臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究共分為兩個章節，分別為「台灣地區點心食品丙烯醯胺含量其風險評估」及「擬似食品模擬系統中丙烯醯胺之形成與消失」。
第一章中分析 294 種市售點心食品中丙烯醯胺 (acrylamide, AA) 含量，並據以評估國人經由點心食品之 AA 攝取量及健康風險。結果以根莖類點心食品之 AA 平均含量最高；穀物類點心食品次之；以米類、水產品類、乾燥水果類為原料所製成之點心食品之 AA 含量範圍 < 50 µg/kg。以蒙特卡羅模擬 (Monte Carlo simulation) 分析台灣地區各年齡層 (6∼65 歲) 經由點心食品之 AA 暴露量，顯示兒童 (6∼12 歲) 及女性經由點心食品所攝取的 AA 較高。風險評估顯示經由點心食品所攝食之 AA 不會對人體造成神經毒性危害；然而不可忽視經由點心食品攝食之 AA 所可能額外增加的癌症風險。
第二章中以克尼伯馬鈴薯粉澱粉添加葡萄糖 (glucose, Glc) 及天門冬醯胺 (asparagine, Asn) 水溶液作為模擬食品系統，於密閉反應器內探討 120∼180℃ 加熱 0∼20 min 後 AA 生成量與 Glc、果糖 (fructose, Fru)、甘露糖 (mannose, Man) 及 Asn 之關係。結果顯示加熱溫度及時間影響 AA 之生成趨勢，加熱所生成之 AA 會經由蒸發方式逸散；高溫長時間加熱下所產生的 AA，可能形成聚合物或與馬鈴薯澱粉產生異分子間的交互作用，為高溫加熱下 AA 含量減少的主要途徑之一。馬鈴薯澱粉糊於高溫加熱下會水解成葡萄糖，並經由異構化轉為 Fru 及 Man，參與梅納反應及 AA 的生成。質量平衡分析發現 180℃ 加熱下，葡萄糖與天門冬醯胺反應生成 AA 的比例小於 1%。高溫加熱下 AA 的生成可能係以零級反應進行。

This study includes two parts: (1) acrylamide (AA) content in snack foods including its risk assessment in Taiwan and (2) formation versus disappearance in pseudo food model systems.
In the first study, AA contents in 294 snack foods were analyzed by GC/MS. The highest levels of average AA content was found in root-based snack foods followed by cereals-based snack foods. Rice-based and seafood-based snack foods contained the least AA < 50 μg/kg. The AA exposure from snack foods estimated by Monte Carlo simulation analysis in stratified age groups (6-65 years and over) were higher in children and female population. Risk of neurotoxicity seems unlikely. However, the additional cancer risk might not be negligible.
In the secondary study, the AA, reducing sugar and asparagine (Asn) contents were analyzed by a pseudo food model system, which the reactant was filled in a closed reactor and heated at 120-180℃ for 0-20 minutes in a gas chromatography oven. The reactant was starch paste, prepared by purified Kennebec potato starch, to mix with glucose (Glc) and Asn solution. The results showed the formation of AA was increased linearly and gradually disappeared during high temperature (160℃ and 180℃) heating for a long time (>15 min). AA will disappear through evaporation and polymerization. Potato starch would be hydrolyzed into Glc, which upon interconversion to fructose and mannose during heating, would participate in the Maillard reaction and AA formation. Mass balance calculation indicates that AA formation represents only a small proportion, less than 1%.

口試委員會審定書 ----------------------------------------------------------------- i
誌謝 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
中文摘要 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
英文摘要 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
圖目錄 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix
表目錄 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii
附表目錄 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- xv
常用縮寫表 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- xvi
第一章、台灣地區點心食品中丙烯醯胺含量及風險評估 ----------------- 1
中文摘要 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
英文摘要 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
第一節、文獻整理 ------------------------------------------------------------- 3
一、丙烯醯胺的特性與用途 --------------------------------------------- 3
二、丙烯醯胺的毒性 ------------------------------------------------------ 4
三、食品中丙烯醯胺之調查 --------------------------------------------- 10
四、暴露評估的方法 ------------------------------------------------------ 12
五、丙烯醯胺之風險評估 ------------------------------------------------ 14
六、各國對丙烯醯胺之管理與法規 ------------------------------------ 17
第二節、研究目的及試驗設計 ---------------------------------------------- 19
一、研究目的 --------------------------------------------------------------- 19
二、試驗設計 --------------------------------------------------------------- 19
第三節、材料與方法 ---------------------------------------------------------- 21
一、試驗材料 --------------------------------------------------------------- 21
二、丙烯醯胺含量之測定 ------------------------------------------------ 21
三、暴露量評估 ------------------------------------------------------------ 26
四、健康風險評估 --------------------------------------------------------- 28
第四節、結果與討論 ---------------------------------------------------------- 31
一、點心食品中丙烯醯胺之含量 --------------------------------------- 31
二、統計值之比較 --------------------------------------------------------- 35
三、丙烯醯胺含量範圍之分布 ------------------------------------------ 35
四、與 JECFA 結果之比較 ---------------------------------------------- 36
五、暴露評估 --------------------------------------------------------------- 37
六、神經毒性、生殖及發育毒性評估 --------------------------------- 39
七、致癌性評估 ------------------------------------------------------------ 40
八、風險評估之不確定度 ------------------------------------------------ 43
第五節、結論 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
第六節、參考文獻 ------------------------------------------------------------- 45
第二章、擬似食品模擬系統中丙烯醯胺之生成與消失 -------------------- 91
中文摘要 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
英文摘要 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
第一節、文獻整理 ------------------------------------------------------------- 93
一、丙烯醯胺分析方法簡介 --------------------------------------------- 93
二、食品中丙烯醯胺之生成機制 --------------------------------------- 96
三、影響因子及生成動力學之探討 ------------------------------------ 99
第二節、研究目的及試驗設計------------------------------------------------ 102
一、研究目的----------------------------------------------------------------- 102
二、試驗設計----------------------------------------------------------------- 103
第三節、材料與方法 ---------------------------------------------------------- 105
一、試驗材料 --------------------------------------------------------------- 105
二、試驗方法 --------------------------------------------------------------- 105
(一) 丙烯醯胺含量之測定 -------------------------------------------- 105
(二) 馬鈴薯澱粉之純化 ----------------------------------------------- 112
(三) 一般成分分析 ----------------------------------------------------- 113
(四) 新型反應器之設計及中心溫度測定 -------------------------- 115
(五) 加熱澱粉糊中丙烯醯胺含量測定 ----------------------------- 117
(六) 反應器內凝結水中丙烯醯胺含量測定 ----------------------- 117
(七) 葡萄糖、果糖及甘露糖之測定 -------------------------------- 117
(八) 游離天門冬醯胺之測定 ----------------------------------------- 121
(九) 傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜測定 ----------------------------------- 125
(十) 統計分析 ----------------------------------------------------------- 125
第四節、結果與討論 ---------------------------------------------------------- 127
一、液相層析串聯質譜儀分析方法之確效評估 --------------------- 127
(一) 液相層析串聯質譜儀之最佳化分析條件 -------------------- 127
(二) 檢液之調製 -------------------------------------------------------- 128
(三) 方法改善 ----------------------------------------------------------- 129
(四) 校正曲線 ----------------------------------------------------------- 131
(五) 回收試驗 ----------------------------------------------------------- 132
(六) 重複性試驗 -------------------------------------------------------- 132
(七) 再現性試驗 -------------------------------------------------------- 132
(八) 方法偵測極限試驗 ----------------------------------------------- 133
(九) 鑑別試驗 ----------------------------------------------------------- 134
(十) 國際精準度測試 -------------------------------------------------- 134
(十一) 市售食品中丙烯醯胺含量之測定 -------------------------- 135
二、擬似食品模擬系統中丙烯醯胺之生成與消失 ------------------ 137
(一) 基本成份分析 ----------------------------------------------------- 137
(二) 密閉反應器內馬鈴薯澱粉糊受熱後 AA 之生成 ---------- 137
(三) 密閉反應器內馬鈴薯澱粉糊受熱後 AA 之蒸發 ---------- 137
(四) 密閉反應器內 AA 聚合反應及 AA 與澱粉之交互作用 139
(五) 葡萄糖、果糖及甘露糖含量之變化 -------------------------- 143
(六) 天門冬醯胺含量之變化 ----------------------------------------- 146
(七) 質量平衡 ----------------------------------------------------------- 147
(八) 酸鹼值 -------------------------------------------------------------- 148
(九) 反應級數探討 ----------------------------------------------------- 149
第五節、結論 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 151
第六節、參考文獻 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 152

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