adaptive probability density function (PDF) of the brush height to model the effects of brush interpenetration and fluctuations in the brush conformation to the interfacial interaction at different distances from the grafting plane. In the proposed approach, MD simulations are performed to establish the mean brush height and the standard deviation of the brush height distribution both with and without an assumption of a brush interpenetration effect for a given value of the surface separation. Accordingly, the corresponding PDF of the brush height is then determined with the skewness and the kurtosis obtained by a numerical iteration method, and a statistical technique is applied to compute the corresponding interaction free energy per unit area of the grafted substrates. Finally, the Derjaguin approximation is employed to determine the corresponding value of the interaction force between the two surfaces.
In soft materials part, the nanoindentation technique was applied to analysis the effect of interfacial adhesion between different geometric indeneters and the sample. The chosen soft material is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The study showed that the non-neglected effect of initial penetration depth to the mechanical property analysis can be evaluated by a power-law relationship. For the pyramidal indenters, the linear and reversible characteristic of experimental load-displacement results when the load exceeds a critical value was described by the elasctic contact theory under sticky boundary condition. The effects of the initial penetration depth and the interfacial adhesion were reflected by the difference between the experimental results under dry and aqueous environments.The accurate values of Young’s modulus were obtained after considering these two effects. For the spherical indenter, a mechanism of contact-induced adhesion was proposed to explain the interfacial adhesion between a spherical indenter and the specimen, which was analyzed by a modified adhesive model. In the loading process, both the Maugis–Dugdale (M-D) adhesive contact model and the non-adhesive Hertzian contact theory were used to describe the experimental load-displacement data. The indisputable agreement both on the theoretical curves and the value of elastic modulus indicated the validity of the assumption that adhesion had almost no effect on the whole loading process. The successive advancing contact between the specimen and indenter (i.e., loading process) resulted in the elastic tension of the pulled-out chains outside the Hertzian contact zone during the unloading process. Experimental results of sequent loading-unloading processes give validity to the proposed mechanism of the adhesion effect. The combination of the M-D adhesive model and the real-coded genetic algorithm allowed the two-stage load-displacement results on the unloading process well predicted by the present method. Also the variations of the adhesion energy during the unloading process can be determined. A critical value of the maximum length of the pulled-out chains dominated the transition between these two stages. The actual stress-deformation distribution can be determined by using Hertzian elastic contact solution and Love deformation expression.

摘要 I
Abstract III
致謝 VI
目錄 VII
表目錄 X
圖目錄 XI
符號說明 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
§ 1.1 前言 1
※高分子刷結構及界面作用特性 1
※奈米壓痕應用於軟性材料黏著性質之分析 2
§ 1.2 文獻回顧 3
※高分子刷結構及界面作用特性 3
※奈米壓痕應用於軟性材料黏著性質之分析 6
§ 1.3 研究目的及內容 8
第二章 理論分析 14
※高分子刷交互作用力理論模型之建立 15
§ 2.1 單一高分子刷之自由能 15
§ 2.2 受壓縮作用下之高分子刷交互作用力 17
2.2.1高分子刷構形變動效應 17
2.2.2 高分子刷互滲效應 20
§ 2.3 高分子刷之分子動力學模型建立 21
§ 2.4 高分子刷高度機率密度函數之決定 24
§ 2.5 數值疊代程序 26
2.5.1 純壓縮作用 26
2.5.2 含壓縮作用及互滲效應 27
※奈米壓痕應用於軟性材料黏著性質之分析 29
§ 2.6初始壓深效應 29
§ 2.7彈性接觸力學與彈性模數理論 29
§ 2.8黏著效應 32
2.8.1 M-D黏著接觸模型 32
2.8.2 M-D模型數值近似法 34
第三章 奈米壓痕實驗規劃 43
§ 3.1 試件製備 43
§ 3.2 基本加卸載壓痕實驗 44
3.2.1壓痕試驗機及壓頭規格 44
3.2.2壓痕試驗流程 45
第四章 結果與討論 50
※高分子刷結構及界面作用分析 51
§ 4.1 分子動力學模型之確認 51
4.1.1高分子單體數量密度分佈 51
4.1.2平均高分子刷高度分佈 52
4.1.3高分子刷高度分佈之標準差分布 54
§ 4.2 高分子刷高度機率密度函數 55
§ 4.3 互滲效應之評估 56
§ 4.4交互作用力之理論分析與實驗驗證 57
※軟性材料黏著性質之分析 61
§ 4.5 錐形壓頭結果分析 61
4.5.1 初始壓深效應 62
4.5.2 機械性質分析 62
4.5.3 黏著性質分析 63
§ 4.6 球形壓頭結果分析 64
4.6.1 接觸黏著機制 64
4.6.2 加載段黏著效應分析 65
4.6.3 卸載段黏著效應分析 66
4.6.4 真實應力－變形場分布 67
第五章 結論 91
※高分子刷結構及界面作用分析部份 91
※軟性材料黏著性質分析部份 93
A. 錐形壓頭部份 93
B. 球形壓頭部份 94
參考文獻 96

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