笛鯛科魚類廣泛分佈於世界三大洋之熱帶及亞熱帶海域，屬珊瑚礁區之肉食性魚類，全世界共計有 4 亞科 21 屬 126種，而臺灣產則有 4 亞科 10 屬 52 種，其中如濱鯛 (Etelis carbunculus) 及長尾濱鯛 (Etelis coruscans) 等體長可達 100 cm 以上，其肝臟可能蘊含有大量維生素 A，若誤食則可能引發急性維生素 A 中毒。於 2007 年 12 月基隆地區，一家庭中三人因食用疑似大型笛鯛魚 (約重達 20 kg) 之肝臟而引起急性維生素 A 中毒的案例。為了解引起本次食物中毒之魚種，將臺北榮民總醫院所提供之檢體魚片經直接定序法 (direct sequence analysis) 及聚合?限制片段長度多型性 (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism; PCR-RFLP) 之技術針對粒線體 DNA (mitochondrial DNA; mtDNA) 中部份 cytochrome b (Cyt b) 基因序列做分析比對，結果顯示中毒檢體之魚種為濱鯛。接著收集不同魚體大小之濱鯛，利用高效能逆相層析儀 (high performance liquid chromatography; HPLC) 測定維生素 A 含量，得知濱鯛魚肉維生素 A 含量平均為 12 ± 2 IU/g (mean ± SD, n = 8) 而肝臟維生素 A 含量平均為 9,844 ± 7,812 IU/g。經迴歸分析結果得知，濱鯛之魚體及肝臟愈大，其肝臟所累積之維生素 A 含量愈高。
許多笛鯛科魚類因外觀型態而難以辨認，故本研究中將利用聚合?鏈鎖反應 (polymerase chain reaction; PCR) 之技術鑑定 10 種臺灣常見且外觀相似之笛鯛科魚類 (包含 Aphareus rutilans、E. carbunculus、E. coruscans、Lutjanus boutton、L. fulviflamma、L. quinquelineatus、L. rivulatus、L. stellatus、Pristipomoides filamentosus及 P. multidens)。以 6 組引子對建構 1,141 bp 完整 Cyt b 基因序列，再以 neighbor-joining (NJ) 進行演算其種屬演化關係，結果顯示 A. rutilans 與 P. multidens 歸納為同一族群 (group)，與傳統型態分類學不同。另外，利用 PCR-RFLP 之技術，搜尋出兩種限制? BsmA I 及 Hsp92 II 進行序列切位分析，可確實將 10 種笛鯛科魚類作區分。綜合上述結果顯示，濱鯛肝臟之維生素 A含量與魚體及肝臟之大小有正相關性；直接定序法及 PCR-RFLP 之技術可應用在笛鯛魚科魚類之魚種鑑定。

The Lutjanidae fish is one of carnivorous coral reef fishes that distributes around the sea area of Taiwan, and it is also the commercially important fish species in Taiwan. Some of large-sized Lutjanidae fish like Etelis carbunculus and E. coruscans, may accumulate high level of vitamin A in the liver and it will cause hypervitaminosis A if ingesting incautiously. In December 2007, one case of hypervitaminosis A was due to ingesting the liver of large-sized Lutjanidae fish in Keelung City. In order to identify the species of large-sized Lutjanidae fish implicated into this food poisoning, 465 bp fragment sequence of cytochrome b gene on 2 species of Lutjanidae fish by using a pair of primers (L14735/H15149ad) was obtained successfully. The species of large-sized Lutjanidae fish implicated into this food was judged E. carbunculus by using direct sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Following, different body weight of E. carbunculus was collected from Ilan and Keelung. The level of vitamin A in the muscle and liver was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The average level of vitamin A in E. carbunculus muscle was 12 ± 2 IU/g (mean ± SD, n = 8) and liver was 9,844 ± 7,812 IU/g. Regression model shows that the more body weight and liver weight, the higher vitamin A level in liver of E. carbunculus.
It’s hard to identify Lutjanidae fish by morphological characteristics because of their similar morphology. In order to determine the complete 1,141 bp nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cyt b) for 10 species of Lutjanidae (including Aphareus rutilans, Etelis carbunculus, E. coruscans, Lutjanus boutton, L. fulviflamma, L. quinquelineatus, L. rivulatus, L. stellatus, Pristipomoides filamentosus, and P. multidens) in Taiwan, it was found that 6 sets of fish-versatile primer to amplify 4 continuous and overlapping of entire Cyt b sequences. The complete 1,141 bp Cyt b sequences are utilized to establish phylogenetic relationship of 10 species of Lutjanidae in Taiwan. Entire Cyt b sequences from 10 species were evaluated by neighbor-joining (NJ) method to built the phylogenetic trees. The results show that P. filamentosus forms a group with A. rutilans rather than P. multidens and the phylogenetic relationships of other species are quite similar with traditional morphological taxonomy. Furthermore, PCR-RFLP technique was developed to identify the 10 species of Lutjanidae. One set of primer pair (L14735/H15149ad) was amplify 465/466 bp of partial Cyt b sequences, and 2 restriction enzymes (including BsmA I and Hsp92 II) were used to analyze the amplified fragments. The developed PCR-RFLP technique was applied to identify 10 species of Lutjanidae successfully.

中文摘要...................................................................................................1
Abstract.....................................................................................................3
第一章、文獻整理
一、笛鯛科魚類之簡介…………………………………………………..6
二、維生素 A 之簡介………………………………………………….10
三、高量維生素 A 之毒性…………………………………………….16
四、一般鑑定魚種的方法………………………………………………23
五、利用 PCR 技術鑑定物種………………………………………….27
六、利用 mitochondrial DNA 鑑定物種………………………………35
第二章、引起維生素 A 中毒之笛鯛科魚類其魚種之探討及肝臟維生素 A 含量之分析
一、前言…………………………………………………………………42
二、材料與方法…………………………………………………………43三、結果....................................................................................................50
四、討論....................................................................................................52
附表與附圖..............................................................................................54
第三章、臺灣常見之笛鯛科魚種基因鑑定
一、前言…………………………………………………………………68
二、材料與方法…………………………………………………………69
三、結果....................................................................................................72
四、討論....................................................................................................76
附表與附圖..............................................................................................78
參考文獻................................................................................................95
謝辭........................................................................................................112
附錄........................................................................................................114

沈世傑，1993。臺灣魚類誌。國立臺灣大學動物學系出版。臺北
邵廣昭，1996。臺灣常見魚介貝類圖說 (下)。漁業局出版。臺北。
林文風，2007。臺灣鮪、鰹魚類之加工品 PCR 鑑種技術建立及粒線體 Cyt b 序列之親緣演化分析。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系博士學位論文。基隆。
林美鳳，1994。鱠魚肝臟之維生素A含量及毒性之探討。國立臺灣海洋大學水產食品科學研究所碩士論文。基隆。
香川 綾，1991。四訂日本食品標準成分表。日本科學技術廳資源調查會編，東京。
侯嘉玲，1997。胺基乙磺酸 (Taurine) 對氧化油和高量維生素 A 在大鼠毒作用之影響。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。基隆。
邵廣昭，2009。臺灣魚類資料庫網路電子版。http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw。
蘇明偉，2008。臺灣常見之魟魚 PCR 鑑種技術建立及粒線體 Cyt b 序列親緣演化分析。國立臺灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文。基隆。
Abdel-Rahman, S. M. and Ahmed, M. M. M. 2007. Rapid and sensitive identification of buffalo’s, cattle’s and sheep’s milk using species-specific PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques. Food Control 18: 1246-1249.
Anderson, J. J. B. 2002. Oversupplementation of vitamin A and osteoporotic fractures in the elderly: To supplement or not to supplement with vitamin A. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17: 1359-1362.
Armstrong, S. G. and Leach, D. N. 1992. The use of HPLC protein profiles in fish species identification. Food Chemistry 44: 147-155.
Ballard, J. W. O. and Rand, D. M. 2005. The population biology of mitochondrial DNA and its phylogenetic implications. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 36: 621-642.
Bauernfeind, J. C. 1980. The safe use of vitamin : A Report of the International Vitamin A Consultative Group. Nutrition Foundation, Washington, D. C.
Bedo, G., Santisteban, P. and Aranda, A. 1989. Retinoic acid regulates growth hormone gene expression. Nature 339: 231-234.
Beismann, H., Barker, H., Karp, A. and Speck, T. 1997. AFLP analysis sheds light on distribution of two Salix species and their hybrid along a natural gradient. Molecular Ecology 6: 989-993.
Bendich, A. and Langseth, L. 1989. Safety of vitamin A. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49: 358-371.
Binkley, N. and Krueger, D. 2000. Hypervitaminosis A and bone. Nutrition Reviews 58: 138-144.
Blomhoff, R., Berg, T. and Norum, K. R. 1987. Absorption, transport and storage of retinol. Chemica Scripta 27: 169-177.
Blomhoff, R., Green, M., Green, J. B. and Norum, K. R. 1991. Vitamin A metabolism: New perspectives on absorption, transport and storage. Physiological Reviews 72: 951-990.
Blomhoff, R., Green, M. H. and Norum, K. R. 1992. Vitamin A: Physiological and biochemical processing. Annual Review of Nutrition 12: 37-57.
Bosakovsik, T., Levin, A. A. and Edgcomb, J. H. 1988. Studies on the testicular effects if vitamin A palmitate in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Food and Chemical Toxicology 26: 767-773.
Broughton, R. E. and Dowling, T. M. 1994. Length variation in mitochondrial DNA of the minnow Cyprinella spilopterus. Genetic 138: 179-190.
Brown, W. G., Gadaleeta, G., Pepe, G., Saccone, C. and Sbisa, E. 1986. Structural conservation and variation in the D-loop containing region of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Biology 192: 503-511.
Brubacher, G. and Weiser, G. 1985. The vitamin A activity of beta-carotene. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 55: 5-15.
Bush, M. E. and Dahms, B. B. 1984. Fetal hypervitaminosis A in a neonate. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 108: 838-842.
Cantatore, P., Roberti, M., Pesole, G., Ludovico, A., Milella, F., Gadaleta, M. N. and Saccone C. 1994. Evolutionary analysis of cytochrome b sequences in some Perciformes: Evidence for a slower rate of evolution than in mammals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 39: 589-597.
Castro, J. A., Picornell, A. and Ramon, M. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA: A tool for populational genetics studies. International Microbiology 1: 327-332.
Cespedes, A., Garcia, T., Carrera, E., Gonzalez, I., Fernandez, A., Hernandez, P. and Martin, R. 1999. Application of polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) to identification of flatfish species. Journal of AOAC International 82: 903-907.
Chakraborty, A., Aranishi, F. and Iwatsuki, Y. 2005. Molecular identification of hairtail species (Pisces: Trichiuridae) based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Journal of Applied Genetics 46: 381-385.
Cheruvattath, R., Orrego, M., Gautam, M., Byrne, T., Alam, S., Voltchenok, M., Edwin, M., Wilkens, J., Williams, J. W. and Vargas, H. E. 2006. Vitamin A toxicity: When one a day doesn’t keep the doctor away. Liver Transplantation 12: 1888-1891.
Chen, T. Y. and Hwang, D. F. 2002. Electrophoretic identification of muscle proteins in 7 puffer species. Journal of Food Science 67: 936-942.
Coghlan, D. and Cranswick, N. E. 2001. Complementary medicine and vitamin A toxicity in children. The Medical Journal of Australia 175: 223-224.
Crockford, T. and Johnston, I. 1995. Isolation of unstable myosins and the analysis of light chains by capillary electrophoresis. Analysis of Biochemistry 231: 20-26.
Etienne, M., Fleurence, J., Rehbin, H., Kundiger, R., Yman, I. M., Frem, M., Craig, A., Mackie, I. M., Jessen, F., Smelt, A. and Luten, J. 1999. A standardized method of identification of raw and heat-processed fish by urea isoelectric focusing: A collaborative study. Electrophoresis 20: 1923-1933.
Farris, W. A. and Erdman, J. W. 1982. Protracted hypervitaminosis A following long-term, low-level intake. Journal of the American Medical Association 247: 1317-1318.
Feskanich, D., Singh, V., Willett, W. C. and Colditz, G. A. 2002. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association 287: 47-54.
Fex, G. and Felding, P. 1984. Factors affecting the concentration of free holo retinol-binding protein in human plasma. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 14: 146-149.
Frankel, T. L., Seshadri, M. S., McDowall, D. B. And Cornish, C. J. 1986. Hypervitaminosis A and calcium-regulating hormones in the rat. The Journal of Nutrition 116: 578-587.
Frolik, C. A. 1984. Metabolism of retinoids. In: The Retinoids (eds. by Sporm, M. B. et al.). Academic Press. Orlando. pp. 177-208.
Giguere, V., Ong, E. S., Segui, P. and Evans, R. M. 1987. Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid. Nature 330: 624-629.
Han, K. and Ely, B. 2002. Use of AFLP analyses to assess genetic variation in Morone and Thunnus. Marine Biotechnology 4: 141-145.
Harrison, E. H. and Gad, M. Z. 1989. Hydrosis of retinyl pamitate by emzyme of rat pancreas and liver differentiation of bile salt-dependent and bile salt independent, neutral retinyl ester hydrolases in rat liver. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 17142-17147.
Hashimoto, Y. 1979. Marine Toxins and Other Bioactive Marine Metabolites. Japan Scientific Societies. Tokyo. pp. 114-117.
Hashimoto, K., Watabe, S., Nakagawa, T. and Sorita, K. 1984. Electrophoretic identification of three subspecies of the genus Lagocephalus pufferfish. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 50: 115-118.
Hathcock, J. N., Hattan, D. G., Jenkins, M. Y., McDonald, J. T., Sundaresan, P. R. and Wilkening, V. L. 1990. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52: 183-202.
Hilton, J. W. 1983. Hypervitaminosis A in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Toxicity signs and maximum tolerable level. The Journal of Nutrition 113: 737-1745.
Hruban, Z., Russel, R. M. and Boyer, J. L. 1974. Ultrastructural change in liver of two patients with hypervitaminosis A. The American Journal of Pathology 76: 451-468.
Hsieh, Y. W., Hwang, P. A., Pan, H. H., Chen, J. B. and Hwang, D. F. 2003. Identification of tetrodotoxin and fish species in an adulterated dried mullet roe implicated in food poisoning. Journal of Food Science 68: 142-146.
Hsieh, H. S., Chai, T. J. and Hwang, D. F. 2005. Rapid PCR-RFLP method for the identification of 5 billfish species. Food Science 70: 246-249.
Hsieh, H. S., Chai, T. J. and Hwang, D. F. 2007. Using the PCR-RFLP method to identify the species of different processed products of billfish meats. Food Control 18: 369-374.
Hung, T. S., Marshall, M. R. and Wei, C. I. 1995. Identification of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) using electrophoretic techniques. Journal of Food Science 60: 279-283.
Hutchings, D. E. and Gaston, J. 1974. The effects of vitamin A excess administered during the mid-fetal period on learning and development in rat offspring. Developmental Psychobiology 7: 225-233.
Hutchings, D. E., Gibbon, J. and Kaufman, M. A. 1973. Maternal vitamin A excess during the early fetal period: Effect on learning and development in the offspring. Developmental Psychobiology 6: 445-447.
Hwang, D. F., Hsieh, Y. W., Shiu, Y. C., Chen, S. K. and Cheng, C. A. 2002. Identification of tetrodotoxin and fish species in a dried dressed fish fillet implicated in food poisoning. Journal of Food Protection 65: 389-392.
Inkeles, S. B., Conner, W. E. and Illingworth, D. R. 1986. Hepatic and dermatologin manifestations of chronic hypervitaminosis A in adults. The American Journal of Medicine 80: 491-496.
Innis M. A. and Gelfand D. H. 1990. PCR Protocols-A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press. New York. pp. 3-12.
Inoue, J. G., Miya, M., Tsukamoto, K. and Nishida, M. 2000. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus. Fisheries Science 66: 924-932.
Jacques, E A., Buschmann, R. J. and Layden, T. J. 1979. The histopathologic progression of vitamin A induced hepatic injury. Gastroenterology 76: 599-602.
Jerome, M., Lemaire, C., Bautista, J. M., Fleurence, J. and Etienne, M. 2003. Molecular phylogeny and species identification of sardines. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 51: 43-50.
Johansson, S. and Melhus, H. 2001. Vitamin A antagonizes calcium response to vitamin D in man. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 16: 1899-1905.
Keim, P., Kalif, A., Schupp, J., Hill, K., Travis, S. E., Richmond, K., Adair, D. M., Hugh-Jones, M., Kuske, C. R. and Jackson, P. 1997. Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Journal of Bacteriology 179: 818-824.
Keisuke, H. and Masahiro, K. 2003. Simultaneous determination method of β-carotene andretinol with saponification in human serum and rat liver. Journal of Chromatography B 791: 305-313
Klamt, F., De-Oliveira, M. R. and Moreira, J. C. F. 2005. Retinol induces permeability transition and cytochrome c release from rat liver mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1726: 14-20.
Knowlton, N. 2000. Molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries in the sea. Hydrobiologia 420: 73-90.
Knuutinen, J. and Harjula, P. 1998. Identification of fish species by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. Journal of Chromatography B 705: 11- 21.
Kocher, T. D., Thomas, K., Meyer, A., Edwards, S. V., Paabo, S., Villablanca, F. X. and Wilson, A. C. 1989. Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: Amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86: 6196-6200.
Lau, V. W. S., Lau, D. C. Y. and Huen, K. F. 2008. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: An unusual presentation of chronic hypervitaminosis A. Hong Kong Journal of Paediatrics 13: 46-52
Lavrov, D. V., Forget, L., Kelly, M. and Lang, B. F. 2005. Mitochondrial genomes of two demosponges provide insights into an early stage of animal evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22: 1231-1239.
Leo, M. A. and Lieber, C. S. 1985. New pathway for retinol metabolism in liver microsomes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 260: 5225-5231.
Leo, M. A. and Lieber, C. S. 1988. Hypervitaminosis A: A liver lover’s lament. Hepatology 8: 412-417.
Lin, W. F. and Hwang, D. F. 2007. Application of PCR-RFLP analysis on species identification of canned tuna. Food Control 18: 1050-1057.
Lodish, H., Berk, A., Matsudaira, P., Kaiser, C. A. and Scott, M. P. 2004. Molecular Cell Biology, 5th ed. W. H. Freeman. New York. pp. 438-450.
Mackie, I. M. 1997a. Food Authenticity. Blackie Academic and Professional. London. pp. 140-170.
Mackie, I. M. 1997b. Fish Processing Technology, 2nd ed. Blackie Academic and Professional. London. pp. 160-199.
Mackie, I. M. 1990. Identifying species of fish. Analytical Proceedings 27: 89-92.
Mackie, I. M., Pryde, S. E., Gonzales-Sotelo, C., Medina, I., Perez-Martin, R., Quinteiro, J., Rey-Mendez, M. and Rehbein, H. 1999. Challenges in the identification of species of canned fish. Trends in Food Science & Technology 10: 9-14.
Malli, A, k., Smish, J. E. and Goodman, D. S. 1975. Metabolism of retinol binding protein and vitamin A during hypervitaminosis A in the rat. Journal of Lipid Research 16: 180-188.
Manchado, M., Catanese, G. and Infant, C. 2004. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus. Fisheries Science 70: 68-73
Marcos, R. D. O. and Jos’e, C. F. M. 2007. Acute and chronic vitamin A supplementation at therapeutic doses induces oxidative stress in submitochondrial particles isolated from cerebral cortex and cerebellum of adult rats. Toxicology Letters 173: 145 - 150.
Maughan, P. J., Saghai-Maroof, M. A., Buss, G. R. and Huestis, G. M. 1996. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in soybean: Species diversity, inheritance and near-isogenic line analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 93: 392-401.
McCollum, E. V. and Davis, M. 1913. The necessity of certain lipids in the diet during growth. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 15: 167-175.
Metz, A. L. Walser, M. M. and Olson, W. G. 1985. The interaction of dietary vitamin A and vitamin D related to skeletal development in the turkey poult. The Journal of Nutrition 115: 929-935.
Minuk, G. Y., Kelly, J. K. and Hwang, W. S. 1988. Vitamin A hepatoxocity in multiple family memners. Hepatology 8: 272-275.
Monday, S. R., Beisaw, A. and Feng, P. C. H. 2007. Identification of shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli seropathotypes A and B by multiplex PCR. Molecular and Cellular Probes 21: 308-311.
Moore, T. 1957. Vitamin A. Elsefier, Amsterdam.
Morton, J. E. 1979. Molluscs. Hutchinson, Co., London. p 264.
Mueller, U. G. and Wolfenbarger, L. L. 1999. AFLP genotyping and fingerprinting. TREE 14: 389-394.
Myhre, A. M., Carlsen, M. H., Bohn, S. K., Wold, H. L., Laake, P. and Blomhoff, R. 2003. Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78: 1152-1159.
Nageswara-Rao, C. and Nageswara-Rao, B. S. 1970. Absorption of dietary carotenes in human sudjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23: 105-109.
Nhung, P. H., Ohkusu, K., Miyasaka, J., Sun, X. S. and Ezaki, T. 2007. Rapid and specific identification of 5 human pathogenic Vibrio species by multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeted to dnaJ gene. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infections Disease 59: 271-275.
Nissen, S. J., Masters, R. A., Lee, D. J. and Rowe, M. L. 1995. DNA-based marker systems to determine genetic diversity of weedy species and their application to biocontrol. Weed Science 43: 504-513.
Norum, K. R., Blomhoff, R., Green, M. H., Green, J. B., Wathne, K. O., Gjoen, T., Botilsrud, M. and Berg, T. 1986. Metabolism of retinol in the intestine and liver. Biochemical Society Transactions 14: 923-925.
Olson, J. A. 1991. Vitamin A. In: Handbook of Vitamins. (eds. by Machlin, L. J.). Baker & Taylor Books. New York. pp. 1-59.
Osborne, T. B. and Mendel, L. B. 1914. The influence of cod liver oil and some other fats on growth. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 17: 401-408.
Paydas, S., Sahin, B., Zorludemir, S. and Hazar, B. 1998. All trans retinoic acid as the possible cause of necrotizing vasculitis. Leukemia Research 22: 655-657.
Pereira, S. L. 2000. Mitochondrial genome organization and vertebrate phylogenetics. Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology 23: 745-752.
Penniston, L. K. and Tanumihardjo, A. S. 2006. The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83: 191-201.
Pfeiffer, I., Burger, J. and Brenig, B. 2004. Diagnostic polymorphisms in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene allow discrimination between cattle, sheep, goat, roe buck and deer by PCR-RFLP. BioMed Central Genetics 5: 30.
Pineiro, C., Barros-Velazaquez, J., Sotelo, C. G., Perez-Martin, R. I. and Gallardo, J. M. 1998. Two-dimensional electrophoretic study of the water-soluble protein fraction in white muscle of gadoid fish species. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 46: 3991-3997.
Rego, I., Martinez, A., Gonzalez-Tizon, A., Vieites, J., Leira, F. and Mendez, J. 2002. PCR Technique for identification of mussel species. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50: 1780-1784.
Rehbein, H., Etienne, M., Jerome, M., Hattula, T., Knudsen, B., Jessen, F., Luten, J. B., Bouquet, W., Mackie, I. M., Ritchie, A. H., Martin, R. and Mendes, R. 1995. Influence of variation in methodology on reliability of the isoelectric focusing method of fish species identification. Food Chemistry 52: 193-197.
Roberts, A. B. and Sporn, M. B. 1985. Cellular Biology and Biochemistry of Retinoids. Academic Press. New York. pp. 453-520.
Rodahl, K. and Moore, T. 1943. The vitamin A content and toxicity of bear and seal liver. Journal of Biochemistry 37: 166-168.
Rohde, C. M. and DeLuca, H. 2003. Bone resorption activity of all-trans retinoic acid is independent of vitamin D in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 133: 777-783.
Rosen, D. E. 1984. Zeiform as primitive Plectognath fishes. American Museum Novitates 2782: 1-45.
Ross, C., Tilghman, R. W., Hartmann, J. X. and Mari, F. 1997. Distribution of parvalbumin isotypes in adult snook and their potential applications as species-specific biomarkers. Journal of Food Biochemistry 51: 561-572.
Russell, V. J., Hold, G. L., Pryde, S. E., Rehbean, H., Quinteiro, J., Rey, M. M., Sotelo, C. G., Santos, A. T. and Rosa, C. 2000. Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to distinguish between salmon species. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48: 2184-2188.
Santos, J., Fernandes, P. and Bardsley, R. 2003. Portuguese “PDO” cheese and species origin of milk. Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2: 476-479.
Simpson, K. L. and Chichestar, C. O. 1981. Metabolism and nutritional significance of carotenoids. Annual Review of Nutrition 1: 351-374.
Singh, M. and Singh, V. N. 1978. Fatty liver in hypervitaminosis A: Systhesis and release of hepatic triglycerides. The American Journal of Physiology 234: 511-514.
Sing, V. N., Singh, M. and Venkitasubramanian, T. A. 1969. Early effects of feeding excess vitamin A: Mechanism of fatty liver production in rats. Journal of Lipid Research 10: 395-401.
Slack, J. M. W. 1987. We have a morphogen. Nature 327: 553-554.
Sotelo, C. G., Pineiro, C., Gallardo, J. M. and Perez-Martin, R. I. 1993. Fish species identification in seafood products. Food Science and Technology 4: 395-401.
Spergser, J. and Rosengarten, R. 2007. Identification and differentiation of canine Mycoplasma isolates by 16S-23S rDNA PCR-RFLP. Veterinary Microbiology 125: 170-174
Steiner, J. J., Poklemba, C. J., Fjellstrom, R. G. and Elliott, L. F. 1995. A rapid one-tube genomic DNA extraction process for PCR and RAPD analysis. Nucleic Acids Research 23: 2569-2570.
Stepien, C. A., Dixon, M. T. and Hillis, D. M. 1993. Evolutionary relationships of the Blennioid fishes families Clinidae, Labrisomidae and Chaenopsidae: Congruence between DNA sequence and allozyme data. Bulletin of Marine Science 52: 496-515.
Steven, V. I., Blair, R. and Riddell, C. 1983. Dietary levels of fats, calcium and vitamin A and D3 as contributory factors to rickets in poults. Poultry Science 62: 2073-2082.
Takeyama, H., Chow, S., Tsuzuki, H. and Matsunaga, T. 2001. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within and between tuna Thunnus species and its application to species identification. Journal of Fish Biology 58: 1646-1657.
Tang, K. N., Rowland, G. N. and Veltmann, J. R. 1982. Comparative vitamin A toxicity of bone in the Leghorn and broiler chick. Poultry Science 61: 1554.
Taniguchi, N. and Toshio, M. 1979. Identification of European, American, and Japanese eels by lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 45: 37-41.
Taniguchi, N., Takahashi, J. and Konishi, Y. 1972. Studies on a biochemical method for identification of the European and Japanese freshwater eel. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 38: 627-631.
Tsai, W. L., Chen, H. M., Hsieh, C. H., Lin, W. F. and Hwang, D. F. 2009. A potential methodology for differentiation of ciguatgoxin-carrying species of moray eel. Food Control 20: 575-579
Tyler, J. C. 1966. Mimicry between the plectognath fishes Canthigaster valentine (Canthigasteridae) and Paraluteres prionurus (Aluteridae). Journal of the Academy of National Sciences of Philadelphia 386: 1-13.
Tyler, J. C. 1967. A diagnosis of two transversely barred Indo-Pacific pufferfishes of the genus Canthigaster (valentini and coronatus). Proceedings of the Academy of National Sciences of Philadelphia 119: 53-73.
Tyler, J. C. 1980. Osteology, phylogeny and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes). NOAA technical Report NMFS Circulars 434: 1-422.
Villard, L. A. and Bates, C. J. 1986. Carotene dioxygenase (EC1.13.11.21 ) ativity in rat intestine-effects of vitamin A deficiency and pregnancy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 115-122.
Willhite, C. C. 1984. Dose response relationships of retinol in production of Arnold-Chiari malformation. Toxicology Letters 20: 257-262.
Wilson, A. C., Cann, R. L., Carr, S. M., George, M., Gyllesten, U. B., Helm-Bychowski, K. M., Higuchi, R. G., Palumbi, S. R., Prager, E. M., Sage, R. D. and Stoneking, M. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 26: 375-400.
WinterBottom, R. 1970. Evolution of the pelvic fin ray musculature of some Triacanthoid fishes (Plectognathi). Copeia 3: 453-456.
WinterBottom, R. 1974. The familial phylogeny of the Tetraodoniformes (Acanthopterygii: Pisces) as evidenced by their comparative mycology. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 155: 1-201.
WinterBottom, R. and Tyler, J. C. 1983. Phylogenetic relationships of aracanin genera of boxfishes (Ostraciidae: Tetraodontiformes). Copeia 4: 902-917.
Wolf, C., Burgener, M., Hubner, P. and Luthy, J. 2000. PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA: Differentiation of fish species. LWT-Food Science and Technology 33: 144-150.
Yeh, Y. H., Lee, Y. T., Hsieh, H.S. and Hwang, D. F. 2008. Effect of taurine on toxicity of vitamin A in rats. Food Chemistry 106: 260- 268.
Yew, D. T., Lai, H. W. L., Ma, S. A., Zhou, L. and Lam, K. W. 2001. Chromatographic identification of a biochemical alteration in the aqueous humour of megalophthalmic black moor goldfish. Journal of Chromatography B 751: 349-355.