本研究目的探討母乳中p,p’-DDT和p,p’-DDE的殘餘量及其相關因子之探討。此外，也以飲食問卷來獲取每位受試者飲食的習慣。最後藉由統計方法分析，來分析母乳中DDTs的含量與嬰幼兒及母親生理特徵、生活習慣以及飲食習慣的關聯性。本研究DDE/DDT比值58.5高。由此可知，在台灣生活的居民，其體內之DDT大部分已轉換為主要的代謝產物 DDE，而且沒有持續的受到嚴重且特別的污染。並且與已開發國家相當遠低於開發中國家，母親的月經週期與DDTs的殘留量呈負相關(r=-0.470, p=0.024)，嬰兒的出生參數與母乳DDTs殘留量無關，有機蔬菜的食用與DDTs的殘留量呈現正相關(r=0.387, p=0.024)。是否常吃有機蔬菜與母乳中DDTs的濃度有逐步線性迴歸關係，y=22.2x+34.8，校正後的解釋係數是0.255，顯著性是0.007。新生兒頭圍與母乳中DDTs有三次迴歸關係，y=-0.0000147x3+0.003x2-0.145x+ 35.031，解釋係數為0.381，顯著性是0.041。在目前台灣地區哺乳人口數及意願相當低，依此研究數值顯如所示，在台灣DDTs母乳中之殘留值，遠低於世衛建議值。結論中，發現孕齡婦女在懷孕時期，若有較高的有機食材攝取量，可能會提高媽媽體內的DDTs值。研究顯示台灣地區的母乳有較低的DDTs含量，對於鼓勵哺育母乳的政策，同時也為了下一代的健康，應持續進行監測及分析。

The aim of the present study was to determine residues of DDTs (p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE) in breast milk investigated in Pingtung area between March 2007 and November 2007. Breast milk was collected within the first month after delivery. Residues of DDT and DDE were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) with electron impact mode for 24 breast milk samples. Our participants with healthy outcome were randomly selected from two hospitals in Pingtung and were answered the detailed questionnaire. The questionnaire is including women’s age, socioeconomic states, occupational and non-occupational exposure, reproductive history, reproduction, life styles, smoking and dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and medical and pregnancy history. The measurements of women’s demographic parameters included height, pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI), and infants’ birth outcomes (birth length, birth weight, gestational week). The correlations and differences of DDTs in breast milk and associated factors were examined by the statistical tests with SPSS 12.0 software.
A mean level of DDTs was 84.4 ng/g lipid with a standard deviation of 24.4 ng/g lipid. Residues of DDTs in breast milk from Pingtung area were comparable to those described in the developed countries, and significantly lower compared to the developing countries. Time trends of decline in DDTs from Taiwanese mothers were found between 1983 and 2007. Maternal menstrual cycle was negatively correlated with DDTs residues (r=-0.470, p=0.024). Birth outcomes of the offspring had no significant correlations with milk levels of DDTs. The consumption of organic vegetation was significantly associated with increased DDTs in brest milk (r=0.387, p=0.024). The consumption of organic vegetation could predict DDTs levels in breast milk by stepwise linear regression (y=22.2x+34.8, adjusted R2=0.255, p=0.007). The relationship between infants’ head circumference and DDTs in breast milk had a cubic regression model (y=-0.0000147x3+0.003x2-0.145x+35.031), R2=0.381, p=0.041). Based on our present results to show low levels of DDTs in breast milk in Taiwan, Department of Health should continuously encourage the policy of breastfeeding for the next generation.

目錄
摘要.......................................................I
Abstract..................................................II
謝誌......................................................IV
目錄......................................................IV
表目錄...................................................VII
圖目錄....................................................IX
第1章 前言..................................................1
1.1 源起...................................................1
1.2 研究動機................................................1
1.3 研究目的................................................2
第2章 文獻探討..............................................4
2.1 有機氯農藥的性質.........................................4
2.1.1 有機氯農藥之物理化學性質................................4
2.1.2 有機氯農藥之毒性.......................................4
2.2 有機氯農藥之介紹........................................11
2.2.1 有機氯農藥之沿革......................................11
2.2.2 有機氯農藥之分類......................................11
2.2.3 台灣地區有機氯農藥之法源依據與主管機關分工...............12
2.2.4 台灣地區環境中有機氯農藥之分佈.........................14
2.2.5 世界各國以及台灣母乳中有機氯農藥之殘留量.................26
2.2.6 台灣地區有機氯農藥與飲食習慣之相關性....................32
2.3 有機氯農藥對人體的之影響.................................34
2.3.1 荷爾蒙干擾...........................................35
2.3.2 致癌性..............................................35
2.3.3 生殖毒性.............................................37
第3章 實驗方法與步驟........................................39
3.1 研究對象之收集.........................................39
3.1.1 研究對象之收集.......................................39
3.1.2 樣品之收集與保存......................................41
3.2 材料與設備.............................................41
3.2.1 藥品與試劑...........................................41
3.2.2 儀器設備.............................................44
3.3 樣本前處理方法.........................................44
3.3.1 脂含量之測定.........................................44
3.3.2 DDTs分析之前處理.....................................46
3.4 儀器分析及程序.........................................46
3.4.1 儀器分析.............................................46
3.4.2 分析程序.............................................46
3.5 數據之統計與整理........................................49
3.5.1 統計分析.............................................49
3.5.2 低於偵測極限樣品之處置................................49
3.6 實驗之品質管理與保證....................................49
3.6.1 儀器偵測極限.........................................49
3.6.2 再現性試驗...........................................50
3.6.3 建立標準品之檢量線....................................50
3.6.4 方法偵測極限.........................................53
3.6.5 有機氯農藥於分析儀器之滯留時間.........................53
第4章 結果與討論...........................................56
4.1 研究對象之基本特徵描述..................................56
4.2 母乳中DDTs之殘留量.....................................56
4.3 母乳中DDTs其相關因子探討................................64
第5章 結論與建議...........................................69
5.1 結論..................................................69
5.2.建議..................................................70
參考文獻...................................................71
附錄 二十種有機氯農藥之檢量線(GC/MS).........................77
作者簡介...................................................87


表目錄
表2-1 DDT、DDE及DDD之IUPAC命名與化學結構.....................5
表2-2 有機氯農藥之基本物化性質................................6
表2-3 台灣農藥毒性分類.......................................9
表2-4 有機氯農藥之毒性(Kent et al., 1998)...................10
表2-5 有機氯農藥公約列管物質之台灣管理現況彙整.................13
表2-6 底泥中有機氯農藥之殘留濃度(μg/g TOC)...................17
表2-7 台灣蛋類、畜肉、乳製品中殘留持久性有機氯劑殘留容許量......19
表2-8 台灣地區魚類中有機氯農藥的殘留量........................20
表2-9 台灣地區蛋類及畜肉中有機氯劑殘留調查....................22
表2-10 台灣地區乳製品及嬰兒食品中有機氯劑殘留調查..............23
表2-11 食物中有機氯農藥之殘留濃度(ng/g wet wt )..............25
表2-12 世界各國母乳中有機氯農藥之濃度 (ng/g-lipid)............27
表2-13 台灣地區1981年母乳中有機氯農藥殘留量 (ng/g-lipid)......28
表2-14 比較不同飲食習慣族群與母乳中有機氯農藥濃度值............36
表2-15 有機氯農藥之致癌性分類................................38
表3-1 20種有機氯農藥標準品之純度與分析前後的濃度...............42
表3-2 操作條件.............................................48
表3-3 儀器偵測極限.........................................51
表3-4 再現性試驗結果........................................52
表3-5 GC/MS之方法偵測極限(MDL)..............................54
表3-6 20種OCPs於GC/MS之滯留時間(min)、平均值及標準差..........55
表4-1 懷孕婦女及其嬰幼兒之基本特徵(N=24).....................57
表4-2 台灣地區婦女有機氯農藥DDT與DDE於母乳中的分布情形.........59
表4-3 世界各國其母乳中p,p’-DDE和p,p’-DDT濃度的比較..........60
表4-4 台灣和亞洲國家地區母乳內p,p’-DDE與 p,p’-DDT濃度比較....62
表4-6 嬰幼兒身體參數與DDTs之關係.............................66
表4-7 利用斯皮爾曼相關來探討DDTs與飲食習慣之相關性.............68
表4-8食用有機食材與DDTs之關係...............................68


圖目錄
圖2-1 1962-1974年台灣有機氯殺蟲劑銷售量......................16
圖2-2 比較台灣地區有機氯農藥1981到2000的削減率................31
圖2-2 母親餵食嬰幼兒每日母乳意願值...........................33
圖3-1 研究架構.............................................40
圖3-2 脂含量測定...........................................45
圖3-3 母乳前處理流程........................................47
圖4-1 母親平均月經週期與DDTs之二次、三次迴歸曲線...............65
圖4-2 新生兒頭圍與DDTs之三次迴歸曲線.........................66

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