西藏翠蛺蝶種複合群(Euthalia thibetana complex)係蛺蝶科(Nymphalidae)翠蛺蝶屬(Euthalia)之中大型蝶種。此複合群的種間辨識主要以翅紋及交尾器特徵為主，但觀察發現其各種內的翅紋變異常高於種間，難以作為可靠的辨識特徵。因此本研究加入常用於親緣關係研究之粒線體COI、COII與核基因的Eflα之序列並輔助形態的資料，冀望獲得可辨識此群種間的可靠特徵。本研究共使用158個樣本，計有35個外群樣本及123個內群樣本，皆採集自台灣與中國大陸。不同組合的資料矩陣及分析方法皆將此複合群分為六個單系群。檢視各群之形態特徵與相關文獻，發現雄蝶交尾器結構中抱器(valva)末端的結構為穩定可靠的形態特徵。此複合群包括Koiwaya(1996)與Huang(2001)所分辨的六種：E. formosana、E. insulae、E. thibetana、E. alpherakyi、E. aristides、及E. undosa。而近年發表的新種E. yasuyakii、E. masumi應為E. undosa之同物異名，E. kameii為E. aristides之同物異名。E. undosa相對於其他五種，四川族群展現出極大的變異，造成種間辨識困難。此複合群不同地理族群間翅紋亦有變異，是否具有適應或生態上的意義值得探討。

Euthalia thibetana complex is a group of closely relative butterflies. Because the instraspecies wing pattern presents more variable than interspecies, it is often confused with its species determination. In this study, the purpose is to find out the reliable characters for identifying the species of this complex through comparing molecular (mithchondrial COI and COII genes and nuclear Eflα gene) and morphological datasets (wing pattern and genitalia). Total 158 nymphalids major form mainland China and Taiwan were sampled. Six monophyletic groups were recognized through inferring molecular phylogenies, and those groups were also supported by the structure of male genitalia. Therefore, the species, listed in the complex, are included E. formosana, E. insulae, E. thibetana, E. alpherakyi, E. aristides, and E. undosa. However, three newly described species, included E. kameii, E. yasuyakii, and E. masumi, are all synonyms of the regarding species. The main reason why the butterflies in this complex are so hard to recognize is because the wing pattern of E. undosa is too variable to distingulish with other five species.

目錄………………………………………………………………………I
附表目次…………………………………………………………………II
附圖目次…………………………………………………………………III
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………1
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………2
前言………………………………………………………………………3
材料與方法………………………………………………………………8
結果………………………………………………………………………12
討論………………………………………………………………………22
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………27
附表………………………………………………………………………31
附圖………………………………………………………………………45
附錄………………………………………………………………………74

Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I. 2005. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 22: 148-155.
Blouin SM. 2002. Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of nematodes: mitochondrial DNA versus internal transcribed spacer. Intenatiional Journal for Parasitology 32: 527-531.
Brook BW, Bradshaw CJA, Koh LP, Sodhi NS. 2006. Momentum drives the crash: mass extinction in the tropics. Biotropica 38: 302-305.
Caterino MS, Sperling FAH, 1999. Papilio phylogeny based on Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 11: 122-137.
Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology 9: 1657–1660.
Collins FH, Paskewitz SM. 1995. A review of the use of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to differentiate among cryptic Anopheles species Insect Molecular Biology 5:1-9.
Dudley R, Adler AGH. 1996. Biogeography of milkweed butterflies(Nymphalidae: Danainae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Paciflc archipelagos. Biological journal of the Llinnea society. 57: 917-926.
Eliot JN. 1969. An analysis of the Eurasian and Australian Neptini (Lepidptera: Nymphalidae). Entomology supplement 15. The British Museum.
Eliot JN. 1992. The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Nature Society. 181-191.
Forister ML, Shapiro AM. 2003. Climatic trends and advancing spring flight of butterflies in lowland California. Global Change Biology 9: 1130-1135.
Hebert PDN, Stoeckle MY, Zemlak TS, Francis CM. 2004. Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biol 2(10):
Huang H, Wu CS. 2003. New and little known Chinese butterflies in the collection of the institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing-1. Neue entomologische Nachrichten. 55: 115-143.
Huang H. 1999. Some new butterflies from China-1 (Rhopalocera). Lambillionea 4: 641-674.
Huang H. 2001. Report of H. Huang’s 2000 Expedition to SE. Tibet for Phopalocera (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 51: 65-151.
Huang H. 2002. Some new nymphalids from the valleys of Nujiang and Dulongjiang, China. Atlanta 33(3/4): 339-360.
Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. Mrbayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
Irwin DE, Alstrom P, Olsson U, Benowitz-Fredericks ZM. 2001. Cryptic species in the genus Phylloscopus (Old world leaf warblers) Brithsh Ornithologists Union 143: 233-247.
Jiggins CD. 2008. Ecological speciation in mimetic butterflies. BioScience 58: 541- 548.
Johannesson K. 2001. Parallel speciation: a key to sympatric divergence. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16: 148-153
Jones G, Parijs SMV. 1993. Bimodal echolocation in pipisterelle bats: are cryptic species present? Biological Sciences 251: 119-125.
Kerr KCR, Stoeckle MY, Dove CJ, Weigt LA, Francis CM, Hebert PDN. 2007. Comprehensive DNA barcode coverage of North American birds. Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 535-543.
Klots AB et al. 1970. Taxonnmist’s glossary of genitalia in insects.
Koiwaya S. 1996. Ten new species and twenty-four new subspecies of butterflies from Chima, with Notes on the Systematic positions of five taxa. Studies of Chense Butterflies III:237-280.
Kumar S, Dudley J, Nei M & Tamura K. 2008. MEGA: A biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Briefings in Bioinformatics 9: 299-306.
Morishita K. 1992. A guide to species of Euthaliini in the Orient (IX) Sino-Himalayn groups(5). Yadoriga 151:2-10.
Oliver JC, Shapiro AM. 2007. Genetic isolation and cryptic variation within the Lycaena xanthoides species group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Molecular ecology 16: 4308-4320.
Park KJ, Altringham JD, Jones G. 1996. Assortative roosting in the two phonic types of Pipistrellus pipistrellus during the mating season Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 263: 1495-1499.
Posada D, Carndall KA. 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817-818.
Sperling F, Byers R, Hickey D. 1996. Mitochondria DNA sequence variation among pheromotypes of the dingy sutworm, Felyia jaculifera (Gn.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 2109-2117.
Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M & Kumar S. 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1596-1599.
Via S. 2001. Sympatric speciation in animals: the ugly duckling grows up. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16: 381-390
Wahlberg N, Wheat CW. 2008. Genomic outposts serves the phylogenomic pioneers: designing novel nuclear markers for genomic DNA extractions of the Lepidoptera. Systematic Biology 57: 231-242.
Wahlberg N, Zimmermann M. 2000. Pattern of phylogenetic relationships among members of the tribe Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) inferred from mtDNA sequences. Cladistics 16: 347-363.
Yokoch T. 2009. A new speices of the Genus Euthaliai (Limbusa) from Guangxi, China (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Butterflies 51: 23-26.