臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的為純化 Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣? (xylanase) 並探討其生化特性。菌株接種於培養基後，置於 25oC、150 rpm 振盪培養，第四天可以得到最高聚木醣?活性為 2.26 U/mL。收集胞外酵素液，經硫酸銨分劃、透析後，以 CM-Sepharose Fast Flow 管柱層析及 sephacryl S-100 HR 管柱層析可得到具有活性之聚木醣?，其比活性為 1435.98 U/mg，回收率為 3.46%，純化倍率為 678.1 倍。經 SDS-PAGE 電泳分析呈現單一色帶，其分子量為 19 kDa。純化之聚木醣?最適反應 pH 值為 pH 6.0，在 pH 5.0-9.0 間有較佳安定性，最適反應溫度為 50oC，在 40oC 以下安定性較佳，其活性會受到金屬離子 Hg2+、Cu2+、Fe2+ 及抑制劑 PMSF、TPCK、NEM、Leupeptin 抑制，而金屬離子 K+、Na+、Co2+、Mg2+ 及還原劑 b-mercaptoethanol、glutathione 則會提高其活性。此聚木醣?僅對櫸木、樺木及燕麥聚木醣有活性，推論此酵素為一內切型聚木醣?；N 端定序前八個胺基酸序列為 ASTDYWQN，設計引子經聚合?連鎖反應得到基因全長，此序列具有642 個核甘酸，與其他菌株之聚木醣?基因序列比較其相似度為 95% 左右，顯示該菌為一新穎的菌株。

The cells of Bacillus sp. YJ6 were removed by passing through a 0.45 μm membrane after 4 days incubation at 25oC, which had the highest xylanase activity (2.26 U/mL). The xylanase was purified to electrophorectical homogeneity by precipitating at 40-60% saturation of ammonium sulphate, passing through CM-Sepharose FF and Sephacryl S-100 HR chromatographs. About 3.5% of xylanase was recovered and 678.1 purification fold were obtained. The purified xylanase was with a molecular mass of 19 kDa and specific activity of 1435.98 U/mg. It had an optimal pH and temperature at 6.0 and 50oC, respectively, and was stable at pH 5.0-9.0 and below 40oC. This xylanase was inhibited by Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, PMSF, TPCK, NEM and Leupeptin, but activated by K+, Na+, Co2+, Mg2+, b-mercaptoethanol and glutathione. According to substrate specificity, the purified xylanase had high specificity to beechwood, birchwood and oat spelts xylans. The N-terminal sequence of xylanase was ASTDYWQN and used for desiging the primers to amply nucleotide sequence by PCR. This xylanase DNA consisted of 642 nucleotides, encoded 213 amino acid residues and exhibited upward 95% homology compared with 7 strains of Bacillus by BLAST system in NCBI database.

中文摘要 1
Abstract 2
貳、文獻整理 5
1. 植物之纖維質成分 5
2. 半纖維素之種類 6
3. 植物之聚木醣 7
4. 聚木醣之降解與利用 9
4.1. 木糖 10
4.2. 木糖醇 (xylitol) 10
4.3. 寡木醣 11
5. 寡木醣之簡介 12
5.1. 寡木醣之化學結構 12
5.2. 寡木醣對腸道的作用 12
5.3. 寡木醣的其他特性 13
5.4. 寡木醣的其他生理功能 14
5.5. 寡木醣的市場需求及經濟效益 14
6. 聚木醣? 15
6.1. 聚木醣?的來源與生化特性 15
6.2. 聚木醣?的種類與反應機制 16
6.3. 聚木醣?的生產 20
6.4. 聚木醣?的多樣性 21
6.5. 聚木醣?的分類 21
6.6. 聚木醣?的應用 23
?、材料與方法 26
Ι. 實驗材料 26
1. 菌株 26
2. 菌株之製備與保存 26
3. 藥品與培養基 26
Π. 實驗方法 29
一、 聚木醣?菌株的培養 29
二、 聚木醣?的純化 30
三、 聚木醣?之生化特性試驗 34
肆、結果與討論 42
一、 Bacillus sp. YJ6 酵素活性、生長曲線及 pH 變化 42
二、 Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?之純化 42
1. 粗酵素液的製備 42
2. 硫酸銨劃分 42
3. CM-Sepharose Fast Flow 管柱層析 43
4. Sephacryl S-100 High Resolution 膠過濾層析 44
5. 純度鑑定 44
三、 Bacillus sp. YJ6 生產聚木醣?之生化特性 45
1. 最適反應 pH 值 45
2. pH 值安定性 46
3. 最適反應溫度 46
4. 溫度安定性 47
5. 金屬離子之影響 48
6. 抑制劑之影響 49
7. 還原劑之影響 50
8. 基質特異性 50
9. 酵素水解產物分析 51
10. 聚木醣?之 N 端序列與 DNA 序列分析 52
伍、結論 53
陸、參考文獻 55
表目錄
表一、不同微生物來源之聚木醣?及特性 74
表二、Bacillus sp. YJ6 純化的聚木醣?之硫酸銨分劃表 76
表三、 Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?純化表 77
表四、金屬離子對 Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?活性之影響 78
表五、抑制劑對 Bacillus sp. YJ6 純化的聚木醣?活性之影響 79
表六、還原劑對 Bacillus sp. YJ6 純化的聚木醣?活性之影響 80
表七、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?基質特異性 81

圖目錄
圖一、植物細胞壁之結構 82
圖二、不同來源半纖維素之結構 83
圖三、不同來源聚木醣之結構 84
圖四、聚木醣結構及聚木醣酵素群之作用位置 85
圖五、聚木醣酵素的合成與代謝抑制作用 86
圖六、Bacillus sp. YJ6 活性、生長曲線及 pH 變化 87
圖七、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?經 CM-sepharose fast flow 陽離子交換管柱層析圖 88
圖八、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?經 Sephacryl S-100 HR 管柱層析圖 89
圖九、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?之 SDS 電泳圖 90
圖十、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?之最適反應 pH 值 91
圖十一、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?之 pH 值安定性 92
圖十二、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?之最適反應溫度 93
圖十三、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?之溫度安定性 94
圖十四、部分純化和純化的聚木醣?水解樺木聚木醣 24 小時之還原糖量 95
圖十六、pGEMT-XynB 之 DNA 定序圖譜 (使用 T7 promoter primer) 97
圖十七、Bacillus sp. YJ6 聚木醣?之基因序列 98
圖十八、不同 Bacillus 來源聚木醣?之演化關係圖 99
圖十九、不同 Bacillus 來源聚木醣?序列之相似程度 100

邱標麟。(1993)。食品甜味的系譜與製造科學。台灣復文興業股份有限公司，台南。
陳婷玟。(2001)。以茭白筍殼半纖維素為碳源生產 Trichoderma longibrachiatum 185 聚木糖?及其在低聚木糖製備上之應用。食品科學系碩士論文，國立中興大學。台中。
Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. & Watson, J. D. (1994). Molecular Biology of The Cell. third ed. Garland Publishing, New York & London.
Amartey, S. A., Leung, P. C. J., Baghaei-Yazdi, N., Leak, D. J. & Hartley, B. S. (1999). Fermentation of a wheat straw acid hydrolysate by Bacillus stearothermophilus T-13 in continuous culture with partial cell recycle. Process Biochemistry, 34(3), 289-294.
Andrade, S. d. V., Polizeli, M. d. L. T. d. M., Terenzi, H. F. & Jorge, J. A. (2004). Effect of carbon source on the biochemical properties of ����-xylosidases produced by Aspergillus versicolor. Process Biochemistry, 39(12), 1931-1938.
Anthony, T., Chandra Raj, K., Rajendran, A. & Gunasekaran, P. (2003). High molecular weight cellulase-free xylanase from alkali-tolerant Aspergillus fumigatus AR1. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 32(6), 647-654.
Bailey, M. J., Biely, P. & Poutanen, K. (1992). Interlaboratory testing of methods for assay of xylanase activity. Journal of biotechnology, 23, 257-270.
Barbat, A., Gloaguen, V., Moine, C., Sainte-Catherine, O., Kraemer, M., Rogniaux, H. l. n., Ropartz, D. & Krausz, P. (2008). Structural Characterization and Cytotoxic Properties of a 4-O-Methylglucuronoxylan from Castanea sativa. 2. Evidence of a Structure-Activity Relationship. Journal of Natural Products, 71(8), 1404-1409.
Bastawde, K. B. (1987). Studies on xylanase by Chainia sp., Vol. Ph.D. Thesis, Pune University. Pune. India.
Bataillon, M., Cardinali, A. P. N., Castillon, N. & Duchiron, F. (2000). Purification and characterization of a moderately thermostable xylanase from Bacillus sp. strain SPS-0. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 26(2-4), 187-192.
Bataillon, M., Cardinali, A. P. N. & Duchiron, F. (1998). Production of xylanases from a newly isolated alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus sp. Biotechnology Letters, 20(11), 1067-1071.
Belancic, A., Scarpa, J., Peirano, A., Diaz, R., Steiner, J. & Eyzaguirre, J. (1995). Penicillium purpurogenum Produces Several Xylanases - Purification and Properties of 2 of the Enzymes. Journal of Biotechnology, 41(1), 71-79.
Biely, P. (1993). Biochemical aspects of the production of microbial hemicellulases. In Hemicelluloses and Hemicellulases, eds. M. P. Coughlan & G. P. Hazlewood, Portland Press. London, pp. 29-52.
Biely, P. (1985). Microbial Xylanolytic Systems. Trends in Biotechnology, 3(11), 286-290.
Biely, P., Markovic, O. & Mislovicov, D. (1985). Sensitive detection of endo-1,4-��-glucanases and endo-1,4-�n��-xylanases in gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 144(1), 147-151.
Biely, P., Vrsansk, M., Tenkanen, M. & Kluepfel, D. (1997). Endo-��-1,4-xylanase families: differences in catalytic properties. Journal of Biotechnology, 57(1-3), 151-166.
Biswas, S. R., Jana, S. C., Mishra, A. K. & Nanda, G. (1990). Production, purification, and characterization of xylanase from a hyperxylanolytic mutant of Aspergillus ochraceus. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 35(3), 244-251.
Blanco, A., Vidal, T., Colom, J. F. & Pastor, F. I. J. (1995). Purification and Properties of Xylanase-a from Alkali-Tolerant Bacillus Sp. Strain Bp-23. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(12), 4468-4470.
Blum, D. L., Li, X. L., Chen, H. & Ljungdahl, L. G. (1999). Characterization of an acetyl xylan esterase from the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65(9), 3990-3995.
Bocchini, D. A., Damiano, V. B., Gomes, E. & Da Silva, A. (2003). Effect of Bacillus circulans D1 thermostable xylanase on biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp. Humana Press Inc. 393-401.
Bothast, R. J., Saha, B. C., Saul, L. N. & Allen, I. L. (1997). Ethanol Production from Agricultural Biomass Substrates. In Advances in Applied Microbiology, eds. S. L. Neidleman & A. I. Laskin, Vol. 44, Academic Press, pp. 261-286.
Bourne, Y. & Henrissat, B. (2001). Glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases: families and functional modules. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 11(5), 593-600.
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254.
Breccia, J. D., Torto, N., Gorton, L., Sineriz, F. & Hatti-Kaul, R. (1998a). Specificity and mode of action of a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - On-line monitoring of hydrolysis products. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 69(1), 31-40.
Breccia, J. D., Sineriz, F., Baigori, M. D., Castro, G. R. & HattiKaul, R. (1998b). Purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 22(1), 42-49.
Camacho, N. A. & Aguilar, O. G. (2003). Production, purification and characterization of a low molecular mass xylanase from Aspergillus sp. and its application in bakery. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 104, 159-172.
Caufrier, F., Martinou, A., Dupont, C. & Bouriotis, V. (2003). Carbohydrate esterase family 4 enzymes: substrate specificity. Carbohydrate Research, 338(7), 687-692.
Cho, M. C. & Bai, S. (1997). Purification and characterization of xylanase from Bacillus sp. strain DSNC 101. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 7(6), 386-390.
Christakopoulos, P., Nerinckx, W., Kekos, D., Macris, B. & Claeyssens, M. (1997). The alkaline xylanase III from Fusarium oxysporum F3 belongs to family F/10. Carbohydrate Research, 302(3-4), 191-195.
Christakopoulos, P., Nerinckx, W., Kekos, D., Macris, B. & Claeyssens, M. (1996). Purification and characterization of two low molecular mass alkaline xylanases from Fusarium oxysporum F3. Journal of Biotechnology, 51(2), 181-189.
Collins, T., Gerday, C. & Feller, G. (2005). Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases. Fems Microbiology Reviews, 29(1), 3-23.
Coughlan, M. P. & Hazlewood, G. P. (1993). ��-1,4-D-xylan-degrading enzyme systems: biochemistry, molecular biology and applications. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 17 (3), 259-289.
Counsell, J. N. (1978). Xylitol. Applied Science Publishers, London.
Courtin, C. M., Swennen, K., Verjans, P. & Delcour, J. A. (2009). Heat and pH stability of prebiotic arabinoxylooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides. Food Chemistry, 112(4), 831-837.
Crittenden, R., Karppinen, S., Ojanen, S., Tenkanen, M., Fagerstrom, R., Matto, J., Saarela, M., Mattila-Sandholm, T. & Poutanen, K. (2002). In vitro fermentation of cereal dietary fibre carbohydrates by probiotic and intestinal bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 82(8), 781-789.
Cummings, J. H., Macfarlane, G. T. & Englyst, H. N. (2001). Prebiotic digestion and fermentation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2 Suppl), 415S-420S.
Dekker, R. F. H. (1985). Biodegradation of the hemicellulose. In Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components, ed. T. Higuchi, Academic Press. Orlando, pp. 505-533.
Dekker, R. F. H., Richards, G. N. & Tipson, R. S. (1976). Hemicellulases: Their Occurrence, Purification, Properties, and Mode of Action. In Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vol. Volume 32, Academic Press, pp. 277-352.
Dervilly, G., Leclercq, C., Zimmermann, D., Roue, C., Thibault, J. F. & Saulnier, L. (2002). Isolation and characterization of high molar mass water-soluble arabinoxylans from barley and barley malt. Carbohydrate Polymers, 47(2), 143-149.
de Vries, R. P., Kester, H. C. M., Poulsen, C. H., Benen, J. A. E. & Visser, J. (2000). Synergy between enzymes from Aspergillus involved in the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Research, 327(4), 401-410.
Dey, D., Hinge, J., Shendye, A. & Rao, M. (1992). Purification and properties of extracellular endoxylanases from alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus sp. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 38, 436-442.
Dhillon, A., Gupta, J. K. & Khanna, S. (2000). Enhanced production, purification and characterisation of a novel cellulase-poor thermostable, alkalitolerant xylanase from Bacillus circulans AB 16. Process Biochemistry, 35(8), 849-856.
Dobberstein, J. & Emeis, C. C. (1989). β-Xylanase produced by Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 58475. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32(3), 262-268.
Dowzer, C. E. & Kelly, J. M. (1991). Analysis of the creA gene, a regulator of carbon catabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 11(11), 5701-5709.
Duarte, M. C. T., Pellegrino, A. C. A., Portugal, E. P., Ponezi, A. N. & Franco, T. T. (2000). Characterization of alkaline xylanases from Bacillus pumilus. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 31(2), 90-94.
Ebringerova, A. & Heinze, T. (2000). Xylan and xylan derivatives - biopolymers with valuable properties, 1 - Naturally occurring xylans structures, procedures and properties. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 21(9), 542-556.
Eken-Saracoglu, N., Mutlu, S. F., Dilmac, G. & Cavusoglu, H. (1998). A comparative kinetic study of acidic hemicellulose hydrolysis in corn cob and sunflower seed hull. Bioresource Technology, 65(1-2), 29-33.
Elegir, G., Szakacs, G. & Jeffries, T. W. (1994). Purification, Characterization, and Substrate Specificities of Multiple Xylanases from Streptomyces sp. Strain B-12-2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(7), 2609-2615.
Esteban, R., Villanueva, J. R. & Villa, T. G. (1982). ��-D-xylanases of Bacillus circulans WL-12. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 28, 733-739.
Faulds, C. B. & Williamson, G. (1991). The Purification and Characterization of 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxycinnamic (Ferulic) Acid Esterase from Streptomyces-Olivochromogenes. Journal of General Microbiology, 137, 2339-2345.
Fernandez-Espinar, M., Pinaga, F., Graaff, L., Visser, J., Ramon, D. & Valles, S. (1994). Purification, characterization and regulation of the synthesis of an Aspergillus nidulans acidic xylanase. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 42(4), 555-562.
Flores, M. E., Perea, M., Rodriguez, O., Malvaez, A. & Huitron, C. (1996). Physiological studies on induction and catabolite repression of β-xylosidase and endoxylanase in Streptomyces sp. CH-M-1035. Journal of biotechnology, 49, 179-187.
Georis, J., Giannotta, F., De Buyl, E., Granier, B. & Frere, J.-M. (2000). Purification and properties of three endo-��-1,4-xylanases produced by Streptomyces sp. strain S38 which differ in their ability to enhance the bleaching of kraft pulps. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 26(2-4), 178-186.
Gessesse, A. (1998). Purification and properties of two thermostable alkaline xylanases from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64(9), 3533-3535.
Gessesse, A. & Mamo, G. (1998). Purification and characterization of an alkaline xylanase from alkaliphilic Micrococcus sp. AR-135. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 20(3-4), 210-214.
Ghosh, M. & Nanda, G. (1994). Physiological studies on xylose induction and glucose repression of xylanolytic enzymes in Aspergillus sydowii MG49. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 117(2), 151-156.
Gilkes, N. R., Henrissat, B., Kilburn, D. G., Miller, R. C., Jr. & Warren, R. A. (1991). Domains in microbial ��-1,4-glycanases: sequence conservation, function, and enzyme families. Microbiological Reviews 55(2), 303-315.
Gomes, D. J., Gomes, J. & Steiner, W. (1994). Factors influencing the induction of endo-xylanase by Thermoascus aurantiacus. Journal of Biotechnology, 33(1), 87-94.
Green, A. A. & Hughes, W. L. (1955). Protein fractionation on the basis of solubility in aqueous solutions of salts and organic solvents. In Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 1, Academic Press, pp. 67-90.
Gupta, S., Bhushan, B. & Hoondal, G. S. (2000). Isolation, purification and characterization of xylanase from Staphylococcus sp. SG-13 and its application in biobleaching of kraft pulp. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88(2), 325-334.
Harada, H. & Cote, W. A. (1985). Structure of wood. In Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components, ed. T. Higuchi, Academic Press. Orlando pp. 1-42.
Harbak, L. & Thygesen, H. V. (2002). Safety evaluation of a xylanase expressed in Bacillus subtilis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40(1), 1-8.
Henrissat, B., Claeyssens, M., Tomme, P., Lemesle, L. & Mornon, J. P. (1989). Cellulase families revealed by hydrophobic cluster analysi. Gene, 81(1), 83-95.
Henrissat, B. & Coutinho, P. M. (2001). Classification of glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases from hyperthermophiles. In Hyperthermophilic Enzymes, Pt A, Vol. 330, Academic Press Inc. San Diego, pp. 183-201.
Henrissat, B. & Davies, G. J. (2000). Glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases. Families, modules, and implications for genomics. Plant Physiology, 124(4), 1515-1519.
Honda, H., Kudo, T., Ikura, Y. & Horikoshi, K. (1985). Two types of xylanases of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. No. C-125. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 31, 538-542
Imaizumi, K., Nakatsu, Y., Sato, M., Sedarnawati, Y. & Sugano, M. (1991). Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on Blood Glucose, Serum and Liver Lipids and Cecum Short-chain Fatty Acids in Diabetic Rats. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 55, 199-205.
Izumi, K. & Azumi, N. (2001). Xylooligosaccharide compositions useful as food and feed additives. JP Patent 2001226409.
Jeffries, T. W. (1994). Biodegradation of lignin and hemicellulose. In Biochemistry of microbial degradation, ed. C. Ratledge, Kluwer Academic Publishers. London, pp. 233-277.
Johnson, S. W., Jenkinson, S. F., Angus, D., Jones, J. H., Watkin, D. J. & Fleet, G. W. J. (2004). Pseudoenantiomeric oxetane ��-amino acid scaffolds derived from L-rhamnose and D-xylose: D/L-alanine-D-serine and glycine-L-serine dipeptide isosteres. Tetrahedron-Asymmetry, 15(20), 3263-3273.
Johnvesly, B., Virupakshi, S., Patil, G. N., Ramalingam & Naik, G. R. (2002). Cellulase-free thermostable alkaline xylanase from thermophilic and alkalophilic Bacillus sp. JB-99. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 12(1), 153-156.
Kadowaki, M. K., Pacheco, M. A. C. & Peralta, R. M. (1995). Xylanase production by Aspergillus isolates grown on corn cob. Revista de Microbiologia, 26, 219-223.
Kaneko, S., Kuno, A., Muramatsu, M., Iwamatsu, S., Kusakabe, I. & Hayashi, K. (2000). Purification and characterization of a family G/11 β-xylanase from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 64, 447-451.
Katapodis, P., Kintzios, S., Konstas, M., Kekos, D., Macris, B. J. & Christakopoulos, P. (2003). Enzymic production of aldopentauronic acid and use as a bioregulator in plant airlift bioreactors. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 95(6), 630-632.
Khasin, A., Alchanati, I. & Shoham, Y. (1993). Purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(6), 1725-1730.
Kiddinamoorthy, J., Anceno, A. J., Haki, G. D. & Rakshit, S. K. (2008). Production, purification and characterization of Bacillus sp. GRE7 xylanase and its application in eucalyptus Kraft pulp biobleaching. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 24(5), 605-612.
Kormelink, F. J. M., Gruppen, H., Wood, T. M. & Beldman, G. (1992). Mode of action of the xylan-degrading enzymes from Aspergillus awamori. In Xylans and xylanases., eds. J. Visser, G. Beldman, M. A. K.-v. Someren & A. G. J. Voragen, Elsevier. Amsterdam, pp. 141-147.
Kubata, B. K., Suzuki, T., Horitsu, H., Kawai, K. & Takamizawa, K. (1994). Purification and Characterization of Aeromonas caviae ME-1 Xylanase V, Which Produces Exclusively Xylobiose from Xylan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(2), 531-535.
Kulkarni, N., Lakshmikumaran, M. & Rao, M. (1999a). Xylanase II from an Alkaliphilic Thermophilic Bacillus with a Distinctly Different Structure from Other Xylanases: Evolutionary Relationship to Alkaliphilic Xylanases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 263(3), 640-645.
Kulkarni, N., Shendye, A. & Rao, M. (1999b). Molecular and biotechnological aspects of xylanases. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 23(4), 411-456.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227(5259), 680-685.
Lappalainen, A. (1986). Purification and characterization of xylanolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 8, 437-448.
Liab, K., Azadi, P., Collins, R., Tolan, J., Kim, J. S. & Eriksson, K. L. (2000). Relationships between activities of xylanases and xylan structures. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(1-2), 89-94.
Lin, J., Ndlovu, L. M., Singh, S. & Pillay, B. (1999). Purification and biochemical characteristics of ��-D-xylanase from a thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 30 ( Pt 1), 73-79.
Liu, W., Lu, Y. & Ma, G. (1999). Induction and glucose repression of endo-��-xylanase in the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum SL409. Process biochemistry 34, 67-72.
Liu, W., Zhu, W., Lu, Y., Kong, J. & Ma, G. (1998). Production, partial purification and characterization of xylanase from Trichosporon cutaneum SL409. Process Biochemistry, 33(3), 331-336.
Lopez-Fernandez, C. L., Rodriguez, J., Ball, A. S., Copa-Patino, J. L., Perez-Leblic, M. I. & Arias, M. E. (1998). Application of the affinity binding of xylanases to oat-spelt xylan in the purification of endoxylanase CM-2 from Streptomyces chattanoogensis CECT 3336. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 50(2), 284-287.
Lynd, L. R., Wyman, C. E. & Gerngross, T. U. (1999). Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnology Progress, 15(5), 777-793.
Mach, R. L., Strauss, J., Zeilinger, S., Schindler, M. & Kubicek, C. P. (1996). Carbon catabolite repression of xylanase I (xyn1) gene expression in Trichoderma reesei. Molecular Microbiology, 21(6), 1273-1281.
McDermid, K. P., Forsberg, C. W. & Mackenzie, C. R. (1990). Purification and properties of an acetylxylan esterase from Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56(12), 3805-3810.
Medeiros, R. G., Soffner, M. L. A. P., Thome, J. A., Cacais, A. O. G., Estelles, R. S., Salles, B. C., Ferreira, H. M., Neto, S. A. L., Jr., F. G. S. & Filho, E. X. F. (2000). The Production of Hemicellulases by Aerobic Fungi on Medium Containing Residues of Banana Plant as Substrate. Biotechnology Progress, 16(3), 522-524.
Miller, G. L. (1959). Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 31(3), 426-428.
Modler, H. W. (1994). Bifidogenic factors — sources, metabolism and applications. International Dairy Journal, 4, 383-407.
Mohagheghi, A., Grohmann, K. & Wyman, C. E. (1988). Production of cellulase on mixtures of xylose and cellulose Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 17, 263-277.
Morales, P., Madarro, A., Perez-Gonzalez, J. A., Sendra, J. M., Pinaga, F. & Flors, A. (1993). Purification and Characterization of Alkaline Xylanases from Bacillus polymyxa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(5), 1376-1382.
Nakakuki, T. (2005). Present status and future prospects of functional oligosaccharide development in Japan. Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience, 52, 267-271.
Nakamura, S., Wakabayashi, K., Nakai, R., Aono, R. & Horikoshi, K. (1993). Purification and some properties of an alkaline xylanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(7), 2311-2316.
Neuhoff, V., Arold, N., Taube, D. & Ehrhardt, W. (1988). Improved staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels including isoelectric focusing gels with clear background at nanogram sensitivity using Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 and R-250. Electrophoresis, 9(6), 255-262.
Oku, T. & Nakamura, S. (2002). Digestion, absorption, fermentation, and metabolism of functional sugar substitutes and their available energy. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74, 1253-1261.
Olinger, P. M. (1995). Lactitol: Its Use in Chocolate; Xylitol as a Sanding Medium Manufacturing Confectioner, 75(11), 92-95.
Pandey, A., Soccol, C. R., Nigam, P. & Soccol, V. T. (2000). Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. I: sugarcane bagasse. Bioresource Technology, 74(1), 69-80.
Pinaga, F., Fernandez-Espinar, M. T., Valles, S. & Ramon, D. (1994). Xylanase production in Aspergillus nidulans: induction and carbon catabolite repression. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 115(2-3), 319-323.
Pizzoferrato, L. (2003). Functional ingredients and functional components. Ingredienti Alimentari, 2, 26-30.
Polizeli, M. L. T. M., Rizzatti, A. C. S., Monti, R., Terenzi, H. F., Jorge, J. A. & Amorim, D. S. (2005). Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 67(5), 577-591.
PreziosiBelloy, L., Nolleau, V. & Navarro, J. M. (1997). Fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars and sugar mixtures to xylitol by Candida parapsilosis. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 21(2), 124-129.
Puls, J. (1996). Chemistry and biochemistry of hemicelluloses: Relationship between hemicellulose structure and enzymes required for hydrolysis. Mar 04-08, Sapporo, Japan. Huthig & Wepf Verlag. 183-196.
Puls, J. & Schuseil, J. (1993). Chemistry of hemicelluloses, relationship between hemicellulose structure and enzyme required for hydrolysis. In Hemicelluloses and hemicellulases, eds. M. P. Coughlan & G. P. Hazlewood, Portland Press. London, pp. 1-27.
Qureshy, A. F., Khan, L. A. & Khanna, S. (2000). Expression of Bacillus circulans Teri-42 xylanase gene in Bacillus subtilis. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(3-5), 227-233.
Raj, K. C. & Chandra, T. S. (1996). Purification and characterization of xylanase from alkali-tolerant Aspergillus fischeri Fxn1. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 145(3), 457-461.
Rani, D. S. & Nand, K. (2000). Production of thermostable cellulase-free xylanase by Clostridium absonum CFR-702. Process Biochemistry, 36(4), 355-362.
Ratanakhanokchai, K., Kyu, K. L. & Tanticharoen, M. (1999). Purification and properties of a xylan-binding endoxylanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain K-1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65(2), 694-697.
Reilly, P. J. (1981). Xylanase:structure and function. In Trends in the Biology of Fermentations for Fuels and Chemicals, ed. A. Hollaender, Plenum Press. New York, pp. 111-129.
Rizzatti, A. C., Sandrim, V. C., Jorge, J. A., Terenzi, H. F. & Polizeli Mde, L. (2004). Influence of temperature on the properties of the xylanolytic enzymes of the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus phoenicis. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 31(2), 88-93.
Rizzatti, A. C. S., Jorge, J. A., Terenzi, H. F., Rechia, C. G. V. & Polizeli, M. L. T. M. (2001). Purification and properties of a thermostable extracellular β-D-xylosidase produced by a thermotolerant Aspergillus phoenicis. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 26(3), 156-160.
Royer, J. C. & Nakas, J. P. (1988). Xylanase enzymes: potential pplications and production by Trichoderma longibrachiatum. In Forest and Crop Biotechnology: Progress and Prospects, ed. F. A. Valentine, Springer-Verlag. New York, pp. 363-381.
Rycroft, C. E., Jones, M. R., Gibson, G. R. & R.A. Rastall. (2001). A comparative in vitro evaluation of the fermentation properties of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91(5), 878-887.
Sa-Pereira, P., Costa-Ferreira, M. & Aires-Barros, M. R. (2002). Enzymatic properties of a neutral endo-1,3(4)-��-xylanase Xyl II from Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Biotechnology, 94(3), 265-275.
Sa-Pereira, P., Duarte, J. & Costa-Ferreira, M. (2000). Electroelution as a simple and fast protein purification method: isolation of an extracellular xylanase from Bacillus sp. CCMI 966. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(1-2), 95-99.
Saha, B. C. (2001). Xylanase from a newly isolated Fusarium verticillioides capable of utilizing corn fiber xylan. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 56(5), 762-766.
Salles, B. C., Cunha, R. B., Fontes, W., Sousa, M. V. & Filho, E. X. F. (2000). Purification and characterization of a new xylanase from Acrophialophora nainiana. Journal of Biotechnology, 81(2-3), 199-204.
Saraswat, V. & Bisaria, V. S. (2000). Purification, characterization and substrate specificities of xylanase isoenzymes from Melanocarpus albomyces IIS 68. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 64(6), 1173-1180.
Sardar, M., Roy, I. & Gupta, M. N. (2000). Simultaneous purification and immobilization of Aspergillus niger xylanase on the reversibly soluble polymer EudragitTM L-100. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(9), 672-679.
Scheppach, W., Luehrs, H. & Menzel, T. (2001). Beneficial health effects of low-digestible carbohydrate consumption. British Journal of Nutrition, 85 Suppl 1, S23-30.
Schneider, H., Wang, P. Y., Chan, Y. K. & Maleszka, R. (1981). Conversion of D-xylose into ethanol by the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnology Letters, 3(2), 89-92.
Screenath, H. K. & Jeffries, T. W. (2000). Production of ethanol from wood hydrolysate by yeasts. Bioresource Technology, 72, 253-260.
Shao, W. & Wiegel, J. (1992). Purification and characterization of a thermostable beta-xylosidase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Journal of Bacteriology, 174(18), 5848-5853.
Shapack, G. E., Russel, I. & Stewart, G. G. (1987). Thermophilic microbes in ethanol production. CRC Press New York.
Silveira, F. Q. P., Sousa, M. V., Ricart, C. A. O., Milagres, A. M. F., Medeiros, C. L. & Filho, E. X. F. (1999). A new xylanase from a Trichoderma harzianum strain. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23(1), 682-685.
Simpson, H. D., Haufler, U. R. & Daniel, R. M. (1991). An extremely thermostable xylanase from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga. Biochemical Journal, 277, 413-417.
Singh, S., Reddy, P., Haarhoff, J., Biely, P., Janse, B., Pillay, B., Pillay, D. & Prior, B. A. (2000). Relatedness of Thermomyces lanuginosus strains producing a thermostable xylanase. Journal of Biotechnology, 81(2-3), 119-128.
Smiricky-Tjardes, M. R., Flickinger, E. A., Grieshop, C. M., Bauer, L. L., Murphy, M. R. & Fahey, G. C. (2003). In vitro fermentation characteristics of selected oligosaccharides by swine fecal microflora. Journal of Animal Science, 81(10), 2505-2514.
Smith, D. C. & Forsberg, C. W. (1991). α-glucuronidase and other hemicellulase activities of fibrobacter succinogenes s85 grown on crystalline cellulose or ball-milled barley straw. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(12), 3552-3557.
Stanton, C., Gardiner, G., Meehan, H., Collins, K., Fitzgerald, G., Lynch, P. B. & Ross, R. P. (2001). Market potential for probiotics. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2), 476s-483s.
Sunna, A. & Antranikian, G. (1997). Xylanolytic enzymes from fungi and bacteria. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 17(1), 39-67.
Sunna, A., Puls, J. & Antranikian, G. (1996). Purification and characterization of two thermostable endo-1,4-��-D-xylanases from Thermotoga thermarum. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 24, 177-185.
Taniguchi, H. (2004). Carbohydrate research and industry in Japan and the Japanese society of applied glycoscience. Starch-Starke, 56(1), 1-5.
Tenkanen, M. & Siika-aho, M. (2000). An ��-glucuronidase of Schizophyllum commune acting on polymeric xylan. Journal of Biotechnology, 78(2), 149-161.
Thomson, J. A. (1993). Molecular biology of xylan degradation. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 10(1-2), 65-82.
Timell, T. E. (1967). Recent progress in the chemistry of wood hemicelluloses. Wood Science and Technology, 1(1), 45-70.
Tsujibo, H., Ohtsuki, T., Iio, T., Yamazaki, I., Miyamoto, K., Sugiyama, M. & Inamori, Y. (1997). Cloning and sequence analysis of genes encoding xylanases and acetyl xylan esterase from Streptomyces thermoviolaceus OPC-520. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(2), 661-664.
Twomey, L. N., Pluske, J. R., Rowe, J. B., Choct, M., Brown, W., McConnell, M. F. & Pethick, D. W. (2003). The effects of increasing levels of soluble non-starch polysaccharides and inclusion of feed enzymes in dog diets on faecal quality and digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 108(1-4), 71-82.
Vazquez, M. J., Alonso, J. L., Dominguez, H. & Parajo, J. C. (2000). Xylooligosaccharides: manufacture and applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 11(11), 387-393.
Van Doorslaer, E., Kersters-Hilderson, H. & De Bruyne, C. K. (1985). Hydrolysis of ��-xylo-oligosaccharides by ��-xylosidase from Bacillus pumilus. Carbohydrate Research, 140(2), 342-346.
Vazquez, M. J., Alonso, J. L., Dominguez, H. & Parajo, J. C. (2000). Xylooligosaccharides: manufacture and applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 11(11), 387-393.
Viikari, L., Kantelinen, A., Sundquist, J. & Linko, M. (1994). Xylanases in bleaching: From an idea to the industry. Fems Microbiology Reviews, 13(2-3), 335-350.
Winterhalter, C. & Liebl, W. (1995). Two Extremely Thermostable Xylanases of the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga maritima MSB8. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(5), 1810-1815.
Wong, K. K., Tan, L. U. & Saddler, J. N. (1988). Multiplicity of ��-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms: functions and applications. Microbiological Reviews 52(3), 305-317.
Wong, K. K. Y. & Saddler, J. N. (1993). Applications of hemicellulases in the food, feed, and pulp and paper industries. In Hemicelluloses and hemicellulases, eds. M. P. Coughlan & G. P. Hazlewood, Portland Press. London, pp. 127-143.
Yang, R. C., MacKenzie, C. R., Bilous, D. & Narang, S. A. (1989). Hyperexpression of a Bacillus circulans xylanase gene in Escherichia coli and characterization of the gene product. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(5), 1192-1195.
Zampa, A., Silvi, S., Fabiani, R., Morozzi, G., Orpianesi, C. & Cresci, A. (2004). Effects of different digestible carbohydrates on bile acid metabolism and SCFA production by human gut micro-flora grown in an in vitro semi-continuous culture. Anaerobe, 10(1), 19-26.
Zanoelo, F. F., Polizeli Md Mde, L., Terenzi, H. F. & Jorge, J. A. (2004). Purification and biochemical properties of a thermostable xylose-tolerant ��-D-xylosidase from Scytalidium thermophilum. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 31(4), 170-6.
Zilliox, C. & Debeire, P. (1998). Hydrolysis of wheat straw by a thermostable endoxylanase: Adsorption and kinetic studies. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 22(1), 58-63.