臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

A proposal for the spinning reserve assessment and allocation for El Salvador’s Deregulated Electricity Market is formulated. Traditionally, the Independent System Operator calculates the spinning reserve as percentage of the forecast demand. And Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is allocated based on the partition factor. The reserve calculation neither reflects consistency achieving its main objective, reliability, nor is optimum performance control reached by the allocating mechanism. In the proposed method, the spinning reserve is estimated taking into account the generators outage ratio and AGC is allocated based on the North American Electric Reliability Corporation’s Control Performance Standard-1. The allocation problem is solved with an improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with a technique to modify the inertial factor on each iteration. The proposed method exhibits better results and it matches the Salvadorian technical requirements and market characteristics.

CONTENTS

II. Abstract. ……………………………………………….. I
III. Dedication. ……………………………………………….. III
IV. Contents. ……………………………………………….. IV
V. List of figures. ……………………………………………….. VI
VI. List of tables. ……………………………………………….. VII

1.
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………….. 1

1.1. The Salvadorian Electrical Market. ……………………….. 1
1.2. Problem formulation. ……………………………………….. 6
1.3. Literature review. ……………………………………….. 7
1.4. Motivation. ……………………………………………….. 8
1.5. Thesis distribution. ……………………………………….. 9



2.
THE CURRENT UNIT COMMITMENT PROCEDURE ……….. 10

2.1. Basic Concepts from economics. ……………………………….. 10
2.2. The Salvadorian Unit Commitment procedure. ……………….. 13
2.2.1. The UC management procedure. ……………………….. 13
2.2.2. The Salvadorian Spot Market. ……………………….. 14
2.2.3. Mathematical formulation. ……………………………….. 16
2.2.4. The spinning reserve requirements. ……………………….. 19



3.
THE SPINNING RESERVE ASSESSMENT BASED ON A COMMITMENT RISK CRITERION ……………………………………….. 22

3.1. The spinning reserve and its impacts on the market clearing price. .. 22
3.2. The generating capacity based on a probabilistic method. ……….. 23
3.3. The generation model ……………………………….. 24
3.3.1. Unit Forced Outage rate. ……………………….. 25
3.3.2. Outage Replacement Rate (ORR). ……………………….. 25


3.3.3. Derated (partial output) states generators. ……….. 26
3.3.4. Outage capacity probability tables. ……………….. 27
3.4. The unit commitment risk model ……………………….. 31
3.4.1. The previous concepts of the PJM method. ……………….. 31
3.4.2. Modifications to the PJM method. ....…………….. 32
3.5. Adding the stand-by units to the model. ……………….. 33
3.5.1. Area risk curves. ……………………………….. 33
3.5.2. Modeling rapid and hot start units. ……………….. 34

4.
THE SPINNING RESERVE DISTRIBUTION ……….. 39

4.1. Primary reserve distribution. ……………………………….. 39
4.2. Secondary reserve distribution. ……………………………….. 40
4.2.1. The Automatic Generation Control characteristics. ……….. 40
4.2.2. The NERC’s Control Performance Standard 1. ……….. 41
4.2.3. AGC allocation for an optimum CPS1. ……………….. 43
4.2.4. Simulating the generator’s response. ……………….. 46
4.2.5. Choosing the optimum distribution factor. ……………….. 49
4.3. Chaotically-Adaptive PSO to solve the AGC allocation problem. .. 50
4.3.1. Basic PSO. ……………………………………….. 50
4.3.2. Adaptive Inertial Factor. ……………………….. 52
4.3.3. Chaotically decreasing Inertial Factor. ………………. 52
4.3.4. CAPSO capabilities. ………………………………. 54
4.3.5. CAPSO to solve the AGC allocation problem ………. 56



5.
SIMULATIONS RESULTS ……………………………….. 58

5.1. UC based on demand and spot market offers. …….………….. 58
5.1.1. The offers structure. ……………………………………….. 58
5.1.2. The pre-dispatch without spinning reserve calculations. .. 59
5.2. Assessing the spinning reserve based on the commitment risk criterion. 60
5.2.1. Outage Replacement Rate calculation. ……………….. 60
5.2.2. The inconsistencies of the spinning reserve assessment deterministic
method. ………………………………………... 63


5.2.3. Setting the Operative Outage Replacement Rate. ...……… 65
5.3. The spinning reserve distribution. ………………………... 67
5.4.1. Primary reserve distribution. ………………………… 67
5.4.2. Secondary reserve (AGC) allocation for an optimum CPS1
performance. ………………………………………… 68
5.4.3. Different AGC allocation methods comparison. ………… 74
5.4. UC based on a Commitment Risk spinning reserve calculation and Optimum
CPS1 performance AGC allocation. ………………………… 75
5.5.1. Comparison of the spinning reserve assessed by different methods. 75
5.5.2. Comparison of the spinning reserve allocated by different
methods ………………………………………… 77

6.
CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………… 81

6.1. Conclusion. ………………………………………………… 81


6.1.1. Spinning Reserve Calculation Based on a Commitment Outage Rate
Risk Criterion. ………………………………………………… 81
6.1.2. AGC Allocation based on an optimum CPS1 Performance. … 83
6.2. Proposed Research Topics. ………………………………… 85


7.
REFERENCES ………………………………………………… 86





8.
APPENDIX ………………………………………………… 89

A. Demand pattern and spot market offers. ………………… 89
A.1. Demand pattern. ………………………………… 89
A.2. Offers in the spot market. ………………………………… 89
B. program tuning characteristics. ………………………… 93
B.1. Economic Dispatch problem. ………………………………… 93
B.2. AGC allocation problem. ………………………… 93

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