臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
新創事業具有創新活力與創造就業機會的能力、被視為國家經濟發展的活水、對經濟成長與技術進步有激勵的作用、為經濟注入新的活力、更為社會注入一股安定的力量。此外，Johnson(1986)認為新創事業是老企業年輕化的催化劑，且不論其成敗，都可能激發既存企業更有效的經營、爭取市場機會。對整體經濟的管理創新、產品創新或服務創新都有重要的影響。但金融風暴導致各國家經濟頻頻發出衰退的警訊，我國也無法倖免於外。新創事業體的體質本來就較為脆弱，在歷經去年油價與原物料高漲，所帶來的通膨壓力後，現又遭遇經濟情勢不佳所導致的消費緊縮，新創事業面對銷路萎縮困境，以及資金融資與調度的困難，嚴重影響其成長與發展。在企業經營環境劇變且景氣低迷企業該採行何種競爭策略，進而提昇企業經營績效。而新創事業該如何充分利用自身所擁有之資源與能力，該採取何種競爭策略是當務之急。
因此，本研究探討新創事業策略選擇與經營績效關係之研究，針對創業家圓夢坊內的企業為對象，進行問卷調查。以了解不同策略群組採行的競爭策略，並比較其在經營績效上的差異。透過統計分析先將策略構面以因素分析萃取六個因素做驗證性因素分析，利用集群分析將樣本企業劃分出不同程度的四個集群，藉由判別分析鑑定分群之正確性，分類結果顯示判別函數的正確判別率達95.7％，顯示分群結果良好。之後利用變異數分析探討各構面在不同群組間之差異。最後比較四個集群在經營績效上之差異。
研究結果顯示一、新創事業基於所擁有資源之差異，將會形成不同之策略群組，所形成的策略群組分別為專利技術優勢策略群、資源整合優勢策略群、資產網路優勢策略群、資金創新優勢策略群。二、不同策略群組，因採行競爭策略之差異，進而產生在經營績效的表現不同，在經營績效的表現以資金創新優勢策略群優於其他策略群；專利技術優勢策略群表現最差。

關鍵詞：新創事業、策略選擇、策略群組、經營績效

Abstract
It has been widely accepted that new venture has the capability in job creation, and creativity of innovation. It has also been recognized as a foundation in promoting economic growth, in technical development, and in social stabilization. Furthermore, Johnson(1986) argued that new venture is a mean of catalytic agent to be youth for those old industries. Nevertheless, it, as always, can motivate the existent industries to become more efficiently in business management, more aggressively in expending market. Certainly, it contributes an important impact on the management, and product innovation. Under no exception, Taiwan is one of victims of this economic meltdown. It makes Taiwan new ventures, which are in the recovering from inflationary, to be worse. The 2008 economic meltdown causes a dramatic change in the consumer behavior leading to the recession. How to take the benefit on the resources and to adopt what kind of strategy is new ventures’ priority task in approaching a higher business performance.
Therefore, this study researched the relationship between strategies making and performance of new ventures. We mailed questionnaire to those enterprises of Dreams Square, and examined strategies adopted by different groups, and identified their difference on business performance. Through statistic analysis, factor and cluster analysis revealed 4 new venture strategic archetypes. Then through Discriminate Analysis, we obtained 95.7% accuracy. Finally, we used Analysis of Variance to study the difference of performance among them.
The result suggests:
1. With different resource, the new ventures will formalize various Strategic groups. Four new venture strategic archetypes can be distinguished: Intellectual Technology, Assets Network, Integrative Resource ability, and Capital Innovation advantage groups.
2. Different Strategic groups, due to the adoption of the differences between competitive strategies, will appear different performance. Our research reveals that the Capital Innovation advantage group has the superior business performance in the groups, and the Intellectual Technology advantage group will have the worst performance among all of four groups.

Key Words: New venture, Strategic choice, Strategic groups, Business performance.

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
表目錄 IV
圖目錄 V
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的與問題 2
第三節 研究流程 2
第四節 論文架構 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 新創事業 5
第二節 策略選擇-資源基礎觀點 8
第三節 經營績效 23
第三章 研究方法 30
第一節 研究架構與假設 30
第二節 操作性定義與變數衡量 32
第三節 問卷設計 38
第四節 信度與效度分析 40
第五節 研究對象與問卷發放 42
第六節 資料分析方法 43
第四章 研究結果分析與討論 45
第一節 樣本特性分析 45
第二節 信度與效度分析 51
第三節 驗證性因素分析 55
第四節 集群分析與判別分析 57
第五節 單因子變異數分析 60
第六節 各策略群組與經營績效分析 62
第七節 結果彙整 64
第五章 結論與建議 66
第一節 研究結論 66
第二節 管理意涵 69
第三節 研究限制與後續建議 71
參考文獻 72
附錄 81

參考文獻
一、中文部份
1.方至民、鍾憲瑞(2006)，策略管理：建立企業永續競爭力，北縣：前程文化事業有限公司。
2.王保進(2004)，多變量分析：套裝程式與資料分析，北市，高等教育出版社。
3.古永嘉譯(2003)，企業研究方法，第八版，台北：美商麥格羅‧希爾(McGraw-Hill)公司。
4.司徒達賢(1995)，資源基礎理論與企業競爭優勢關係之探討，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
5.司徒達賢(2005)，策略管理新論：觀念架構與分析方法，北市：智勝文化事業有限公司。
6.吳佳倚(2007)，台灣高科技廠商創業策略之實證研究：策略型態、前因及影響，國立東華大學國際企業學系碩士論文。
7.吳思華(2000)，策略九說：策略思考的本質，台北：臉譜出版。
8.李華夏譯(1998)，資本主義的未來，北縣：立緒文化事業有限公司。
9.林晉寬(1995)，從資源基礎理論探討資源特性與成長策略之關係，政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
10.邱皓政(2004)，結構方程模式：LISREL的理論、技術與應用，北市，雙葉書廊有限公司。
11.邱皓政(2007)，量化研究法(一)：研究設計與資料處理，北市，雙葉書廊有限公司。
12.侯嘉政(2007)，產業內策略群組結構對企業績效之影響─動態能力觀點，中原企管評論，第5卷，第1期，頁23-42。
13.洪世章、譚丹琪、廖曉青(2007)，企業成長、策略選擇與策略改變，中山管理評論，第15卷，第1期，頁11-35。
14.高淑芬(1993)，資源特性與合作策略關聯之研究—以資源基礎觀點，國立中興大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
15.張凱迪(2004)，社會資本、創業導向、組織資源與創業績效之關係─以台灣新創企業為例，國立成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
16.莊皓宇(2005)，影響新創事業績效因素之探討－以台灣中小企業為例，朝陽科技大學企業管理系碩士論文。
17.陳佩佩(2000)，影響新事業技術商品化與績效相關因素之研究--以高科技產業為例，國立成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
18.陳承賢(2006)，新創事業投資策略之研究─以科技集團為例，國立政治大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
19.陳建宇(2003)，台灣中小企業創業導向、組織資源與能力對企業績效影響之研究，國立成功大學高階管理碩士在職專班碩士論文。
20.陳國嘉、陳家祥、丁玉成(2006)，全球化策略類型之策略意涵分析，中原企管評論，第4卷，第2期，頁49-70。
21.陳順宇(2005)，多變量分析，第四版，台北：華泰書局。
22.創業家圓夢坊，網址：http://sme.moeasmea.gov.tw/SME/modules.php?name=Dream。
23.楊世瑩(2008)，SPSS統計分析實務，第二版，台北，旗標出版股份有限公司。
24.楊羚鈺(2008)，台灣高科技新創事業專利佈局策略及其意涵，國立東華大學國際企業學系碩士論文。
25.經濟部中小企業處，網址：http://www.moeasmea.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1。
26.劉明全(2002)，培育組合、創業團隊特性及創新育成中心之資源基礎對進駐新創事業績效影響之研究，實踐大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
27.戴國良(2007)，策略管理：策略分析與本土個案實務，第二版，北市，鼎茂圖書。
28.謝兆民(2007)，用資源觀點探討創業必要資源之研究，國立台灣科技大學企管管理系在職專班碩士論文。
29.鍾育榮(2004)，以組織能力、鑲嵌連結觀點探討對台灣電子商務新創事業經營績效之影響，銘傳大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。

二、英文部份
1.Amit, R. & Schoemarker, (1993), Strategic asset and organization rent, Strategic Management Journal, 14(1), pp.33-46.
2.Asker, John (1995),Strategic Market Management, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3.Barney, J. & Hoskisson, R. (1990), Strategic groups: untested assertions and research proposals, Managerial and Decision Economics, 11: pp.187-198.
4.Barney, J. B. (1991), Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17, pp.99-120.
5.Bentler, P.M. (1995), EQS structural equations program manual, Encino, CA: Multivariate software.
6.Borch, O. J., Huse, M. & Senneseth, K. (1999), Resource configuration, competitive strategies, and corporate entrepreneurship: an empirical examination of small firms. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 24 (1), pp.49-70.
7.Brüderl, J. & Schüssler, R. (1990), Organizational mortality: The liabilities of newness and adolescence, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (3), pp.530-547.
8.Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G. & Hart, M. M. (2001), From initial idea to unique advantage: The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing base, Academy of Management Executive, 15, pp.64-78.
9.Carrol, S. J. & Schneier, C. E. (1982), Performance appraisal and development of performance in organizations. Glenview Illionis: Scott. Foresman.
10.Carter et al.(1994), New Venture Strategies: Theory Development with an Empirical, Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), pp.21.
11.Caves, R. E. (1980), Industrial organization, corporate strategy and structure, Journal of Economic Literature, 58, pp.64-92.
12.Chandler, G. N. & Hanks, S. H. (1994), Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), pp.77-89.
13.Chandler, G. N. & Hanks, S. H. (1994), Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies and venture performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 9, pp.331-349.
14.Chatterjee, S.& B. Wernerfelt (1991), The Link Between Resources and Type of Diversification: Theory and Evidence, Strategic Management Journal, 12, pp.33-48.
15.Child, J. (1972), Organizational structure, environment and performance: the role of strategic choice, Sociology, 6:1-22.
16.Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A (1997), Corporate Strategy: Resources and the Scope of the Firm, Chicago: IRWIN.
17.Conner, K. R. & Prahalad, C. K. (1996), A resource-based theory of the firm: knowledge versus opportunism, Organization Science, 7, pp.477-501.
18.Conner, K. R. (1991), A Resources-Based Analysis of Global Competitions：The Case of the Bearing Industry, Strategic Management Journal, 12, pp.49-68.
19.Cool, K. & Schendel, D.(1987), Strategic group formation and performance: U.S. pharmaceutical industry, 1963-1982, Management Science, 33, pp.1102-24.
20.Cool, K., (1985), Strategic Group Formation and Strategic Group Shifts: A Longitudinal Analysis of the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry 1963-1982, Ph. D. Dissertation, Purdue University.
21.Coombs, J.& Bierly III, P.(2006), Measuring technological capability and performance, R&D Management, 36(4), pp.421-438.
22.Delios, A. & Beamish, P. W. (2001), Survival and profitability- The roles of experience and intangible assets in foreign subsidiary performance, Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), pp.1028-1038.
23.Dess, G. & Davis, Peter S., (1984), Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance, Academy of Management Journal, 27, pp.467-488.
24.Fiegenbaum, A. & Thomas, H. (1990), Strategic Group and Performance: The U.S. Insurance Industry 1970-1984", Strategy Management Journal, 11, pp.197-215.
25.Fortuin, L. (1988), Performance indicators- Why, where and how ?, European Journal of Operational Research, 34(1), pp.1-9.
26.Grant, R. M. (1991), The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation, California Management Review, 33(3) spring, pp.114-135.
27.Grant, R. M. (1999), Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, applications, 4th ed, Blackwell Publishers Limited.
28.Haber, S. & Reichel, A. (2007), The cumulative nature of the entrepreneurial process: The contribution of human capital, planning and environment resources to small venture performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 22 (1), pp.119-145.
29.Hall, R. (1992), The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources, Strategic Management Journal, 13, pp.135-144.
30.Hatten, K. R. & Hatten, M. L. (1987), Strategic groups, asymmetrical mobility barriers and contestability, Strategic Management Journal, 8, pp.329-341.
31.Hofer, C. W. & Sandberg, W. R. (1987), Improving new venture performance: some guidelines for success, American Journal of Small Business, 12 (1), pp.11-25.
32.Hoskisson, R. E. (1999), Theory and Research in Strategic Management: Swings of A Pendulum, Journal of Management, 25, pp.417-456.
33.Houthoofd, Noël and Heene, Aimé (2002), The quest for strategic groups: Overview, and suggestions for the future research, working paper, Universiteit Gent.
34.Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999), Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural equation modeling, 6(1), pp.1-55.
35.Hunt, M. S.(1972), Competition in the major home appliance industry 1960-1970, Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University.
36.Johnson, P. (1986), New firms: An economic perspective, London, Allen and Unwin Kay, J. , (1993), The Structure of Strategy, Business Strategy Review, 4(2), pp.17-37.
37.Kaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P. (1996), The balanced scorecard: Translating strategy toaction, arvard Business School Press.
38.Kast, F. E. (1985), Organization and management (4thed.), New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
39.Kast, F. E.& Rosenzweig, J. E. (1985), Organization and Management: A Systems and Contingency Approach, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
40.Katz, J. & Gartner, W. B. (1988), Properties of emerging organizations, Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), pp.429-441.
41.Kaufman, R. (1988), Preparing useful performance indicators, Training & Development Journal, 42(9), pp.80.
42.Lee, C., Lee, K. & Pennings, J. M. (2001), Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: a study on technology-based ventures, Strategic Management Journal, 22, pp.615-640.
43.Levinthal,D. A. (1991), Random walks and organizational mortality, Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (3), pp.397-420.
44.Lussier, R. N. (1995), A Nonfinancial Business Success Versus Failure Prediction Model For Young Firms, Journal of Small Business Management, 33(1), pp.7-20.
45.Madu, C. N., Kuei, C. H., & Jacob, R. A. (1996), An empirical assessment of the influence of quality dimension on organizational performance, International Journal of Production Research, 34(7), pp.1943-1962.
46.Mahoney, J. T. & Pandian, J. R.（1992）, The Resource-Based View Within the Conversation of Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, 13, pp.363-380.
47.Mascarenhas, Briance (1989), Strategic Group Dynamics, Academy of Management Journal, 32(2), p.20, p333.
48.McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. R. (2002), Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analysis, Psychological Methods, 7, pp.64-82.
49.McGrath, R. (1996), The Trouble with Competence: Opportunities and Limitations in the Adolescence of the Resource-Based View, Presented at the Annual Academy of Management Meetings, Business Policy and Strategy Division, Cincinnati. Ohio.
50.Mosakowski, E. (1993), A resource based perspective on the dynamic strategy performance relationship: An empirical examination of the focus and differentiation strategies in entrepreneurial firms, Journal of Management, 19, pp.819-839.
51.Naman, J. & Slevin, D. P. (1993), Entrepreneurship and the Concept of Fit: A Model and Empirical Tests, Strategic Management Journal, 14(2), pp.137-153.
52.Newman, H. H. (1973), Strategic Groups and the Structure-Performance Relationship: A study with respect to the Chemical Process Industries, Doctoral Thesis, Harvard University.
53.Newman, H. H. (1978), Strategic groups and the structure-performance relationship, Review of Economics and Statistics, 60, pp.417-427.
54.Nunnally, J. C. (1978), Psychometric Theory, New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
55.Penrose, E. T. (1959), The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, New York: John Wiley.
56.Peteraf, M. & Shanley, M. (1997), Getting to Know You: A Theory of Strategic Group Identity, Strategic Management Journal, 18 (S1).
57.Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and competitions, New York: The Free Press.
58.Quinn, D. P. & Woolley, J. T. (2001), Democracy and national economic performance: The preference for stability, American Journal of Political Science, 45(3), pp.634-657.
59.Robbins, S. P. (1990), Organization theory: Structure, design and application, 3rd ed, Englewood Cliffs, New York: Prentice-Hall, pp.439-450.
60.Robinson, K. C. & McDougall, P. P. (1998), The Impact of Alternative Operations of Industry Structural Elements on Measure of Performance for Entrepreneurial Manufacturing Ventures, Strategic Management Journal, 19, pp.1079-1100.
61.Robinson, R.B. & Pearce, J.A.II. (1988), Planned patterns of strategic behavior and their relationships to business-unit performance,Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp.43-60.
62.Schatz, K. W. (1987), The Contribution of Small and New Enterprise to Growth and Employment, Structural Dynamics of Industrial Policy, Transaction Books, Oxford, pp. 89-104.
63.Schendel, D. & Patton, R. (1978), A simultaneous equation model of corporate strategy, Management Science, 24(1), pp.1611-1621.
64.Singer, B. (1995), Contours of development, Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (4), pp.303-329.
65.Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965), Social Structures and organizations, In James March(ed) Handbook of organizations, Chicago.
66.Szilagyi, A. D. Jr. (1981), Management and Performance, California: Guodyear Publishing Company Inc.
67.Teece, D. J., Pisano, G. & Shuen, A. (1997), Dynamic capabilities and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), pp.509-533.
68.Thomas, H & Venkatraman, N. (1988), Research on strategic groups: Progress and prognosis, Journal Management Studies, 6, pp.537-556.
69.Timmons, J.A., (1990), New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship in The 1990’s, IL:Irwin.
70.Venkatraman, N. ＆ Ramanujam, V. (1986), Measurement of business performance in strategy research：A comparison of approach, Academy of Management Review, 11(4), pp.801-814.
71.Wernerfelt, B. (1989), From Critical Resources to Corporate Strategy, Journal of General Management, 14 Spring, pp.4-12.
72.Wernerfelt, Birger (1984), A Resource-Based View of The Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 5, pp.171-180.
73.Wortzel, R. (1979), Multivariate analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.