臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要
本試驗以番茄‘桃佳’為材料，探討養液高氮、鉀濃度及其比例對植株生長、果實產量及品質的影響，以供生產高品質番茄栽培之參考。
試驗一：以盆植滴灌方式栽培，基礎養液之NO3-與K+濃度分別為13.75 mM及8.75 mM，養液EC為2.3 mS/cm，至第一串花開時開始處理高濃度養液EC=4.6。以基礎養液為對照組，處理組以氮與鉀濃度總合固定為49 mM，氮：鉀比例分別為N13K36（[N]：[K]=13：36 mM）、N17K32（[N]：[K] =17：32 mM）、N21K28（[N]：[K] =21：28）、N25K24（[N]：[K]=25：24 mM）及N29K20（[N]：[K]=29：20 mM）。
各處理番茄總產量分別為983.5、1303.3、1503.8、1397.4及1019.5 g/plant ，可販售果產量分別為828.3、1140.3、1205.4、1198.7及743.0 g/plant，均顯著較對照組的659.0及573.7 g/plant高，其中N21K28處理之植株有較高的產量。處理組第6果房果實可溶性固形物分別為6.09、6.06、6.37、6.35及6.46 °Brix，滴定酸度分別為0.41、0.40、0.42、0.39及0.40 ％，均顯著較對照組的5.28 °Brix和0.34 ％為高。N13K36、N17K32及N21K28處理之植株高度、葉片總面積及莖部乾物重顯著較對照組高，果實抗壓力（compression force）亦相對較高。所有處理組果汁之K+和Na+離子均較對照組高；但NO3-和Ca2+離子均較對照組低。結果顯示，考慮植株生長、產量及果實品質的影響，建議以N21K28的處理較佳。
試驗二：養液以氮：鉀比例N21K28（21：28）為對照組，處理組固定K+濃度為28 mM，NO3-濃度分別為29、25、17及13 （mM）。結果番茄總產量分別為1098、1313、1261、及1137 g/plant，可販售果實產量分別為816、993、939及758 g/plant，果實總產量與NO3-濃度呈二次迴歸關係，結果顯示對照組N21K28之植株有較高的產量。N17K28及N13K28的處理，第二、四、六果房果實可溶性固形物分別為5.60、6.08、6.13及5.64、6.13、6.26 °Brix，顯著較對照組的6.37、6.70及6.77 °Brix為低。對照組與各處理組果實之K+、Na+和NO3-離子含量均隨果房位置增加而增加；但Ca2+離子則隨果房位置增加而減少，其中K+和Na+離子隨著養液中NO3-濃度提高而降低；NO3-和Ca2+離子隨著養液中NO3-濃度提高而增加。各處理間之植株高度、莖部乾重與對照組無顯著差異，N13K28處理之葉片總面積、第8果房上方葉片之葉長、葉寬及葉片乾重顯著較對照組低。
試驗三：養液以氮：鉀比例N21K28（21：28）為對照組，處理組固定NO3-濃度為21 mM，K+濃度分別為36、32、24及20 （mM）。結果番茄總產量分別為1338.6、1261.5、1399.2及1321.2 g/plant，可販售果實產量分別為1018.4、969.2、1171.4及991.5 g/plant，結果顯示對照組N21K28之植株有較高的產量。N21K36處理的第二、四、六果房果實可溶性固形物分別為6.94、7.08及7.31 °Brix，顯著較對照組的6.14、6.48及6.61 °Brix為高，顯示提高養液中之K+濃度可提高果實品質；對照組與各處理組果實之K+、Na+和NO3-離子含量均隨果房位置增加而增加；但Ca2+離子則隨果房位置增加而減少，其中K+和Na+離子隨著養液中K+濃度提高而增加；NO3-和Ca2+離子隨著養液中K+濃度提高而降低。N21K24及N21K20處理之植株高度及莖部乾重顯著較對照組低，其於各處理與對照組無顯著差異。
本試驗發現適量提高養液氮與鉀濃度，同時提高養液EC值，可以增加番茄果實產量與品質；同時促進番茄植株的生長。依據試驗結果，建議在番茄經濟栽培上採用EC：4.0~4.5，NO3-：20~25 mM，K+：25~30 mM，NO3-/K+：0.75~0.9，可促進番茄植株生長並增加果實產量及品質。

Abstract

In these experiments the plant growth, fruit yield and quality of tomato were as affected by the N/K rations of nutrient solutions that contented high nitrate and potassium concentrations, the formulations of nutrient solution will be applied to tomato production.

Experiment 1: the plants before flowering were irrigated with basic nutrient solution through a dropping system, after flowering these plot plants were divided into six treatments x 3 replications with RCBD design, these treatments were 5 treatments of N13K36 ([N]：[K]=13：36 mM), N17K32([N]：[K] =17：32 mM), N21K28([N]：[K] =21：28)、N25K24([N]：[K]=25：24 mM), N29K20([N]：[K]=29：20 mM) and Ck ([N]：[K]=13.75：8.75 mM), the total yields of fruit were 983.5, 1303.3, 1503.8, 1397.4, and 1019.5 g/plant, respectively, the marketable yields were 828.3, 1140.3, 1205.4, 1198.7, and 743.0 g/plant, the results showed that all treatments had higher total yield and marketable yield than Ck which are 659.0 and 537.7 g/plants, respectively. As well as, the fruit qualities of TSS and titrate organic acid of fruit of all treatments were also higher than Ck. The plant characteristics of plant height, total leaf area, and dry stem weight of N13K36、N17K32及N21K28 showed higher than Ck, as well as the resistances of compression force of fruit. The K+ and Na+ content of fruit juices of all treatments appeared higher than Ck, but the NO3- and Ca2+ were lower. It is concluded that the N21K28([N]：[K] =21：28 mM) treatment appeared the best one.

Experiment 2: The formula of nutrient solutions of treatments were prepared contenting NO3- concentration 29, 25, 17, and 13 mM and K+ 28 mM, the formula of N21K28([N]：[K] =21：28 mM) as Ck. The results showed that the total yield of fruit of N 29K28, N25K28, N17K28, and N13K28 mM treatments were 1098, 1313, 1261, 1137 g/plant, respectively, as well as, the marketable yields were 816, 993, 939, and 758 g/plant, respectively. The relationship each of total yield and marketable yield against NO3- concentration appeared second order responses. Both total yield and TSS of fruit juices of Ck N21K28 was the best one. K+, Na+, NO3- contents of fruit juices appeared increasing with increasing position of fruit trusses, in contrast, Ca2+content appeared decreasing with increasing position of fruit trusses. K+ and Na+ contents of fruit juices were decreased while plants were treated with high NO3- formula, In contrast, NO3- and Ca2+ were increased. The plant characteristics of total leaf area, leaf length, and leaf dry weight were insignificantly different among treatments, but the N13K28 treatment which appeared lower than Ck.

Experiment 3：The formula of nutrient solutions of treatments were prepared having K+ 36, 32, 24, and 20 mM and NO3- 21 mM, the formula of N21K28([N]：[K] =21：28 mM) as Ck. The total yield of fruit of N21K36, N21K32, N21K24, N21K20 were 1338.6, 1261.5, 1399.2, and 1321.2 g/plant, respectively, as well as the marketable yield were 1018.4, 969.2, 1171.4, and 991.5 g/plant, respectively. The results showed the N21K28 treatment being the best one, in contrast, the N21K36 treatment produced higher TSS than Ck. It was cloud that high K+ formula of nutrient solution result into high fruit quality. However, K+, Na+, and NO3- contents of fruit juice were increased with increasing position of fruit trusses, but Ca2+ content were decrease. Otherwise, K+ and Na+ content of fruit juices were increased with increasing K+ concentration of nutrient solution, in contrast, NO3- and Ca2+ were decreased.

It is concluded that the high EC formula of nutrient solution having high K+ and NO3- may enhance fruit yield and quality, as well as plant growth, Based on these experiment, the formula of nutrient solution having EC：4.0~4.5, contenting NO3- 20~25 mM, K+ 25~30 mM, NO3-/K+ 0.75~0.9 was recommended for tomato culture that may enhance plant growth and fruit yield and quality.

目錄
壹、 前言---------------------------------------------1
貳、 前人研究
一、 鹽分處理對番茄的影響-----------------------------4
(一)、鹽分逆境對植株生長的影響--------------------------4
(二)、鹽分逆境對番茄果實品質的影響---------------------11
(三)、鹽分逆境對番茄果實產量的影響---------------------13
二、 養液氮肥對番茄的影響----------------------------15
(一)、養液氮肥對番茄植株生長的影響---------------------15
(二)、養液氮肥對番茄果實品質的影響---------------------16
(三)、養液氮肥對番茄果實產量的影響---------------------16
三、 養液鉀肥對番茄的影響----------------------------18
(一)、養液鉀肥對番茄植株生長的影響---------------------18
(二)、養液鉀肥對番茄果實品質的影響---------------------20
(三)、養液鉀肥對番茄果實產量的影響---------------------21
參、 材料與方法
一、 高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響-------------------------------------------------23
二、 高氮肥養液對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響--28
三、 高鉀肥養液對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響--29
肆、 結果
一、 高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響-------------------------------------------------31
(一)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對植株生長之影響------------31
(二)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對果實產量之影響------------32
(三)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對果實品質之影響------------33
(四)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對果實營養元素之影響--------34
二、 高氮肥養液對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響--36
(一)、高NO3-養液對植株生長之影響-----------------------36
(二)、高NO3-養液對果實產量之影響-----------------------39
(三)、高NO3-養液對果實品質之影響-----------------------40
(四)、高NO3-養液對果實營養元素之影響-------------------41
三、 高鉀肥養液對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響--43
(一)、高K+養液對植株生長之影響-------------------------43
(二)、高K+養液對果實產量之影響-------------------------45
(三)、高K+養液對果實品質之影響-------------------------46
(四)、高K+養液對果實營養元素之影響---------------------47
伍、 討論
一、 高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響-------------------------------------------------50
(一)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對植株生長之影響------------50
(二)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對果實產量之影響------------51
(三)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對果實品質之影響------------52
(四)、高氮鉀養液其氮/鉀比例對果實營養元素之影響--------53
二、 高氮肥養液對番茄植株生長及果實產量、品質之影響--54
(一)、高NO3-養液對植株生長之影響-----------------------54
(二)、高NO3-養液對果實產量之影響-----------------------54
(三)、高NO3-養液對果實品質之影響-----------------------56
(四)、高NO3-養液對果實營養元素之影響-------------------56
三、 高鉀肥養液對番茄果實產量、品質及植株生長之影響--57
(一)、高K+養液對植株生長之影響-------------------------57
(二)、高K+養液對果實產量之影響-------------------------59
(三)、高K+養液對果實品質之影響-------------------------60
(四)、高K+養液對果實營養元素之影響---------------------61
陸、 結論--------------------------------------------63
柒、 參考文獻----------------------------------------97
捌、 附錄-------------------------------------------110

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