臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此篇論文在研究貝托爾特．布萊希特的《勇氣媽媽》及桑頓．懷爾德的《小鎮》中的疏離效果。在布萊希特(1898-1958)及懷爾德(1897-1975)所處的時代，自然主義劇院，也就是中產階級劇院，主宰了西方舞台劇的演出，然而，這兩位劇作家對自然主義劇院的表演並不滿意，原因是自然主義劇院呈現一個寫實的舞台且製造了一種戲劇的幻覺，這種戲劇幻覺會使觀眾對劇情神入，因而剝奪了觀眾參與共同創作的機會。所以，布萊希特及懷爾德都致力於改革他們當代的劇院，並期望能夠達到劇院的啟示功能。這兩位劇作家都抱持著類似的戲劇理念，例如：他們試圖去破壞戲劇幻覺，強調觀眾參與，讓觀眾深思他們作品中的寓意，這兩位劇作家的相似理念正是疏離效果所強調的目標。疏離效果極力去抑制戲劇幻覺的產生、將觀眾併入劇場中以使他們思考，而非激發他們對劇中人物的情感認同，以便傳達寓意給觀眾。所以，此篇論文以疏離效果為重點來比較布萊希特的《勇氣媽媽》及懷爾德的《小鎮》。

This thesis is an investigation on the alienation effect in Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children and Thornton Wilder’s Our Town. In Brecht’s (1898-1956) and Wilder’s (1897-1975) times, naturalistic theatre, also named middle-class theatre, dominated performances in the west. However, both dramatists are dissatisfied with naturalistic theatre because it creates the dramatic illusion which draws the audience into an empathetic state and deprives them of any independent thinking in the creation of dramatic presentation. Naturalistic theatre presents a realistic stage which brings to the audience a sense of absolute authenticity and thus reduces their will to participate in the creation of a play. Hence, both dramatists strive to reform the theatre of their times and endeavor to achieve the instructive function of theatre. They hold similar theatrical creeds; for example, both dramatists try to destroy the dramatic illusion, emphasize audience participation, and instruct the audience in their plays. The resemblances between both dramatists show the objectives that the alienation effect sets out to achieve. The alienation effect attempts to break the illusion, involves the audience in thinking rather than stirs their emotional identification, and conveys an allegory to the audience. Therefore, this study takes the alienation effect as the departure point and also the theoretical framework to do a comparison between Mother Courage and Our Town.

Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: Anti-Illusion
I. The Insertion of Songs in Mother Courage 21
II. The Use of the Stage Manager in Our Town 33
Chapter Three: The Symbolic Stage
I. Mother Courage
A. The Wagon 42
B. Kattrin’s Dumb Shows 47
II. Our Town
A. The Props 51
B. The Pantomime 56
Chapter Four: The Episode
I. Juxtapositions of Wartime Scenes in Mother Courage 60
II. Juxtapositions of Human Activities in Our Town 70
Chapter Five: Conclusion 80
Works Cited 89

Austell, Jan. What’s in a Play? 1st ed. New York: Harcourt, 1968.
Ballet, Arthur H. “In Our Living and in Our Dying.” English Journal 65.5 (1956):
243-49.
Barthes, Roland. “Mother Courage Blind.” Critical Essays. Trans. Richard Howard. 4th ed. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1981. 33-36.
---. “Seven Photo Models of Mother Courage.” Tulane Drama Review 12 (1967): 44-55.
Bartram, Graham, and Anthony Waine, eds. Brecht in Perspective. London: Longman, 1982.
Benjamin, Walter. Understanding Brecht. Trans. Anna Bostock. London: Verso, 1998.
Berkowitz, Gerald M. “Alternatives to Realism: Thornton Wilder.” American Drama of the Twentieth Century. London: Longman, 1992. 60-66.
Bigsby, C. W. E. “Thornton Wilder.” A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Drama. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982. 256-73.
Blank, Martin, ed. Critical Essays on Thornton Wilder. New York: Macmillan, 1996.
---. “Thornton Wilder’s Early Work in the Theatre.” American Drama and Theatre 8 (1996): 18-37.
---. Thornton Wilder: New Essays. West Cornwall: Locust, 1999.
Bloom, Harold. Bertolt Brecht. Broomall: Chelsea, 2002.
Brecht, Bertolt. Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic. Ed. and trans. John Willett. New York: Hill, 1992.
---. Mother Courage and Her Children: A Chronicle of the Thirty Years War. Trans. John Willett. New York: Arcade, 1994.
Brockett, Oscar G. The Theatre: An Introduction. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, 1969.
---, and Findlay Robert. Century of Innovation: A History of European and American Theatre Since the Late Nineteenth Century. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn, 1991.
Broussard, Louis. “Thornton Wilder.” American Drama: Contemporary Allegory from Eugene O’Neill to Tennessee Williams. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1962. 92-103.
Bryant-Bertail, Sarah. Space and Time in Epic Theater: The Brechtian Legacy. New York: Camden, 2000.
---. “Women, Space, Ideology: Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder.” Brecht: Women and Politics. Ed. John Fuegi. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1985. 43-61.
Bryer, Jackson R., ed. Conversations with Thornton Wilder. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1992.
Burbank, Rex. “Three Theatricalist Plays.” Thornton Wilder. New York: Twayne, 1961. 82-111.
Carney, Sean. “Brechtian Tragedy.” Brecht and Critical Theory: Dialectics and Contemporary Aesthetics. London: Routledge, 2005. 177-84.
Carew, T. P. Our Town, The Skin of Our Teeth. London: Coles, 1969.
Clurman, Harold. “Bertolt Brecht.” Essays in the Modern Drama. Ed. Morris Freedman. Boston: Heath, 1964. 151-59.
Corrigan, Robert W. “Thornton Wilder and the Tragic Sense of Life.” Educational Theatre Journal 13.3 (1961): 167-73.
Cowley, Malcolm. “Thornton Wilder.” Writers at Work. New York: Penguin, 1977. 99-118.
Cuddon, J. A. Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin, 1999.
Demetz, Peter. Brecht: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963.
Dickson, Keith A. “Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder [Mother Courage and Her Children].” Critical Essays on Bertolt Brecht. Ed. Siegfried Mews. Boston: G K, 1989. 128-38.
---. “The Historical Perspective.” Towards Utopia: A Study of Brecht. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1978. 58-124.
Dukore, Bernard F. “Thornton Wilder.” American Dramatists 1918-1945. London: Macmillan, 1984. 121-41.
Eddershaw, Margaret. Performing Brecht: Forty Years of British Performances. London: Routledge, 1996.
Esslin, Martin. Brecht: The Man and His Work. New York: Norton, 1974.
Fergusson, Francis. “Three Allegorists: Brecht, Wilder, and Eliot.” Sewanee Review 64 (1956): 544-73.
Fulton, A. R. “The Morality Play: Thornton Wilder.” Drama and Theatre Illustrated by Seven Modern Plays. New York: Holt, 1946. 390-96.
Gemme, Francis R. Thornton Wilder’s Our Town and The Bridge of San Luis Rey and Other Works. New York: Monarch P, 1965.
Gleitman, Claire. “All in the Family: Mother Courage and the Ideology in the Gestus.” Comparative Drama 25.2 (1991): 147-67.
Goldstein, Malcolm. The Art of Thornton Wilder. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1965.
---. “Thornton Wilder.” The American Theater. Ed. Alan S. Downer. New York: Basic, 1967. 67-79.
Gray, Roland. Bertolt Brecht. New York: Grove P, 1961.
---. Brecht: The Dramatist. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1976.
Grebanier, Bernard. Thornton Wilder. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1964.
Guthrie, Tyrone. “The World of Thornton Wilder.” The Modern American Theater: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Alvin B. Kernan. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1967. 45-51.
Haberman, Donald. Our Town: An American Play. Boston: Twayne, 1989.
---. The Plays of Thornton Wilder: A Critical Study. Middletown: Wesleyan UP, 1967.
Harrison, Gilbert A. “Our Town.” The Enthusiast: A Life of Thornton Wilder. New York: Fromm, 1986. 177-88.
Hatlen, Theodore W. Orientation to the Theater. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice, 1987.
Hewitt, Bernard. “Thornton Wilder Says ‘Yes.’” Tulane Drama Review 4.2 (1959): 110-20.
Innes, Christopher. A Sourcebook on Naturalist Theatre. London: Routledge, 2000.
Jameson, Fredric. “Part I: Doctrine/ Lehre.” Brecht and Method. London: Verso, 1998. 35-88.
Konkle, Lincoln. “Our Town.” Thornton Wilder and the Puritan Narrative Tradition. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 2006. 131-49.
Koster, Katie De, ed. Readings on Thornton Wilder. San Diego: Greenhaven, 1998.
Lifton, Paul. Thornton Wilder and “World Theatre.” Diss. U of California, 1985. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1989. ATT 8525037.
---. “Vast Encyclopedia:” The Theatre of Thornton Wilder. Westport: Greenwood P, 1995.
Lyons, Charles R. “Mother Courage: Instinctive Compassion and ‘The Great Capitulation.’” Bertolt Brecht: The Despair and the Polemic. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1968. 89-109.
Macey, David. The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory. London: Penguin, 2000.
Martin, Carol, and Henry Bial, eds. Brecht Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 2000.
McClatchy, J. D., ed. Thornton Wilder: Collected Plays and Writings on Theater. New York: Library of America, 2007.
Meitcke, W. Thornton Wilder’s Our Town. New York: Barron’s, 1985.
Mews, Siegfried, ed. A Bertolt Brecht Reference Companion. Westport: Greenwood P, 1997.
Miller, Jordan Y., and Winifred L. Frazer. American Drama Between the Wars: A Critical Study. Boston: Twayne, 1991.
Needle, Jan, and Peter Thomson. Brecht. Oxford: Basil, 1981.
Pavis, Patrice. Dictionary of the Theatre: Terms, Concepts, and Analysis. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1998.
Piscator, Erwin. The Political Theatre. Trans. Hugh Rorrison. London: Eyre, 1980.
Porter, Thomas E. “A Green Corner of the Universe: Our Town.” Myth and Modern American Drama. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1969. 200-24.
Radavich, David. “Wilder’s Dramatic Landscape: Alienation Effect Meets the Midwest.” American Drama 15.1 (2006): 43-61.
Ritchie, James MacPherson. “Introduction.” German Expressionist Drama. Boston: Twayne, 1976. 15-39.
Schroeder, Patricia Richards. The Presence of the Past in Modern American Drama. Diss. U of Virginia, 1983. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1989. ATT 8416386.
Scott, Winfield Townley. “Our Town and the Golden Veil.” Virginia Quarterly Review 29.1 (1953): 103-17.
Sim, Stuart, ed. “Bertolt Brecht.” The A-Z Guide to Modern Literary and Cultural Theorists. London: Prentice, 1995. 62-66.
Small, Norman M., ed. The Making of Drama: Idea and Performance. Boston: Holbrook P, 1972.
Sokel, Walter H. “Introduction.” The Writer in Extremis: Expressionism in Twentieth-Century German Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1959. 1-4.
Stephens, George D. “Our Town－Great American Tragedy?” Modern Drama 1.4 (1959): 258-64.
Stresau, Hermann. “Three Plays.” Thornton Wilder. Trans. Frieda Schutze. New York: Ungar, 1971. 55-71.
Styan, J. L. Modern Drama in Theory and Practice: Realism and Naturalism. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981.
---. Modern Drama in Theory and Practice: Expressionism and Epic Theatre. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981.
Szondi, Peter. “Tentative Solutions.” Theory of the Modern Drama. Ed. and trans. Michael Hays. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987. 63-95.
Tatlow, Antony, and Tak-wai Wong, eds. Brecht and East Asian Theatre: The Proceedings of a Conference on Brecht in East Asian Theatre. Hong Kong: Hong Kong UP, 1982.
Thomson, Peter. Brecht: Mother Courage and Her Children. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.
---, and Glendyr Sacks, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Cambridge: UP of Cambridge, 1994.
White, Alfred D. Bertolt Brecht’s Great Plays. London: Macmillan, 1978.
Wilder, Thornton. American Characteristics and Other Essays. Ed. Donald Gallup. New York: Harper, 1979.
---. Our Town: A Play in Three Acts. New York: Harper, 2003.
---. “Preface.” Three Plays: Our Town, The Skin of Our Teeth, The Matchmaker.
New York: Harper, 1957. vii-xiv.
---. The Journals of Thornton Wilder 1939-1961. Ed. Donald Gallup. New Haven: Yale UP, 1985.
Willett, John. “Approaches to a Political Theatre.” The Theatre of Erwin Piscator. New York: Holmes, 1979. 46-66.
---. The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects. London: Methuen, 1959.
Wixson, Douglas Charles, Jr. “The Dramatic Techniques of Thornton Wilder and Bertolt Brecht: A Study in Comparison.” Western Journals 15.2 (1972): 112-24.