臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣冬季光周期較短且溫度較冷涼，鳳梨易在此時期抽穗，中斷產期調節計畫，使產期過度集中於夏季，為鳳梨產業上尚待解決的問題。本試驗擬在冬季利用遮陰、灌水與施氮肥處理，使能有效控制鳳梨冬季自然抽穗，達到生產秋冬果實的目的。
施氮肥處理可促進鳳梨葉片的生長速率，提高葉片的濃綠度，而遮陰處理會抑制葉片生長，且葉片會變的較長，葉片較濃綠，可滴定酸含量明顯小於對照組。於遮陰網拆除後，其葉片可滴定酸含量在2週內即回復與對照組無異，顯示鳳梨對光照環境有很強的適應能力。
遮陰與施氮肥處理可降低鳳梨葉片碳水化合物含量與提高氮含量，使植株有較低的碳氮比，而延緩鳳梨的抽穗。遮陰加施氮肥處理在2007年至2008年嘉義地區試驗可延遲鳳梨4週抽穗，延後2週採收；在2008年至2009年彰化地區試驗，可達到完全抑制的效果。結果顯示試驗處理可有效控制鳳梨冬季自然抽穗，調節產期。
遮陰處理的果實比對照組輕，但仍達1.2 kg以上，可溶性固形物含量較低，而可滴定酸含量稍高。因此在遮陰網拆除後，應使植株恢復生長勢後再進行催花，以免影響果實的發育與品質。

Pineapple flowering could be induced naturally by shorter photoperiod and low temperature during winter in Taiwan, which broke off pineapple seasonal regulation and contributed to the over-production in summer. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to prevent the pineapple natural flowering in winter by shading, irrigation and nitrogen application.
Leaf growth rate of pineapple could be increased and leaves turned much green due to nitrogen treatment; on the other hand, leaf growth rate was inhibited and leaves tended to be longer and much green, and the tirtatible acidity was significantly lower than control under shading. However, the shading caused lower in tirtatible acidity could be recovered in 2 weeks after the shading removed, which indicated that pineapple had strong adaptability to light.
Shading and nitrogen treatment could reduce carbohydrate content and increase leaf nitrogen content in pineapple respectively, and both led to raise leaf C/N ratio and thus delayed the natural flowering in winter. Shading plus nitrogen treatment could delay natural flowering for 4 weeks and fruit harvesting for 2 weeks in Chia Yi trial during 2007 to 2008; the same treatment could completely inhibit natural flowering in Chang Hua trial during 2008 to 2009. The result revealed that shading plus nitrogen treatment could effectively delay/inhibit natural flowering in pineapple and prevent the breaking off of pineapple seasonal regulation.
Even thought fruits of the shading plus nitrogen treatment were smaller than those of the control, the fruit weight was over 1.2 kg. Besides, the total soluble sugar was lower, and titratable acidity was higher. Therefore, a period of growing to recover plant vigor before forcing is suggested for the purpose to improve fruit quality.

目錄………………………………………………………………………i
表目錄………………………………………………………………… ii
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………iii
誌謝………………………………………………………………………1
中文摘要 ………………………………………………………………2
英文摘要 ………………………………………………………………3
第一章 前言 ……………………………………………………………5
第二章 前人研究 ………………………………………………………7
2.1鳳梨的分布與生長概況 ……………………………………………7
2.2 溫度與光照對鳳梨生長之影響……………………………………9
2.3水分與氮肥對鳳梨生長的影響……………………………………11
2.4溫度與光週期對鳳梨開花的影響…………………………………13
2.5水份與氮肥對鳳梨開花的影響……………………………………14
2.6藥劑處理抑制鳳梨自然開花………………………………………14
2.7降低光強度對CAM植物開花之影響 ………………………………15
第三章 材料與方法……………………………………………………17
3.1遮陰、灌水與施氮肥處理延遲鳳梨冬季自然抽穗（嘉義地區） …………………………………………………………………17
3.2 氮肥與遮陰處理抑制鳳梨冬季自然開花（彰化地區） ………25
第四章 結果與討論 27
4.1 遮陰、灌水與施氮肥處理延遲鳳梨冬季自然抽穗（嘉義地區） …………………………………………………………………27
4.2 氮肥與遮陰處理抑制鳳梨冬季自然開花（彰化地區） ………37
第五章 結論……………………………………………………………39
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………61
附錄…………………………………………………………………….68

行政院農業委員會. 2007. 農業統計年報. 行政院農業委員會, 臺北.
林榮貴. 1981. 台灣鳳梨栽培的施肥問題. 科學農業 29: 142-146.
林育如. 2002. 蝴蝶蘭腋芽發育與開花調控關係之研究. 國立台灣大學園藝研究所碩士論文.
林榮貴. 2003. 鳳梨果實型質與遺傳之研究. 國立中興大學園藝研究所碩士論文.
官青杉、徐信次. 2005. 鳳梨, p.31-38. 農業委員會臺灣農家要覽增修訂三版策劃委員會編著. 台灣農家要覽農作篇（二）. 行政院農業委員會, 台北市.
陳柏榮. 2008. 裔芽重量及定植時間、遮陰與氮肥施用對鳳梨冬季自然開花之影響. 國立台灣大學園藝研究所碩士論文.
黃季春. 施肥時期與施肥量對鳳梨產量之關係. 1967. 中國園藝13:23-34
程永雄、黃子彬、徐信次、鄭清煥、呂明雄. 2002. 鳳梨栽培管理技術. 行政院農業委員會農業試驗所嘉義農業試驗分所, 嘉義市, 台灣.
蔡智賢、唐佳惠、官青杉、王怡尹、李堂察. 2007. 以奈乙酸、鈣離子及硼酸處理對台農17號鳳梨果實發育之影響.行政院農業委員會農糧署九十六年度科技計畫研究報告.
劉邦基. 1978. 鳳梨植株營養季節性變化之硏究. 國立台灣大學園藝研究所碩士論文.
劉耀仁. 2004. 數種鳳梨果實發育與自然開花之抑制. 國立屏東科技大學農園生產研究所碩士論文.
Asoegwu, S. N. 1988. Nitrogen and potassium requirement of pineapple in relation to irrigation in Nigeria. Fertilizer Research 15:203-210.
Azevedo, P. V. d., C. B. d. Souza, B. B. d. Silva, and V. P. R. d. Silva. 2007. Water requirements of pineapple crop grown in a tropical environment, Brazil. Agricultural Water Management 88:201-208.
Bartholomew, D. P. 1977. Inflorescence development of pineapple （Ananas comosus〔L.〕Merr.）induced to flower with ethephon. Botanical Gazette 138：312-320.
Bartholomew, D. P. and S. B. Kadzimin. 1977. Pineapple, p.113-156. In: P. T. Alvim and T. T. Kozlowski (eds). Ecophysiology of tropical crops. Academic Press, New York.
Bartholomew, D. P. and E. Malézieux. 1994.Pineapple, p.243-291. In:Schaffer, B and Anderson, P（eds）. Handbook of Environmental Physiology of Fruit Crops, Volume II: Sub-Tropical and Tropical Crops. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,
Bartholomew, D. P., E. Malézieux, G. M. Sanewski, and E. Sinclair. 2003. Inflorescence, and fruit development and yield, p.167-202. In: D. P. Bartholomew, R. E. Paull, and K. G. Rohrbach (eds.). The pineapple: Botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Bartholomew, D. P., E. and R. E. Pall. 1986. Pineapple fruit set and development. p.371-388. In:Monselise, S. P.（eds.）Handbook of Fruits set and Development. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Black, C. C. and C. B. Osmond. 2003. Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis: ‘working the night shift’. Photosynthesis Research. 76:329-341.
Borland, A. M. and H. Griffiths. 1990. The regulation of CAM respiratory recycling by water supply and light regime in C3-CAM intermediate Sedum telephium. Functional Ecology. 4:33-39.
Carnal, N.W. and C. C., Black. 1989. Soluble sugars as the carbohydrate reserve for CAM in pineapple leaves. Plant Physiology 90:91-100.
Chen, W. S., H. Y. Lin, L. Yang., and W. H.Chen. 1994. Gibberellin and temperature influence carbohydrate content and flowering in Phalaenopsis. Physiologia Plantarum 90:391-395.
Collins, J. L. 1968. The pineapple: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Interscience Publishers, New York.
Côte, F. X., M. Folliot, and M. Andre. 1993. Photosynthetic crassulacean acid metabolism in pineapple:diel rhythm of CO2 fiation, water use, and effect of water stress. . Acta Horticulturae 334:113-129.
Dass, H. C., G. S. Randhawa, and S. P. Negi. 1975. Flowering in pineapple as influenced by ethephon and its combinations with urea and calcium carbonate. Scientia Horticulturae 3:231-238.
Friend, D. J. C. 1981. Effect of night temperature on flowering and fruit size in pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merrill). Botanical Gazette 142:188-190.
Friend, D. J. C. and J. Lydon. 1979. Effects of daylength on flowering, growth, and CAM of pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merrill). Botanical Gazette 140:280-283.
Gaillard, J. P. 1969. Influence of planting date and weight of slips on the growth of pineapples in Cameroon. Fruits 24: 75-87.
Gowing, D. P. 1961. Experiment on the photoperiodic response in pineapple. American Journal of Botany 48:16-21.
Gowing, D.P. and R.W. Leeper. 1960. studies on the relation of chemical structure to plant growth-regulator activity in the pineapple plant. I. Substituted phenyl and phenoxyalkylcarboxylic acids. Botanical Gazette 121:143-151.
Hamner, K. C. and G. T. Nightingale. 1946. Ascorbic acid contents of pineapple as correlated with environmental factors and plant composition. Food Research 11：535-541.
Hapton, A. 2003. Cultural system, p.109-142. In: D. P. Bartholomew, R. E. Paull, and K. G. Rohrbach (eds.). The pineapple: Botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Kerns, K. R., J. L. Collins and H. Kim. 1936. Developmental studies of the pineapple Ananas comosus（L.）Merr. I. Origin and growth of leaves and inflorescence. New Phytologist 35：305-317.
Kuan, C. S., C. W. Yu, M. L. Lin, H. T. Hsu, D. P. Bartholomew, and C. H. Lin. 2005. Foliar application of Aviglycine reduces natural flowering in pineapple. HortScience 40:123-126.
Kubota, S. and K. Yoneda. 1993. Effect of light on development and nutritional status of Phalaenopsis. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 6（1）:173-179.
Krauss, B. H. 1949. Anatomy of the vegetative organs of pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. II. The leaf. Botanical Gazette 110:333-404.
Lin, M. J. and B. D. Hsu. 2004. Photosynthetic plasticity of Phalaenopsis in response to different light environments. Journal of Plant Physiology 161:1259-1268.
Malézieux , E. 1993. Dry matter accumulation and yield elaboration of pineapple in Côte d’Ivoire. Acta Horticulturae 334：149-157.
Malézieux, E. and D. P. Bartholomew. 2003. Plant nutrition, p.143-165. In: D. P. Bartholomew, R. E. Paull, and K. G. Rohrbach (eds.). The pineapple: Botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Malézieux, E., F. Côte, and D. P. Bartholomew. 2003. Crop environment and plant growth and physiology, p.69-107. In: D. P. Bartholomew, R. E. Paull, and K. G. Rohrbach (eds.). The pineapple: Botany, production and uses. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Malézieux, E., J. Zhang., E. R. Sinclair, and D. P. Bartholomew. 1994. Predicting pineapple harvest date in different environments, using a computer simulation model. Agronomy Journal. 86：609-617.
Min, X. J. 1995.Physiological effects of environmental factors and growth regulators on floral initiation and development of pineapple, Ananas comosus（L.）Merr. PhD dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Min, X. J. and D. P. Bartholomew. 1996. Effect of plant growth regulators on ethylene production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity, and initiation of inflorescence development of pineapple. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 15:121-128.
Min, X. J. and D. P. Bartholomew. 1997. Temperature affects ethylene metabolism and fruit initiation and size of pineapple. Acta Horticulturae 425：329-338.
Nakasone, H. Y. and R.E. Paull. 1998. Pineapple, p292-327. Tropical fruits. CABI publ., Wallingford, U. K.
Neales, T. F., P. J. M. Sale, and C. P. Meyer. 1980. Carbon-dioxide assimilation by pineapple plants, Ananas-Comosus (L) Merr. 2. Effects of variation of the day-night temperature regime. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 7:375-385.
Neales, T. F., A. A. Patterson and V. J. Hartney. 1968. Physiological adaptation to drought in the carbon assimilation and water loss of xerophytes. Nature 219:469-472.
Neild, R. E. and F. Boshell. 1976. An agroclimatic procedure and survey of the pineapple production potential of Colombia. Agricultural Meteorology. 17:81-92.
Nightingale, G. T. 1942. Nitrate and carbohydrate reserves in relation to nitrogen nutrition of pineapple. Botanical Gazette 103: 409-456.
Nose, A., K. Heima, K Miyazato, and S. Murayama. 1986. Effects of day-length on CAM type CO2 and water vapor exchange of pineapple plants. Photosynthetica 20:20-28.
Obiefuna, J. C., P. K. Majumder, and A. C. Ucheagwu. 1987. Fertilizer rates for increased pineapple production in the tropical ferrallitic soils of South Western Nigeria. Fertilizer Research 12:99-105.
Overbeek, V. and H. J. Cruzado. 1948. Note on flower formation in pineapple inductive by low night temperature. Plant Physiology 23:282-285.
Py. C., J. J. Lacoeuilhe, and C. Teisson.1987. The Pineapple: Cultivation and Uses. G.P. Maisonneuve, Paris.
Rabie, E. C., H. A. Tustin, and K. T. Wesson. 2000. Inhibition of natural flowering occurring during the winter months in Queen pineapple in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Acta Horticulturae 529:185-190.
Rbolledo, M. A., D. E. A. Uriza, M. L. Rebolledo, M. L. 2000. Rate of Fruitone CPA in different applications number during day versus night toflowering inhibition in pineapple. Acta Horticulturae 529:185-190.
Sale, P. J. M. and T. F. Neales. 1980. Carbon dioxide assimilation by pineapple plants Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. I. Effect of daily irradiance. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 7:363-373.
Scott, C. H. 1993.The effect of two plant growth regulators on the inhibition of precocious fruiting in pineapple. Acta Horticulturae 334:77-82.
Sideris, C. P. and H. Y. Young. 1932. Effects of nitrogen on growth and ash constituents of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Plant Physiology 21:114-121.
Sideris, C. P., H. Y. Young and H. H.Q. 1948. Diurnal changes and growth rates as associated with ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, carbonydrate, and nitrogen fractions in the leaves of Ananas comosus（L.） Merr. Plant Physiology 23:38-69.
Shiroma, M., K. Miyazato, S. Murayama and A. Nose. 1977. Studies on matter production in pineapple plants. I. Effect of light intensity in light period on the CO2 exchange and CO2 balance of pineapple plants, Jspanese Journal of Crop Science 46:580-587.
Souza, L. F. S., O. A. Almeida, R. C. Caldas, and D. H. Reinhardt. 2002. Effect of Soil Moisture and Fertilization on Pérola pineapple in Coastal Tableland areas of Brazil. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 79:83-87.
Su, N. R. 1969. Research on Fertilization of Pineapple in Taiwan and some Associated Cultural Problems. Special Publication NO. 1. Society for Soil Science and Fertilizer Technology, Taiwan.
Wang, Y. T. 1995. Phalaenopsis orchid light requirement during the induction of spiking. HortScience 30:59-61.
Wang, R. H., Y. M. Hsu, D. P. Bartholomew, S. Maruthasalam and C. H. Lin. 2007 Delaying Natural Flowering in Pineapple Through Foliar Application of Aviglycine, an Inhibitor of Ethylene Biosynthesis. HortScience 42（5）：1188-1191.
Wee, Y. C. and A. N. Rao. 1979. Development of the Inflorescence and Crown of Ananas commosus after Treatment withAcetylene, NAA, and Ethephon. American Journal of Botany 66（4）:351-360.
Zhu, J., D. P. Bartholomew. and G. Goldstein 1997. Effect of temperature, CO2, and water stress on leaf gas exchange and biomass accumulation of pineapple. Acta Horticulturae 425:297-308.
Zhu, J., G. Goldstein, and D. P. Bartholomew. 1999. Gas exchange and carbon isotope composition of Ananas comosus in response to elevated CO2 and temperature. Plant, Cell and Environment 22:999-1007.