臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在過去人工智慧的發展過程中，專家系統已經被廣泛地應用於各專業領域，不但成功地模擬專家的能力，更減少人為疏失所造成的糾紛。而建立專家系統最重要的工作，是擷取專家的經驗與知識。在過去的知識擷取工具中，以凱利方格最常被使用；然而，在建立飛行安全管理專家系統時，必須面對諸多難以由專家直接提供數值的屬性或參數，因而無法直接使用凱利方格來呈現領域的決策知識。在本研究中，我們提出整合決策樹及凱利方格的知識擷取策略，以建立飛行安全管理專家；同時，並針對所建立的系統進行測試。實驗結果顯示，本研究建立的專家系統具有與專家相近的決策能力，可作為飛行員個人的預警系統；除了可以減輕專家的工作負擔，並可提升飛行安全風險評估的效率。

Expert system has been applied to various application doamins in the past decades. It not only successfully imitates the capabilities of experts, but also reduces the arguments caused by human errors. The most crucial part for establishing an expert system is to acquire experiences and knowledge from domain experts. Among the existing knowledge acquisition methods, repertory grid is the most popular one. However, it is difficult for domain experts to determine the values of several attributes while developing a flight safety management expert system; that is, the conventional repertory grid approach is not applicable to this application. To cope with this problem, in this paper, an innovative approach is proposed by integrating the decision tree with repertory gird. A flight safty management expert system has been developed based on the new approach. Moreover, an expertiment has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the expert system. Experimental results show that, the decision-making ability of the expert system is very close to that of the domain expert, implying that the burden of the domain expert can be significantly reduced and the efficiency of evaluating the flight safty condition for indivisuals can be improved as well.

一、 緒論
1.1　研究背景與動機
1.2　研究目的
1.3　研究流程
二、 文獻回顧
2.1　前言
2.1.1　敘述統計
2.1.2　人為因素
2.2　飛航安全
2.3　風險之管理
2.3.1　名詞介紹
2.3.2　風險管理架構
2.3.3　作業風險管理(Operational Risk Management---ORM)
2.3.4　威脅與疏失管理TEM(Threat and Error Management)
2.4　專家系統的特性及應用
2.4.1　何謂專家系統（Expert System，ES）
2.4.2　專家系統的特性
2.4.3　人類專家與專家系統之比較
2.5　系統思考
三、 研究方法
3.1　研究架構
3.2　研究設計
3.3　研究步驟
四、 實證分析與結果
4.1　系統架構與介面操作流程
4.2　訪談過程分析
4.3　專家決策
4.4　實驗結果
五、 結論與未來展望
5.1　結論
5.2　管理上的意涵與未來研究
參考文獻
附錄一
附錄二

中文部分
陳三榮（1987）。心律不整診斷專家系統─ARDIAG。國立陽明大學醫學工程研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
王景弘（1989）。設計一個具有學習能力的腦瘤診斷專家系統。國立交通大學資訊科學研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。
郭志宏（1994）。糖尿病患營養照顧專家系統之開發研究。私立輔仁大學食品營養學系碩士論文，未出版，新莊市。
高雅鈴（1996）。微流體生物晶掭系統之行銷策略研究。國立臺南大學科技管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺南市。
黃忠盛（1996）。運用整合科技於國籍航空公司飛航安全管理。國立成功大學航空太空工程研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺南市。
周荇撰（2006）。飛行安全與空軍後勤資訊管理系統之關係研究。國防大學國防管理學院後勤管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
陳書政（2007）。飛安人為因素研究模擬平台之開發。國立成功大學航空太空工程學系碩士論文，未出版，臺南市。
楊子奇（2007）。情境感知無所不在學習活動輔助設計模式與應用。國立暨南國際大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，南投縣。
王益民、王津生（1995）。中醫電腦專家系統的設計，天津中醫醫院學報。
薛理桂（1991）。專家系統在圖書館的應用。國立中央圖書館台灣分館館訊5期。頁10。
曾繁絹（1997）。專家系統淺論。李德竹編著。資訊科學與技術專題論輯。文華書館管理。
劉韻珠（1997）。國內外航空事故肇因分析與失事調查組織以及作業之研究。交通運輸研究所編印。
黃國禎、陳玠元、朱蕙君（2008）。情境感知無所不在學習環境的建置與應用-以天文課程教學為例。第三屆行動與無所不在數位學習研討會。臺南大學。2008年5月30-31日。
黃國禎、黃淑賢、吳婷婷、楊子奇（2007）。情境感知無所不在學習環境之動態評量模式。第二屆行動與無所不在數位學習研討會。臺灣師範大學。2007年5月4-5日。
楊子奇、蔡佩珊、黃國禎（2006）。U-Learning環境的建置與效益評估-以單晶X光繞射研究人員培訓為例。行動與無所不在數位學習研討會。中央大學，中壢。 2006年4月27-28日。
宛同(1998)。飛航安全專輯：從航空工程理論談飛航安全。載於張孟媛(主編)，科學月刊第0346期。台北市：科學月刊雜誌社。
鄧家駒(1999)。風險管理。台北市:華泰。
李文魁和張有恆(2005)。飛航安全風險評估模式之建構。運輸計劃季刊，34(1)，145-176。
崔海恩(2006)。航空組員資源管理訓練之探討。台北市:國防部。
邱文耀(2007)。國軍航空醫務教範第二版。台北市:國防部。
鄭燦堂(2008)。風險管理－理論與實務。台北市:五南。
Ottolerbinger著。于鳳娟譯。危機管理。台北市:五南。
黃國禎、雷雅如、林侑勢、劉明宜、方姿萍 (2008年5月)。考慮多因子元素之知識擷取策略-以營養風險評估專家系統之建置為例。第十九屆國際資訊管理學術研討會(ICIM 2008)，暨南國際大學。
崔海恩、刺馬叱里(2008)。九十七年作業風險管理班。台北市: 財團法人中華民國臺灣飛行安全基金會
簡聰淵(2009)。美陸航飛安與風險管理。民98年3月23日，取自：http://www.mnd.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?cnid=65&p=32382

英文部分
Abowd, G..D. (1999). Classroom 2000: An Experiment with the Instrumentation of a LivingEducational Environment. IBM Systems Journal, 38 (4), Oct. pp. 508–530.
Barbosa, J., Hahn, R., Barbosa, D. N. F., & Geyer, C. F. R. (2007). Mobile and ubiquitous computing in an innovative undergraduate course. The Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE’07), pp. 379-383.
Beigl, M., Gellersen, H. W., & Schmidt, A. (2001). MediaCups: experience with design and use of computeraugmented everyday objects. Computer Networks, 35 (4), 401-409.
Braden, J. F. (1984). LPAD Application to Deaf Population International Symposium on Cognition, Education and Deafness. Washington, DC. June 5-8, 1984.
Brown J. S., Collins A., & Duguid P. (1989). Situated cognition and the cultural of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42.
Bomsdorf, B. （2005, May）. Adaptation of Learning Spaces: Supporting Ubiquitous Learning in Higher Distance Education. Paper presented at the meeting of Mobile Computing and Ambient Intelligence: The Challenge of Multimedia, Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings 05181, Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany.
Campione, J. C., & Brown, A. L. (1987). Linking dynamic assessment with school achievement. In C.S. Lidz (Ed.) Dynamic assessment: an international approach to evaluating learning potential (pp.173-195). NY: Guiford.
Cheng, L., & Marsic, I. (2002). Piecewise network awareness service for wireless/mobile pervasive computing. Mobile Networks and Applications, 7(4), 269-278.

Chen, Y. S., Kao, T. C., & Sheu, J. P. (2003). A mobile learning system for scaffolding bird watching learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 347-359.
Cios, K. J., & Liu, N. (1992). A Machine Learning Method for Generation of Neural Network Architecture: Acontinuous ID3 Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 3(2), 280-291.
Claxton, G. (2002). Tracking the development of learning dispositions. Assessment in Education, 9(1), 9-11.
Collins, A. (1994). Goal-based scenarios and the problem of situated learning. A commentary on Andersen’s consulting design of goal-based scenarios. Educational Technology, 34(9), 30-32.
Erwin, E., Kern, C. (2005). Radio Frequency Identification in Libraries. Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services, 1(1), 20-28.
Feuerstein, R. (1979). The dynamic assessment of retarded performers: The Learning potential assessment device, theory, instruments, and techniques. Baltimore, Maryland: University Park Press.
Feuerstein, R. (1987). Prerequisites for assessment of learning potential, The LPAD Model. In C. S. Lidz (Ed.), Dynamic assessments (pp.35-51). NY: Guilford Press.
Gallimore, R., & Tharp, R. (1990). Teaching mild in society: teaching schooling, and literate discourse. In L. C. Moll (Eds.), Vygotsky and education (pp.319-349). Cambridge University.
Haywood, H. C., Brown, A. L., & Wingenfeld, S. (1990). Dynamic approach to psycho educational assessment. School Psychology Review, 19(4), 411-422.
Haywood, H. C., Tszuriel, D., & Vanught, S. (1992). Psycho-educational assessment form a transactional perspective. In H. C. Haywood, & D. Tzuriel (Eds.), Interactive assessment. NY: Spring-Verlag.
Haywood, H. C., & Wingenfeld, S. (1992). Interactive assessment as a research tool. The Journal of Special Education, 26, 253-268.
Hwang G. J. (2006). Criteria and Strategies of Ubiquitous Learning. IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing., 2, 72–77.
Hwang, G. J., Tsai, C. C., & Yang, S. J. H. (2008). Criteria, Strategies and Research Issues of Context-Aware Ubiquitous Learning. Educational Technology & Society, 11(2), 81-91.
Jitendra, A. K. (1991). An investigation of third-grade students’ mathematic word problem-solving utilizing dynamic assessment. Dissertation Abstracts International, 52,09A, 3177. (Publication No. AAC 9205815)
Jitendra, A. K., & Kameenui, E. J. (1993). Dynamic Assessment as a Compensatory Assessment Approach: Adscription and Analysis. Remedial and Special Education, 14(5), 6-18.
Kindberg, T., & Fox, A. (2002). System Software for Ubiquitous Computing. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 1(1), 70-81.
Kwon, O., Yoo, K., & Suh, E. (2005). ubiES: An Intelligent Expert System for Proactive Services Deploying Ubiquitous Computing Technologies. Paper presented at the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS''05), January 3-6, 2005, Hawaii.
Kurti A., Milrad M. & Spikol D. (2007). Designing Innovative Learning Activities Using Ubiquitous Computing. Seventh IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2007), pp. 386-390.
Lidz, C. S. (1992). Practitioner’s guide to dynamic assessment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Lidz, C. S. (2003). Observing children, programs, and teachers. Early childhood assessment. Hoboken (pp.35-53), NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Liu, T. Y., Chu, Y. L., Tan, T. H., & Chang, C. C. (2007). RFID-based Ubiquitous Learning Environment for Outdoor Learning. Seventh IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2007), pp. 675-677.
Microchip Technology Inc. (1998). MicrolD 125khz RFID System Design Guide. USA, Microchip Technology Inc.
Missiuna, C., & Samuels, M. (1988). Dynamic assessment: review and critique. Special Services in the Schools, 5(1/2), pp.1-22.
Montague, W. E., & Knirk, F. G. (1993). What works in adult instruction: the management, design and delivery of instruction. International journal of educational research, 19, 329-331.
Moushir, M. E., Hiroaki O., & Yoneo Y.,(2007). Personalized Knowledge Awareness Map in Computer Supported Ubiquitous Learning. Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT''07), pp. 817-821,
Ogata, H., & Yano, Y., （2004）. Context-Aware Support for Computer-Supported Ubiquitous Learning. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE international Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (WMUTE''04), pp. 27-34. New York: IEEE Press.
Palincsar, A. S., & Winn, J. (1992). Dynamic assessment In Alkin, M. C. C. (Ed). Encyclopedia of educational research, 1. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Ponnekanti, S. R., Lee, B., Fox, A., Hanrahan, P., & Winograd, T. (2001). ICrafter: A Service Framework forUbiquitous Computing Environments. Ubiquitous Computing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.2201, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 56-75.
Rogers, Y., Price, S., Fitzpatrick, G., Fleck, R., Harris, E., Smith, H., et al. (2004). Ambient Wood: Designing New Forms of Digital Augmentation for Learning Outdoors. In Proceedings of Third International Conference for Interaction Design and Children（IDC 2004）, pp. 1-9, Maryland, USA.
Slivan, E. (1986). Motivation in social constructivist theory. Educational Psychologist, 21(3), 209-233.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2002). Dynamic testing: The nature and measurement of learning potential. Uew York: Cambridge University Press.
Song, J., & Kim, H. (2006). The RFID Middleware System Supporting Context-Aware Access Control Service. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT 2006). Phoenix Park , Korea.
Supancheck, P. M. (1989). Effects of a dynamic assessment approach with developmentally delayed children. Michigan: UMI Dissertation Information Services.
Tan, T. H., L, T. Y., & Chang, C. C. (2007). Development and Evaluation of an RFID-based Ubiquitous Learning Environment for Outdoor Learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 15(3), 253 - 269
Tzuriel, D., & Feuerstein, R. (1992). Dynamic group assessment for prescriptive teaching: differential effects of treatment. In H. C. Haywood, & D. Tzuriel, (Eds.), Interactive Assessment (pp.3-37). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Uemukai, T., Hara, T., & Nishio, S. (2004). A method for selecting output data from ubiquitous terminals in a ubiquitous computing environment. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (pp.562-567), Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Quinlan J. R. (1983). Learning efficient classification procedures and their application to chess end-games. In Machine Learning: An artificial intelligence approach, Michalski R. S., Carbonell J. G. and Mitchell T. M. (Eds.), CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Willis, S., & Helal, S. (2005, October). RFID Information Grid and Wearable Computing Solution to the Problem of Wayfinding for the Blind User in a Campus Environment. Proceedings of the ninth annual IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Oska, Japan, October 2005.
Yoder, R. C. (2006). Using RFID in the classroom to teach information systems principles. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 21(6), 123-129.
Yang, S. J. H., Huang, A. F. M., Chen, R., Tseng, S. S., & Shen, Y. S. (2006, June). Context Model and Context Acquisition for Ubiquitous Content Access in ULearning Environments. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC 2006), 2, 78-83.
A manual for the repertory grid. (2008, Decemeber 18). ASEPCO. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from the World Wide Web: http://www.terapiacognitiva.net/record/pag/contents.htm
Beverly K. Duval and Linda Main (1994). Expert Systems: What is an Expert System? Library Software Review, 13(1), P46.
Easterby-Smith, M. (1980). The design, analysis and interpretation of repertory grids. In M. L. G. Shaw (Ed.), Recent advances in personal construct technology (pp. 9-30). London: Academic Press Inc.
Gammack, J. G., & Robert A, S. (1994). Repertory grid technique in constructive interaction. In C. Cassell & G. Symon (Eds.), Qualitative methods in organizational research: A practical guide (pp. 72-90). London: Sage.
K. GA. (1955). The psychology of personal construct, New York: Norton.
Ralph Alberico and Mary Micco (1990). Expert Systems for Reference and Information Retrieval (pp. 23-25). London: Meckler.
Reason J. (1997). Managing The Risks of Organizational Accidents, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England.
Yorke, D. M. (1985). Administration, analysis and assumption: Some aspects of validity. In N. Beail (Ed.), Repertory grid technnique and personal constructs: Applications in clinical & educational settings (pp. 383-398). London: Croom Helm.
Joseph C. G. and Gary D. R. (2005). Expert systems: principles and programming (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Thomson.