臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為因應提倡綠色能源，目前台灣已大力推動太陽能產業發展，相對之，太陽能電池與太陽能板製造量將大幅增加，其生命週期約為15至25年，故可推估未來20年間將持續有大量廢棄物產生，同時伴隨科技進步，發電效率亦將提升，因此，調查國內太陽能電池與太陽能板物質流佈實為不容緩之議題。
本研究以物質流分析觀點，主要調查物質進入一系統內之流動情形，及從系統輸出至另一系統過程，對象包含矽晶、薄膜類(非晶矽；a-Si)太陽能電池/板進行流佈調查與推估。依實地訪視國內五家太陽能電池製造商及三家太陽能板組裝業者所得知成果，且透過行政院環保署「全國事業廢棄物管制系統」、財政部關稅總局及經濟部國貿局「中華民國進出口貿易統計系統」三大系統查詢結果為依據，系統性探討國內兩者廢棄物流動情況。依據物質流佈推估結果得知2007年國內太陽能電池之廢棄量約19,561 kg/y，再藉文獻數據求得矽晶類佔17,507 kg/y，主要流向以回至原製程再利用及製程相關產品為主；薄膜(非晶矽；a-Si)類佔880 kg/y，以再利用或掩埋處理之。太陽能板廢棄量約為191,186 kg/y，其包括矽晶與非晶矽類，分別為171,111 kg/y與8,603 kg/y，此外，當年太陽能板實際組裝扣除廢棄、出口，再加進口量，則合計流動於國內市場約3,998,295 kg/y。
根據台灣地區太陽能電池與太陽能板物質流分析結果，本研究從行政管理面、廢棄物回收處理面及循環再利用面進行探討，進而提升兩者廢棄物回收管理成效架構，並具體提出其處理、回收之管理策略及改善建議，以期相關政府單位與太陽能光電產業可朝向零廢棄願景及資源循環再利用目標邁進。

In order to promote green energy, the number of Solar Panel manufactures has dramatically increased in Taiwan every year. And the average lifespan of Solar Panels is about 15 to 25 years. Hence, it is expected that there will be a tremendous amount of waste solar panels in the next twenty years. We must take necessary precautions against it. The flow on waste of Solar Cells and Panels, therefore, is an important issue to be discussed.
This study uses material flow analysis (MFA) to investigate Solar Cells and Panels, and we focus on three groups of Solar Cells and Panels: single-crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon of crystalline materials, and thin film materials(a-Si). One of our data collections is from visiting five Solar Cells manufactures and three Solar Panels assembly plants, another is from three government organizations including Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, Directorate General of Customs, and Bureau of Foreign Trade. According to the results of MFA, the waste Solar Cells was 19,561 kg/y in 2007. Crystalline materials and thin film materials(a-Si) accounted for about 17,507 kg/y and 880 kg/y respectively of the waste Solar Cells. The former returns to upstream companies for reusing or reproducing relevant sub-products; the latter was made of glass which is used for landfilling or recycling as paving materials. In addition, it was found that the waste Solar Panels in Taiwan was 191,186 kg/y in 2007, including 171,111 kg/y crystalline materials and 8,603 kg/y thin film materials(a-Si). In this study we found the amount of solar panels deducted from the quantity of waste and export solar panels and added the volume import was 3,998,295 kg/y in 2007 domestic market.
According to the results of Taiwan Solar Cells and Panels made from material flow analysis, we make an attempt to enhance the structure of recycling management and try to provide practical strategies from the administration, waste recycling, and reusing aspects. In conclusion, we hope this study can take a step in the direction of zero waste and resource recycling.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
致 謝 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 ix
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究流程與範疇 2
1.3.1 研究流程 2
1.3.2 研究範疇 4
第二章 文獻回顧 8
2.1 太陽能電池或太陽能板之種類及特性 8
2.1.1 構造及原理 8
2.1.2 種類特性及用途 9
2.1.3 組成成份分析 13
2.2 國內外太陽能電池或太陽能板之產業現況 15
2.2.1 國內市場現況 15
2.2.2 國外市場現況 21
2.3 物質流分析理論基礎探討 23
2.3.1 工業生態 23
2.3.2 物質流分析定義 28
2.3.3 國內外相關應用研究 40
2.4 國內外太陽能電池或太陽能板之相關管理制度與回收清除處理現況 43
2.4.1 國內現況 43
2.4.2 歐盟現況 44
2.4.3 美國現況 47
2.4.4 日本現況 50
2.4.5 各國相關回收管理制度之比較現況 52
第三章 研究方法 54
3.1 研究內容與流程 54
3.2 物質流分析流程與步驟 58
3.2.1 物質流分析方法論 58
3.2.2 物質流分析模式建構與發展 60
3.3 文獻蒐集及實地訪視 62
第四章 結果與討論 67
4.1 台灣太陽能電池之現況分析 67
4.1.1 產品製造量分析 67
4.1.2 廢棄量分析 68
4.1.3 內銷量分析 68
4.1.4 進出口量分析 68
4.1.5 台灣太陽能電池物質流佈分析 71
4.1.6 台灣太陽能電池產業流佈推估與其廢棄物管理方式 73
4.1.6.1 北部A廠 73
4.1.6.2 中部B廠 76
4.1.6.3 中部C廠 78
4.1.6.4 南部D廠 80
4.1.6.5 南部E廠 82
4.2 台灣太陽能板之現況分析 83
4.2.1 進出口量分析 83
4.2.2 產品組裝量分析 85
4.2.3 廢棄量分析 86
4.2.4 境內市場分析 86
4.2.5 台灣太陽能板物質流佈分析 87
4.2.6 台灣太陽能板產業流佈推估及其廢棄物管理方式 88
4.2.6.1 北部A廠 88
4.2.6.2 北部B廠 90
4.2.6.3 中部C廠 93
4.3 台灣太陽能電池與太陽能板物質流佈分析 95
4.4 廢太陽能電池與太陽能板處理及回收之管理策略 97
第五章 結論與建議 107
5.1 結論 107
5.2 建議 108
參考文獻 110

[1]李季達，「太陽能電池產業發展現況」，財團法人光電科技工業協進會，2000。
[2]經濟部能源局，台灣能源統計手冊，2006。
[3]陳婉如，台灣投資PV產業-健全太陽光電產業結構，光連雙月刊，2006，pp.28-31。
[4]謝惠子，「綠能產業發光體-太陽能產業國內外現況」，封面故事-能源報導，2007，第5-7頁。
[5]National Solar Power Reasearch Institute, Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Materials, Olivia Mah, 1998, pp.1-10.
[6]K.Wanbach, S.Schlenker and A. Jäger-Waldau, "A voluntary take back system for PV modules in Europe," Workshop on LCA and Recycling of Solar Modules, Brussels, 2004.
[7]J. L. Sznopek and T. G. Goonan, The Material Flow of Mercury in the Economies of the United States and the World, USA Geological Survey Circular 11197, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, pp.1-2.
[8]S. Skårup, C. L. Christensen, J. Maag and S. H. Jensen, Mass Flow Analyses of Mercury 2001, Environmental Project Nr. 917 2004, Danish EPA, 2004.
[9]Solarbuzz網站，http://www.solarbuzz.com/。
[10]行政院環境保護署，廢棄物資源化技術暨附加價值提昇研究計畫，行政院環境保護署，2008。
[11]D. Vexler, M. Bertram, A. Kapur, S. Spatari and T. E. Graedel, "The contemporary Latin American and Caribbean copper cycle：1 year stocks and flows," Resources, Conversation and Recycling, vol.41, no.1, 2004, pp.23-46.
[12]楊素華，蔡泰成，「太陽光能發電元件-太陽能電池」，高雄應用科技大學，科學發展月刊，2005，pp. 50-55。
[13]M. Raugei, S. Bargigli and S. Ulgiati, Life cycle assessment and energy pay-back time of advanced photovoltaic modules: CdTe and CIS compared to poly-Si, ENERGY, 2006, pp.1310–1318.
[14]吳貴淳，太陽能電池的材料回收處理與再利用研究，碩士論文，國立交通大學精密與自動化工程學程，新竹，2006年。
[15]A. Goetzberger, J. Knobloch and B.Voss, Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
[16]L. D. Partain, Solar Cells and their applications, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
[17]張子文，太陽電池應用於建築上之研究，碩士論文，國立成功大學建築系，台南，2001。
[18]PV CYCLE Association，http://www.pvcycle.org/。
[19]全國能源會議，我國再生能源及節約能源規劃目標，2005。
[20]國際貿易局 經貿資訊網http://www.trade.gov.tw/。
[21]再生能源網站，http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/home。
[22]G. Finnveden and Å. Moberg, "Environmental systems analysis tools – an overview," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.13, no. 12, 2005, pp.1165-1173.
[23]A. Garner and G.A. Keoleian, Industrial Ecology: An Introduction, Pollution Prevention and Industrial Ecology, Edited by National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education, Ann Arbor, 1995.
[24]F. den Hond, "Industrial Ecology: A Review", Regional Environmental Change, Vol.1, No.2, 2000.
[25]S. U. Raymond, Industrial Ecology and the Environment: Applications to the New York Harbor, Science Policy Program, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY, 1997, pp. 64-108.
[26]T. E. Graedel and B. R Allenby, Industrial ecology, Prentice Hall, 1995.
[27]D. Rejeski, Metrics, systems, and choices, In The Industrial Green Game, D.J. Richards, Ed., D. C. Washington, National Academy Press, 1997.
[28]S. Erkman, "Industrial Ecology: A historical view," Journal of Cleaner Production, 1997, pp.1-10.
[29]T. E. Graedel, "Industrial ecology：definition and implementation," Industrial ecology and global change, Cambridge, 1994.
[30]R. Lifset and T. E. Graedel, "Industrial Ecology: Goals and Definitions," A Handbook of Industrial Ecology, Edward Elgar, North Hampton, MA, 1995.
[31]D. J. Richards and R. A. Frosch, The industrial green game: Overview and perspectives. In the Industrial Green Game, D.J. Richards, Ed, D.C. Washington, National Academy Press, 1997.
[32]R. U. Ayres and U. E. Simonis, Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development, The United Nations University Press, Tokyo, 1994.
[33]Allenby and R. Braden, Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation, Prentice Hall, 1999, pp.40-45.
[34]H. Haberl, "The Energetic Metabolism of Societies," Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2001, pp.11-33.
[35]T. P. Seager and T. L.Theis, "A uniform definition and quantitative basis for industrial ecology," Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002, pp.225-235.
[36]United States Congress, Resources for Freedom：Report of the President’s Materials Policy Commission, U.S. House of Representatives, DOC, 527, Washington, DC, 1952.
[37]何瓊芳、林錫雄、李育明，「台灣金屬及工礦物質流與隱藏流之善用評估」，2000年環境資源經濟、管理暨系統分析學術研討會，中央研究院經濟研究所，台北，2000。
[38]I. K. Wernick and J. H. Ausubel, "National Materials Flows and the Environment," Annual d of Energy and the Environment, 1995, pp.463-492.
[39]C. Mungall and D. J. McLaren, Planet Under Stress: The Challenge of Global Change, Royal Society of Canada / Oxford University Press, 1990.
[40]R. A. Frosch and N. E. Gallopoulos, "Strategies for Manufacturing," Scientific American, vol. 261, no. 3, 1989, pp.144~152.
[41]H. B. Paul, "Materials flow analysis: Vision and reality," Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2001, pp.3-5.
[42]C. Hendriks, R. Obernosterer, D. Muller, S. Kytzia, P. Baccini and P. H. Brunner, "Material Flow Analysis: a tool to support environmental policy decision making," Case-studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands, Local Environment, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2000, pp. 311–328.
[43]R. Obernosterer, P. H. Brunner, H. Daxbeck, T. Gagan, E. Glenck, C. Hendriks, L. Morf, R. Paumann and I. Reiner, Materials Accounting as a tool for Decision Making in Environmental Policy－Mac Tempo Case Study Report－Urban Metabolism, the City of Vienna, Vienna, Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, Technique University of Vienna, 1998.
[44]P. Baccini and P.H. Brunner, Metabolism of the Anthroposphere, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1991.
[45]H. Rechberger and P. H. Brunner, "A new, entropy based method to support waste and resource management decisions," Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, pp.809-816.
[46]P. H. Brunner and H. Rechberger, Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis, Florida：CRC Press LLC, 2004, pp.3-4.
[47]蕭登元、郭乃文合譯，工業生態學，台北：五南圖書出版公司，2004，第355~373頁。
[48]The National Academy of Sciences, Materials Count: The Case for Material Flows Analysis, Committee on Material Flows Accounting of Natural Resources, Products, and Residuals, Washington DC, 2003, p.23.
[49]S. Spatari, M. Bertram, K. Fuse, T. E. Garedel and H. Rechberger "The contemporary European copper cycle: 1 year stocks and flows," Ecological Economics, vol.42, 2002, pp.27-42.
[50]Eurostat, Economy-wide material flow accounts derived indicators：A Methodological Guide, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2001, pp.1-85.
[51]S. Bringezu, M. Fischer-Kowalski, R. Kleijn and V. Palm, "Regional and national material flow accounting: from paradigm to practice of sustainability", Proceeding of ConAccount workshop, Leiden, Netherlands, January, 1997, pp. 21-23.
[52]M. P. Hekkert, L. A. J. Joosten and E. Worrell, "Analysis of the paper and wood flow in The Netherlands," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 30, no. 1, 2000, pp.29~48.
[53]U. Sonesson and J. Berlin, "Environmental impact of future milk supply chains in Sweden: a scenario study," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 11, no. 3, 2003, pp.253~266.
[54]V. S. Rotter, T. Kost, J. Winkler and B. Bilitewski, "Material flow analysis of RDF-production processes," Waste Management, vol. 24, no. 10, 2004, p.1007.
[55]S. Kytzia, M. Faist and P. Baccini, "Economically extended－MFA: a material flow approach for a better understanding of food production chain," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 12, no. 8~10, 2004, p.878.
[56]N. W. Kuo, T. Y. Hsiao and C. F. Lan, "Tourism management and industrial ecology: a case study of food service in Taiwan," Tourism Management, vol. 26, no. 4, 2005, pp.503-508.
[57]J. Johnson, J. Jirikowic, M. Bertram, D. Van Beers, R. B. Gordon, K. Henderson, R. J. Klee, T. Lanzano, R. Lifset, L. Oetjen and T. E. Graedel, "Contemporary anthropogenic silver cycle：A multilevel analysis," Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 12, 2005, p.46-55.
[58]T. Lanzano, M. Bertram, M. De Palo, C. Wagner, K. Zyla and T. E. Graedel, "The contemporary European silver cycle," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 46, no. 1, 2006, pp.27-43.
[59]T.C. Chang, S. J. You., B. S. Yu., H. W. Kong, "The fate and management of high mercury containing lamp from high tech. industry," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 141, issue 3, 22 March, p.p. 784-792, 2007.( SCI )
[60]T.C. Chang, S.J. You, B.S. Yu, K.F. Yao, "A material flow of lithium batteries in Taiwan," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 163, issues 2-3, 2009.
[61]B. F. Rembold and J. M. A. Tanchoco, An Integrated Framework for the Design of Material Flow Systems, Material Flow Systems in Manufacturing, J.M.A. Tanchoco Ed., Chapman & Hall Press, 1994.
[62]J. C. Cleveland and M. Ruth, "Indicators of Dematerialization and the Materials Intensity of Use," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol.2, No.3, 1999, pp.15-50.
[63]European Communities, Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts and Derived Indicators: A Methodological Guide, European Communities, Luxembourg, 2001a.
[64]V. Palm, Material flow analysis in technosphere and biosphere, Ph.D. Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2002.
[65]A. Steurer, Accounting and Analysis: Where to Go at an European Level, Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the London Group on Natural Resource and Environmental Accounting, Statistics Sweden, Stockholm, 1996.
[66]B. Tjahjadi, D. Schäfer, W. Rademacher, H. Höh, "Material and Energy Flow Accounting in Germany - Data Base for Applying the National Accounting Matrix Including Environmental Accounts Concept," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, vol. 10, 1999, pp.73-97.
[67]K. Geiser, Materials Matter：toward a sustainable materials policy, The MIT Press, 2001, pp.200-202.
[68]S. Bringezu, Industrial Ecology and Material Flow Analysis, Wuppertal Institute, Germany：Greenleaf Publishing, 2003, pp.20-26.
[69]李育明，民生物質永續利用—食衣住行—子計畫四：民生用塑膠及金屬容器之物質流分析與資源生產力指標評估探討(I)，行政院國家科學委員會九十三年度研究計畫成果報告，台北，2005。
[70]林慶煌，家戶垃圾處理處置生命週期之物質流評估-以重金屬鉛、鎘為例，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班，台北，2005。
[71]李淑莉，台灣地區燃煤電廠含汞物質流布與管理之研究，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學環境工程與管理研究所，台北，2008。
[72]R. Kleiln and E. van der Voet, "Material flow accounting," The NATVA 4th Seminar on Industrial Ecology, June, 2001, pp. 14-15.
[73]M. Scasny, J. Kovada and T. Hák, "Material Flow accounts, balances and derived indicator for the Czech Republic during the 1990s：results and recommendations for methodological improvements," Ecological Economics, vol. 45, 2003, pp.41-57.
[74]World Resource Institute, World Resources 2000-2001: People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life, Elsevier Science, USA, 2000.
[75]European Communities, Material Use Indicators for the European Union, 1980-1997, European Communities, Luxembourg, 2001b.
[76]N. B. Schulz, "Contribution of Material and Energy Flow Accounting to Urban Ecosystem Analysis：Case Study Singapore," UNU-IAS Working Paper, no.136, 2005.
[77]Y. M. Lee, C. Y. Chang and Y. H. Yu, "A preliminary study of material flow analysis in Taiwan," The Fifth International Conference on EcoBanalce, Ministry of the Environment, Tsukuba, Japan, 2002.
[78]M. K. Patel, E. Jochem, P. Radgen and E. Worrell, "Plastics streams in Germany - an analysis of production, consumption and waste generation," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 242, no. 3~4, 1998, pp.191-198.
[79]K. Thomas, Crushed Cement Concrete Substitution for Construction Aggregates, United States Geological Survey Circular, No. 1177, 1998.
[80]刘敬智、王青、顾晓薇、丁一、刘建兴，「中国经济的直接物质投入与物质减量分析」，中国科技论文联机，2005。
[81]行政院環境保護署，http://www.epa.gov.tw/。
[82]EU-LIFE Environment Demonstration Project, "RECYCLING of PV-THIN-FILM-MODULES," Recovery of Solar Valuable Materials, Enrichment and Decontamination, 2006, pp.1-4.
[83]European Union, "Directive 2008/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council," Official Journal of the European Union, 2008, pp.65-66.
[84]M.J. de Wild-Scholten, K. Wambach, E.A. Alsema and A. Jäger-Waldau, "Implications of European Environmental Legislation for Photovoltaic Systems," 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, 2005.
[85]Stéphanie Zangl, "Regulation Scenarios for Waste PV Modules," Workshop on LCA and Recycling of Solar Modules, Brussels, 2004.
[86]European Union, "Directive 2008/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council," Official Journal of the European Union, 2008, pp.67-68.
[87]A. Müller, K. Wambach and E. Alsema , "LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR MODULE RECYCLING PROCESS," 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, 2005.
[88]E. Bombach, A. Müller, K. Wambach and I. Röver, "RECYCLING OF SOLAR CELLS AND MODULES –RECENT IMPROVEMENTS," 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, 2005.
[89]德國First Solar公司，http://www.firstsolar.com/index.php。
[90]V. M. Fthenakis, "DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING OF END-OF-LIFE PV MODULES," 26th PVSC, 1997, pp.1067-1072.
[91]V. Fthenakis, "REGULATIQNS ON PMOTOVOLTAIC MODULE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING," BNL-68142 Informal Report, 2001.
[92]Vasilis M. Fthenakis, End-of-life management and recycling of PV modules, Energy Policy 28 1051-1058, 2000.
[93]N. Urashima, M. Izumina, A. Arita and K. MatsumotoOsaka, "Research & Development on Recycling Technology of Photovotaic Power Generation Systems - Social System for PV Recycling," Japan, 2003,pp.1985-1987.
[94]E. Radziemska and P. Ostrowski, "Recycling and Reuse Treatment of Photovotaic Systems," vol. 2, No. 1, 2008, pp.238-242.
[95]財政部關稅總局進出貿易統計，http://web.customs.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1
[96]行政院環保署 事業廢棄物管制資訊網，
http://waste.epa.gov.tw/prog/IndexFrame.asp。