金線蓮莖基腐病(stem rot)普遍發生於金線蓮（Anoectochilus formosanus）的栽培場，不論株齡大小皆會受其危害，為金線蓮生產栽培上主要限制因子。因金線蓮是重要中藥材，可全株入藥，且在植物保護手冊無正式推薦藥劑，故本研究擬探討利用非農藥資材對此一莖基腐病防治之可行性。在培養皿上利用十種精油及竹醋液測定對莖基腐病原菌抑制生長之結果，發現濃度1000ppm之肖楠精油具有100%的生長抑制效果。利用七種非農藥資材防治配方，分別為(1) 2000ppm KHCO3(添加1% Tween 20)、(2) 2000ppm NaHCO3(添加1% Tween 20)、(3) 2000ppm 肖楠精油(添加1% Tween 20)、(4) 1000ppm KHCO3(添加1% Tween 20)、(5) 1000ppm NaHCO3(添加1% Tween 20)、(6) 1000ppm肖楠精油 (添加1% Tween 20)、(7)1000ppm (KHCO3 ＋ Tween 20)，進行盆栽接種病原之防治試驗，發現1000ppmNaHCO3 + 1%Tween 20、2000ppm NaHCO3 + 1%Tween 20及1000ppm (KHCO3 + Tween 20)與對照組相比皆具有防治之效果，其植株存活率達33%，對照組之存活率僅27%，為對照組之1.2倍，此防治效果優於化學藥劑腐絕。施用500ppm 41.8% 腐絕(Thiabendazole)做為負對照組，其存活率只有20%。在盆栽未接種病原菌之防治試驗中則以噴施2000ppm KHCO3＋1% Tween 20之防治效果最佳，防治率為46%。另在種植前做碳酸氫鉀水溶液浸泡根部處理及噴施處理皆可減低發病率約20%。綜合上述試驗結果可知非農藥資材對金線蓮莖基腐病仍具有某些程度之防治效果，未來在金線蓮莖基腐病防治上極具有推廣之潛力。

The stern rot of Anoectochilus formosanus caused by what ? Occurs frequently in the greenhouse in Taiwan. This disease has become the limiting factor in the cultivation of the Anoectochilus formosanus. The Anoectochilus formosanus is an important Chinese medicinal plant and the which plant can be made into the medicine. However, there is no recommended pesticide prescription in the plant protection manual. This research is to test different non-pesticide materials for their effectiveness in controlling this disease. Ten essential oils and bamboo vinegar were evaluated for their growth inhibition againest of the pathogens. Results showed that the essential oil from Taiwan incense cedar can 100% inhibit the mycelium growth of this pathogen. Seven non-pesticide materials including (1) 2000 ppm KHCO3 (plus 1% Tween 20), (2) 2000 ppm NaHCO3 (plus 1% Tween 20), (3) 2000 ppm Taiwan incense ceda (plus 1% Tween 20), (4) 1000 ppm KHCO3(plus 1% Tween 20) , (5) 1000 ppm NaHCO3 ( plus 1% Tween 20) , (6) 1000 ppm Taiwan incense ceda (plus 1% Tween 20) , and (7)1000 ppm (KHCO3 ＋ Tween 20) wew tested in the inoculated potted plants, the results showed that the survival rates of the herb at 1000 ppm NaHCO3 (plus 1% Tween 20)、2000 ppm NaHCO3 (plus 1% Tween 20) or 1000 ppm (KHCO3 ＋ Tween 20) were over 33%. The treatment with 500 ppm 41.8% Thiabendazole showed only 20% survival rate. In non-inoculated plant control trials best control treatment were spray of 2000 ppm KHCO3＋1% Tween 20 with the control rate of 46%. The treatment of herb seedling with KHCO3, either by dipping in the KHCO3solution or spraying with KHCO3 , showed 20% reduction of disease incidence. These results suggest that non-pesticide materials are to some extent capable of controlling this serious disease of the stem rot. This approach can be recommended to farmers for the stem rot control of the Anoectochilus formosanus.

誌謝…………………………………………………………………………..i
中文摘要.........................................................................................................ii
英文摘要........................................................................................................iii
第一章、前言..................................................................................................1
第二章、前人研究..........................................................................................6
一、台灣金線蓮病害簡介..........................................................................6
(一) 莖基腐病.........................................................................................6
(二) 基腐病.............................................................................................7
二、利用非農藥物質防治鐮胞菌引起之病害..........................................9
(一) 植物萃取液.....................................................................................9
(二) 油類.................................................................................................9
(三) 無機鹽類.......................................................................................10
第三章、材料與方法....................................................................................16
一、台灣金線蓮莖基腐田間病害調查與病原菌之分離......................16
二、金線蓮莖基腐病之病原性測定方法................................................17
(一) 供試植物及供試菌株之來源.......................................................17
(二) 金線蓮莖基腐病分離株孢子懸浮液噴施地上部之病原性測定...................................................................................................18
(三) 金線蓮莖基腐病分離株孢子懸浮液浸根處理之病原性測定.................................................................................................18
(四) 金線蓮莖基腐病分離株孢子懸浮液拌入土壤之病原性測定...................................................................................................18
三、由迷迭香分離之Pythium myriotylum對台灣金線蓮之病原性
測定.......................................................................................18
(一) 供試菌株之來源...........................................................................18
(二) 由迷迭香分離之Pythium myriotylum游走子懸浮液拌入土壤之病原性測定………………………...............................................19
四、十種精油及竹醋液平板培養基對金線蓮莖基腐病菌之生長抑制試驗.........................................................................................................20
(一) 精油平板培養基及竹醋液平板培養基之製備...........................20
(二) 精油平板培養基及竹醋液對台灣金線連莖基腐病菌之生長
抑制試驗………...........................................................................20
五、浸泡碳酸氫鉀及噴施碳酸氫鉀對金線蓮莖基腐病菌之防治試驗.......................................................................................................20
六、重碳酸鹽類及肖楠精油對台灣金線蓮莖基腐病之盆栽防治試驗.......................................................................................................21
(一) 非農藥防治資材及噴施器具之取得..........................................21
(二) 非農藥防治資材藥劑之調配......................................................21
(三) 藥劑之噴施..................................................................................22
(四) 藥害評估......................................................................................22
第四章、結果...............................................................................................23
一、台灣金線蓮莖基腐田間病害調查與病原菌之分離.......................23
二、金線蓮莖基腐病之病原性測定.......................................................24
(一) 金線蓮莖基腐病分離株孢子懸浮液噴施地上部之病原性測定...................................................................................................24
(二) 金線蓮莖基腐病分離株孢子懸浮液浸根處理之病原性測定...................................................................................................24
(三) 金線蓮莖基腐病分離株孢子懸浮液拌土之病原性測定…......24
三、由迷迭香分離之Pythium myriotylum對台灣金線蓮之病原性測定.......................................................................................................25
(一) 供試菌株游走子懸浮液之製備結果……………......................25
(二) 由迷迭香分離之Pythium myriotylum游走子懸浮液拌土之
病原性測定……….......................................................................25
四、十種精油及竹醋液平板培養基對金線蓮莖基腐病菌之生長抑制試驗.........................................................................................................26
五、浸泡碳酸氫鉀及噴施碳酸氫鉀對金線蓮莖基腐病菌之防治試驗.......................................................................................................27
六、重碳酸鹽類及肖楠精油對台灣金線蓮莖基腐病之盆栽防治試驗………………………………………………………...................27
(一) 重碳酸鹽類對台灣金線蓮莖基腐病之防治效果......................27
(二) 肖楠精油對台灣金線蓮莖基腐病之防治效果..........................28
第五章、 討論.............................................................................................43
第六章、參考文獻.......................................................................................46

1.甘偉松。1977。藥用植物學。國立中國醫藥研究所出版社。693頁。
2.台灣植物病害名彙。2002。中華民國植物病理學會。386頁。
3.林俊義、安寶貞、張清安、羅朝村、謝廷芳。2004。作物病害之非農藥防治技術。行政院農業委員會農業試驗所。53頁。
4.林益昇、黃淑華。1993。腐霉菌(Pythium spp.)引起水耕蔬菜根腐病。植保會刊35:51-61。
5.林學詩。1994。珍貴草藥金線連的栽培方法。花蓮區農業改良場農技報導。22:1-3。
6.吳魁偉。2007。迷迭香根腐病之研究。國立臺灣大學植物病理暨微生物所碩士論文。
7.孫守恭。1975。Fusarium屬病原菌在土壤中的生態。植保會刊17 : 216-232。
8.陳紹江、吳全安。1997。玉米青枯病病原菌代謝產物的生物學效應評論推薦。中國農業大學學報2:151-156。
9.張淑芬。1999。金線蓮基腐病與莖腐病之綜合防治。國立中興大學植物病理學系碩士論文。
10.張惠婷、吳季玲、張上鎮。2005。台灣肖楠精油與抽出物之抗真菌與抗細菌活性評估。中華林學季刊38:119-126。
11.農業委員會臺灣農家要覽增修訂再版策劃委員會。1995。臺灣農家要覽 農作篇(一)。豐年社。
12.潘國祥。1991。金線蓮莖腐病之生態及其防治。國立中興大學植物病理學研究所碩士論文。
13.謝廷芳、黃晉興、謝麗娟。2005。利用碳酸氫鉀與聚電解質防治作物白粉病。植病會刊14:125-132。
14.謝廷芳、黃晉興、謝麗娟、胡敏夫、柯文雄。2005。植物萃取液對植物病原菌真菌之抑菌效果。植病會刊14:59-66。
15.謝式坢鈺、莊維仁、黃士峰。1994。金線蓮莖腐病及其病原菌。植病會刊 3:140-146。
16.謝式坢鈺、黃士峰、高碩廷。1995。金線蓮莖腐病的最初感染源—筆筒樹的氣根蛇木屑。植病會刊 4:69-75。
17.蕭文偉、鄭森松、陳潔音、王亞男、張仲謙、孫岩章。2008 臺灣針葉五木木材精油抑制褐根病菌之研究。大實驗林業叢刊79:69-77。
18.蕭翌柱、蔡新聲。2003。台灣金線連風華再現。科學發展。364:16-21。
19.顏東敏、廖正雄、陳幸琴。1996。金線蓮繁殖技術。淑馨出版社。289頁。
20.Alon, H., Katan, J., and Kedar, N. 1974. Factors affecting penetrance of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in tomato. Phytopathology 64:455-461.
21.Armstrong, G. M., and Armstrong, J. K. 1965. A wilt of soybean caused by a new form of Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology 55:237-239.
22.Baker, R. 1968. Mechanisms of biological control of soilborne pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.6:263-294.
23.Benkeblia, N. 2003.Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum). Lebensem-Wiss.u-Technol. 37:263-268.
24.Beyrle, H. F., Smith, S. E., Peterson, R. L., and Franco, C. M. M. 1995. Colonization of Orchis morio protoconrms by a mycorrhizal fungus: effects of nitrogen nutrition and glyphosate in modifying the responses. Can. J. Bot. 73:1128-1140.
25.Bowers, J. H., and Locke, J. C. 2000. Effect of botanical extracts on the population density of Fusarium oxysporum in soil and control of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse. Plant Dis. 84:300-305.
26.Breddy, N. C. 1991. Orchid mycorrhiza and symbiotic raising techniques. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 60: 556-569.
27.Corden, M. E. 1965. Influence of calcium nutrition on Fusarium wilt of tomato and polygalacturonase activity. Phytopathology 55:222-224.
28.Correll, J. C., Klittich, C. J. R., and Leslie, J. F. 1987. Nitrate of Fusarium oxysporum and their use in vegetative compatibility tests. Phytopathology 77:1640-1646.
29.Davis, D. 1967. Cross-protection in Fusarium wilt. Phytopathology 57:311–314.
30.Dionisio, G. A., Kobayashi, T., Keiko, T., and Tanda, S. 2004. Inhibitory influence of inorganic salts on banana postharvest pathogens and preliminary application to control crown rot. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 70:61–65.
31.Elad, Y., and Baker, R. 1985. The role of competition for iron and carbon in suppression of chlamydospore germination of Fusarium spp. by Pseudomonas spp. Phytopathology 75:1047-1052.
32.Elad, Y., and Baker, R. 1985. Influence of trace amount of cations and siderophore-producing Pseudomonas on chlamydospore germination of Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology 75:1047-1052.
33.Farley, J. D., and Lockwood, J. L. 1968. The suppression of actinomycetes by PCNB in culture media used for enumerating soil bacteria. Phytopathology 58:714-715.
34.Ford, E. J., Gold, A. H., and Synder, W. C. 1970. Induction of chlamysospore formation in Fusarium solani by soil bacteria. Phytopathology 60:479-484.
35.Fravel, D., Olivain, C., and Alabouvette, C. 2003. Fusarium oxysporum and its biocontrol. New Phytol.157:493-502.
36.Ganesan, P. J., and Guanmanickam, S. S. 1987. Biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in peanut by inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens soil. Biol. Biochem. 19:35-38.
37.Garrett, S. D. 1950. Ecology of the root inhabiting fungi. Biol. Rev. 25:220-254.
38.Garrett, S. D. 1956. Pathogenic Root-infecting Fungi. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, London. PP. 294.
39.Garrett, S. D. 1981. Soil Fungi and Soil Fertility. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, London. PP 77-123.
40.Gehlert, R. Kindl, H. 1991. Induced formation of dihydrophenanthrenes and bibenzyl synthase upon destruction of orchid mycorrhiza. Phytochemistry 30: 457-460.
41.Gordon, T. R., and Okamoto, D. 1989. Colonization of crop residue by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and other species of Fusarium. Phytopathology 79:1095-1100.
42.Guy, S. O., and Baker, R. 1977. Inoculum potential in relation to biological control of Fusarium wilt of peas. Phytopathology 67:72-78.
43.Hadley, G., and Williamson, B. 1971. Analysis of Post-infection growth stimulus in orchid mycorrhiza. New Phytol. 70:445-455.
44.Haglund, W. A. 1989. A rapid method for inoculating pea seedlings with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi. Plant Dis. 73:457-458.
45.Hang, Y. D., and Woodams, E. E. 2003. Control of Fusarium oxysporum by baking soda. Lebensm.-Wiss.u-Technol.36:803-805.
46.Haware, M. P. 1990. Fusarium wilt and other important diseases of chickpea in the Mediterranean area. Options Mediterr. Ser. Semin 9:61-64.
47.Hervieux, V., Yaganza, E. S., Arul, J., and Tweddell, R. J. 2002. Effect of organic and inorganic salts on the development of Helminthosporium solani, the causal agent of potato silver scurf. Plant Dis. 86:1014-1018.
48.Ho, W. C., and Ko, W. H. 1980. A simple medium for selective isolation and enumeration of soil actinomycetes. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 46:634-638.
49.Hwang, S. F., Chang, K. F., and Chakravarty, P. 1992. Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the development of verticillium and Fusarium wilts of alfalfa. Plant Dis. 76:239-243.
50.Jaizme-Vega, M. C., Sosa, B., and Hernandez, J. M. 1998. Interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the soil pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense on the first stages of micropropagated Grande Naine banana. Acta Horticulturae. 490: 285-295.
51.Jian, R. B., and George, L. 2001. Differential colonization of tomato roots by nonpathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains may influence Fusarium wilt control. Phytopathology 91:449-456.
52.Kalemba, D., and Kunicka, A. 2003. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Curr. Med.Chem.10:813-829.
53.Komada, H. 1975. Development of a selective medium for quantitative isolation of Fusarium oxysporium from natural soil. Rev. Plant Protection Res. 8:114-125.
54.Leeman, M., Pelt, J. A. van Hendrickx, M.J., Scheffer, R. J., Bakker, P. A. H. M., and Schippers, B. 1995. Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of radish in commercial greenhouse trials by seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374. Phytopathology 85:1301-1305.
55.Lin, Y. S., and Lo, C. T. 1987. Control of Fusarium wilt and rot of garden peas by soil amendments. J. Agric. Res. China. 36:435-444.
56.Loffler, H. J. M., Kwlman, A., Nielader, H. B., and Schippers, B. 1986. Reduced chlamydospore formation and enhanced lysis of chlamydospores of Fusarium oxysporum in soil with added urea or ammonia chloride. Biol. Fertile. Soil.2:1-6.
57.Olivier, C., MacNeil, C. R., and Loria, R. 1999. Application of organic and inorganic salts to field-grown potato tubers can suppress silver scurf during potato storage. Plant Dis. 83:814-818.
58.Olivier, C., Halseth, D. E., Mizubuti, E. S. G., and Loria, R. 1998. Postharvest application of organic and inorganic salts for suppression of silver scurf on potato tubers. Plant Dis. 82:213-217.
59.Mandeel, Q., and Baker, R. 1991. Mechanisms involved in biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with strains of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology 81:462-469.
60.Masahiro, S., Chika, M., Toshiyuki, U., Yoshimiki, A., and Kenneth, B. J. 2005. Biological control efficiency of Fusarium wilt of tomato by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysprum Fo-B2 in different environments. Phytopathology 95:1072-1080.
61.Mecteau, M. R., Arul, J., and Tweddell, R. J. 2002. Effect of organic and inorganic salts on the growth and development of Fusarium sambucinum, a causal agent of potato dry rot. Mycol. Res. 106: 688-696.
62.Meredith, C.H. 1944. The antagonisim of soil organism to Fusarium oxysporum cubense. Phytopathology 34:426-429.
63.Miller, P. M. 1955. V-8 juice agar as a general purpose medium for fungi and bacteria. Phytopathology 45:461-462.
64.Minuto, A., Migheli, Q., and Garibaldi, A. 1995. Evaluation of antagonistic strains of Fusarium spp. in the biological and integrated control of Fusarium wilts of cyclamen. Crop Prot. 14: 221-226.
65.Minutoa, A., Minutoa, G., Migheli, Q., Mocionia, M., and Gullino, M. L.1997. Effect of antagonistic Fusarium spp. and of different commercial biofungicide formulations on Fusarium wilt of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Crop Prot. 16:765-769.
66.Mitchell, R., and Alexander, M. 1961. Chitin and the biological control of Fusarium disease. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 45:487-490.
67.Moleyar, V. and Narasimham, P. 1986. Antifungal activity of some essential oil components. Food Microbiol. 3:331-336.
68.Mondai, S. N., Kageyama, K., and Hyakumachi, M. 1995. Germination, viability, and virulence of chlamydospores of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli as affected by the loss of endogenous carbon. Phytopathology 85:1238-1244.
69.Muto, M., Takahashi, H., Ishihara, K., Yuasa, H., and Huang, J. W. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Taiwan. Pl. Pathol. Bull. 14:13-24.
70.Nash, S. N., and Snyder, W. C. 1961. Chitin and the biological control of Fusarium disease. Pl. Dis. Reptr. 45:487-490.
71.Nash, S. N., and Snyder, W. C. 1962. Quantitative estimation by plate counts of propagules of the bean root rot Fusarium in field soils. Phytopathology 52:567-572.
72.Nash, S. N., Christou, T., and Snyder, W. C. 1961. Existence of Fusarium solani f. phaseoli as chlamydospores in soil. Phytopathology 51:308-312.
73.Newcombe, M. 1960. Some effects of water and anaerobic conditions on Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense in soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 43(1):51-59.
74.Papavizas, G. C., Lewis, J. A., and Adams, P. B. 1968. Survival of root infecting fungi in soil. II. influence of amendments and soil carbon-to-nitrogen balance on Fusarium root rot of beans. Phytopathology 58:365-372.
75.Park, D. 1963. The presence of Fusarium oxysporum in soils. Trans.Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46(3):444-448.
76.Park, C. S., Paulitz, T.C., and Baker, R. 1988. Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber resulting from interactions between Pseudomonas putida and nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology 78: 190-194.
77.Pera, J., and Calvet, C. 1989. Suppression of Fusarium wilt of carnation in a composted pine bark and a composed olive pumice. Plant Dis. 73:699-700.
78.Punja, Z. K., and Grogan, R. G. 1982. Effect of inorganic salts, carbonate-bicarbonate anions, ammonia, and the modifying influence of pH on sclerotial germination of Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology 72:635-639.
79.Rao, M. V., and Rao, A. S. 1966. Fusarium wilt of cotton in relation to inoculum potential. Trans. Br. Mucol. Soc. 49(3):403-409.
80.Roberts, D. D., and Kraft, J. M. 1971. A rapid technique for studying Fusarium wilt of peas. Phytopathology 61:342-343.
81.Roinestad, K. S., Montville, T. J., and Rosen J. D. 1993. Inhibition of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium tricinctum by sodium bicarbonate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 2344–2346.
82.Roinestad, K. S., Montville, T. J., and Rosen J. D. 1994. Mechanism for sodium bicarbonate inhibition of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium tricinctum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42: 2025–2028.
83.Sampundo, S., Devlieghere, F., De Meulenaer, B., Lamboni, Y., Osei-Nimoh, D., and Debevere, J. M. 2007. Interaction of water activity and bicarbonate salts in inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production by Fusarium and Aspergillus species of importance to corn. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 116:266-274.
84.Sanchez, L. E., Endo, R. M., and Leary, J. V. 1975. A rapid technique for identifying the clones of Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici causing crown and root-rot of tomato. Phytopathology 65:726-727.
85.Scher, F. M., and Baker, R. 1980. Mechanism of biological control in a Fusarium-suppressive soil. Phytopathology 70:412-417.
86.Scher, F. M., and Baker, R. 1982. Effect of Pseudomonas putdia and synthetic iron chelator on induction of soil suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt pathogens. Phytopathology 72:1567-1573.
87.Scher, F. M., Dupler, M., and Baker, R. 1984. Effect of synthetic iron chalets on population densities of Fusarium oxysporum and the biological control agent Pseudomonas putida in soil. Can. J. Microbil. 30:1271-1275.
88.Schippers, B., and De Weyer, W. M. M. M. 1972. Chlamydospore formation and lysis of macroconidia of　Fusarium solani f.　cucurbitae in chitin-amended soil. Neth. J. Pl. Path. 78:45-54.
89.Schroth, M. N., and Hancock, J. G. 1982. Disease-suppressive soil and root-colonizing bacteria. Science 216:1376-1378.
90.Seqeira, L. 1962. Influence of organic amendments on survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense in the soil. Phytopathology 52:976-982.
91.Shishido, M., Miwa, C., Usami, T., Amemiya, Y., and Johnson, K. B. 2005. Biological control efficiency of Fusarium wilt of tomato by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo-B2 in different environments. Phytopathology 95:1072-1080.
92.Singh, N., and Singh, R. S. 1980. Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum by soil bacteria. Indian Phytopathology 33:356-359.
93.Sivan, A., and Chet, I. 1989. The possible role of competition between Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium oxysporum on rhizosphere colonization. Phytopathology 79: 198-203.
94.Simth, S. N.1977. Comparison of germination of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum chlamydospores in host rhizosphere soils conducive and suppressive to wilts. Phytopathology 67:502-510.
95.Smith, S. N., and Snyder, W. C. 1972. Germination of Fusarium oxysporum chlamydospores in soils favorable and unfavorable to wilt establishment. Phytopathology 62:273-277.
96.Smith, S. N., and Snyder, W. C. 1975. Persistence of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in fields in the absence of cotton. Phytopathology 65:190-196.
97.Snyder, W. C. 1949. Cross inoculations with vascular fusaria of stock cabbage, and radish. Phytopathology 39:863.
98.Snyder, W. C., Schroth, M. N., and Christou, T. 1959. Effect of plant residues on root rot of bean. Phytopathology 49:755-756.
99.Stack, R. W., and Sinclair, W. A. 1974. Protection of Douglas —for seedling against Fusarium root rot by a mycorrhizal fungus. Phytopathology 65:586.
100.Steiner, G. W., and Watson, R. D. 1964. Use of surfactants in the soil dilution and plate count method. Phytopathology 55:728-730.
101.Stoessl, A., Fisch, M. H., and Arditti, J. 1980. Monolinolein as a selective fungus (Monilinia fructicola, Phytophthora infestans, Cladosporium cucumerinum) inhibitor from Cymbidium, Orchidaceae(infested with Rhizoctonia repens). Mycopathologia 70: 131-134.
102.Stover, R. H. 1953. The effect of soil moisture on the growth and survival of Fusarium oxysporum f.cubense in the laboratory. Phytopathology 43:499-504.
103.Strobel, N. E., and Sinclair, W. A. 1991. Role of flavonolic wall infusions in the resistance induced by Laccaria bicolor to Fusarium oxysporum in primary roots of Douglas-fir. Phytopathology 81: 420-425.
104.Sun, E. J., and Haung, J. W. 1985. Mechanisms of control of Fusarium wilt diseases by amendment of soil with S-H mixture. Plant Prot Bull. 27:159-169.
105.Tan, T. K., Loon, W. S., Khor, E., and Loh, C. S. 1998. Infection of Spathoglottis plicata (Orchidaceae) seeds by mycorrhizal fungus. Plant Cell Rep. 18:14-19.
106.Tokunaga, Y., and Nakagawa, T. 1974. Mycorrhiza of orchids in Japan. (Japanese)Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn. 15: 121-133.
107.Tsutsui, K., and Tomita, M. 1988. Differences in the symbiotic capacity among isolates of mycorrhizal fungi on some terrestrial orchids. J. Faculty Agriculture Hokkaido University. 63:345(abstract)
108.Tsutsui, K., and Tomita, M. 1990. Suitability of several carbohydrates as the carbon sources for symbiotic seedling growth of two orchid species. Lindleyana. 5: 134.(abstract)
109.Toussoum, T. A., Nash, S. M., and Snyder, W. C. 1960. Effect of nitrogen sources and glucose on the pathogenesis of Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli. Phytopathology 50:137-140.
110.Ushiki, J., Hayakawa, Y., and Tadano, T. 1996. Medicinal plants for suppressing soil-borne plant disease. I. Screening for medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity in roots. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 42:423-426.
111.Van Peer, R., Niemann, G. J., and Schippers, B. 1991. Induced resistance and phytoalexin accumulation in biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas sp. Strain WCS417r. Phytopathology 81:728-734.
112.Vaughn, S. F., and Spencer, G. F. 1994. Antifungal activity of nature compound against Thiabendazole-resistant Fusarium sambucinum strains. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:200-203.
113.Wensley, R. N., and Mckeen. 1962. Rapid test for pathogenicity of soil isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. melonis. Can. J. Microbiol. 818-821.
114.Weller, D. M. 1988. Biological control of soilborne plant pathogen in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopthol. 26:379-407.
115.Williams, P. G. 1985.Orchidaceous rhizoctonias in pot cultures of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Can. J. Bot. 63:1329-1333.
116.Wymore, L. A., and Baker, R. 1982. Factors affecting cross-protection in control of Fusarium wilt of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum dianthi used as biocontrol agent). Plant Dis. 66:908-910.
117.Yang, C. H., and Hsieh, W. H. 1985. Reduction of Fusarium wilt of carnation with suppressive soils and antagonistic bacteria. Plant Dis. 69:1071-1075.
118.Zabka,M., Pavela.R., and Slezakova, L. 2009. Antifungal effect of Pimenta dioica essential oil against dangerous pathogenic and toxinogenic fungi. Ind.Crops Prod.4:1-4.