臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

牙科鑄造學(Dental Casting)對於牙體技術學系學生及牙體技術師而言是非常重要的一門科目，無論是在小型到大型的假牙修復物，都需要使用鑄造技術。目前牙科修復物主要之鑄造方式仍以脫蠟鑄造(Dental Lost-Wax Casting technique)為主，牙科脫蠟鑄造最常利用噴火槍(blow torch或稱blow pipe)融熔合金，但調整噴火槍並利用噴火槍熔融金屬之過程相當複雜、危險與困難，需透過不斷的練習以熟悉調整方式，但初學者無法獨自使用這些高危險性的鑄造器械練習，需有鑄造專業知識的教師陪伴，否則將造成鑄造失敗損失成本，更可能釀成嚴重公安意外。
為了提供一個讓初學者安全學習的環境、減少學習訓練耗材成本，並且能夠在操作練習時給予即時的指導，降低教學者的教學負擔，並記錄學習者的操作過程供教學者與學習者有效掌握學習效果，因此本研究建立一個電腦輔助教學系統(Computer Assisted Instruction ; CAI)，透過Flash製作各項視覺化的模擬元件及模擬環境，並使用觸感(Haptic)技術操控模擬環境，藉此模擬噴火槍操作方式，讓使用者透過此系統的使用，熟悉噴火槍火焰調整與融熔金屬的方式，再透過即使語音指導功能的建置，讓學習者獲得系統即時的教導。系統為了有效模擬噴火槍的操作方式與噴火槍進行金屬熔融所產生的現象，遂採用任天堂公司所開發的Nintendo Wii Remote 觸感(Haptic)無線互動裝置進行噴火槍的模擬，再將Haptic裝置的操作訊號透過藍芽傳輸的方式傳入電腦主機，進行操作CAI系統中的模擬環境。
本雛形系統發展出帳號管理、教學指導、自我訓練及報表模組，並由後端Tutoring資料庫支援教學指導及自我訓練模組的操作方式及規則，在此二模組中的訓練方是即使用Haptic裝置模擬噴火槍調整與金屬融熔的操做。Log資料庫記錄學習者操作系統之軌跡，其操作軌跡包括使用者登入、登出、操作時間、操作日期、選擇之學習模組、操作過程中所發生的錯誤事件等等資訊，最後提供報表模組讓使用者及教學者能夠掌握學習狀況，讓學習者了解自我學習成效，也能讓教學者針對學習者之弱點進行強化。本系統之建立不僅能有效模擬噴火槍調整，其直覺性操作、有效監控學習過程以及即時教導功能的鑄造輔助教學環境，不僅能提供學生自我學習、減低教學成本、提昇操作安全、還能有效掌握學生學習狀態並降低教師教學負擔。

Dental casting is a very important discipline for students of dental technology and dental technicians. Small denture fixtures, e.g. inlays, onlays, crowns, endodontic posts and large denture bases all require the casting technique. In the dental field, lost-wax casting technique is one of the favorite methods to fabricate denture for dental technicians.
The lost-wax dental casting process use high temperature to melt metal alloys. The most frequently used instrument in the dental lost-wax casting technique to melt metal alloys for dental technicians is the blow torch (or called blow pipe). However, adjustment of the blow pipe is dangerous and difficult to a certain degree and hence requires repeated practice to do it well. Beginners cannot practice by themselves and need guidance from a teacher. Otherwise it will result in casting failure and cost losses. In a worst scenario, it may also lead to a serious public safety accident.
This study uses the computer assisted instruction (CAI) with the visual interface and Wii remote haptic wireless interactive device developed by Nintendo to effectively simulate blow pipe adjustment and establish an assisted casting training environment that is authentic, intuitive, and can effectively monitor the learning process for students to learn spontaneously, cut down the teaching cost, enhance operation safety, and reduce the teacher’s burden.

標題 i
審定書 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
公式目錄 ix
中文摘要 x
英文摘要 xiii
第一章 緒論
1.1研究背景 1
1.2研究動機 4
1.3研究目的 6
第二章 文獻探討
2.1 牙科鑄造(Dental Casting) 7
2.1.1牙科脫蠟鑄造(Dental Lose-Wax Casting) 7
2.1.2脫蠟鑄造金屬熔融(Alloy Melting) 8
2.1.3牙科用鈀-銀合金(Palladium-Silver Alloy) 12
2.2電腦輔助教學(Computer Assisted Instruction ; CAI) 14
2.2.1 CAI定義 14
2.2.2 CAI源起 15
2.2.3 CAI分類 17
2.2.3.1 Tutorial 18
2.2.3.2 Drill and Practice 19
2.2.3.3 Simulation 20
2.2.3.4 Game 22
2.2.3.5 Problem Solving 22
2.2.4 CAI於生物醫學應用之分類 23
2.2.5 CAI於學術上之研究 24
2.3觸感科技(Haptic Technologies) 26
2.3.1 Haptic定義 26
2.3.2 Haptic生理學之運作 27
2.3.3 Haptic相關之研究 30
2.4 Nintendo Wii Remote 32
第三章 研究方法與材料
3.1牙科脫蠟鑄造熔融金屬之臨床操作簡介 38
3.2牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統功能與規格 41
3.2.1牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統功能 41
3.2.2牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統規格 42
3.3牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統之軟硬體規劃 43
3.3.1牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統軟體規畫 43
3.3.2牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統硬體規劃 49
3.4軟體開發工具 52
3.4.1牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統工作環境建構 52
3.5牙科鑄造金屬熔融模擬教學系統製作 54
3.6學習模組音效製作 59
第四章 研究結果
4.1 系統功能介面與使用 62
4.1.1 硬體操作介面 62
4.1.2 軟體操作介面 63
4.2系統操作個案情境 78
第五章 結果與討論
5.1研究結果 82
5.2討論與未來展望 86
第六章 參考文獻
6.1參考文獻 90

[1] 鍾國雄， 《牙科材料學》 ，台北：合計圖書出版社第四版，民86，p.179-229。
[2]O''Brien, W.J., Dental Materials: Properties and Selection, ed. L.G. Peppers. 1989, Chicago, London, Berlin, Sao Paulo, Tokyo and Hong Kong: Quintessence Publishing Co. p.333-344.
[3]Anusavice, K.J., PHILLIPS'' SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS. 11 ed. 2003, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo: W.B. SAUNDERS COMPANY A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company. p.619-628.
[4]行政院勞工安全委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。Available at: http://www.iosh.gov.tw/data/f5/news930116.htm。93年1月16日新聞稿。
[5]行政院勞工安全委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。Available at: http://www.iosh.gov.tw/data/f5/news940325.htm。94年3月25日新聞稿。
[6]行政院勞工安全委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。Available at: http://www.iosh.gov.tw/data/f5/news931109.htm。93年11月9日新聞稿。
[7]行政院勞工安全委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。Available at:
http://www.iosh.gov.tw/data/f5/news930716.htm。93年7月16日新聞稿。
[8]McLinden, M.a.M., S., Learning Through Touch: Supporting children with visual impairment and additional difficulties. London: David Fulton Publishers, Ltd. The Chiswick Centre, 414 Chiswick High Road, London W4 5TF., 2002.
[9]IEEE Development of Haptic Technology CHC61 Competition: TEAMH@PT1C..Available at:
http://hapticshistory.chc61.uci.cu/haptic/site/pages/introduction.php/
[10]高資彬、翁秀和，《牙科材料學》，第五版，台北：合記圖書出版社，民89.10.，
P.34~53。
[11]Morris, D., Sewell, C., Barbagli, F., Salisbury, K., Blevins, N. H., Girod, S., Visuohaptic simulation of bone surgery for training and evaluation, in Ieee Computer Graphics and Applications. 2006. p. 48-57.
[12]Sewell, C., Morris, D., Blevins, N. H. ,Dutta, S., Agrawal, S., Barbagli, F., Salisbury, Providing metrics and performance feedback in a surgical simulator, in Computer Aided Surgery. 2008. p. 63-81.
[13]Cooke, T., Jakel, F., Wallraven, C., Bulthoff, H. H., Multimodal similarity and categorization of novel, three-dimensional objects. Neuropsychologia, 2007. 45(3): p. 484-495.
[14]Liao, Y.K.C., Effects of computer-assisted instruction on students'' achievement in Taiwan: A meta-analysis. Computers & Education, 2007. 48(2). p. 216-233.
[15]Henning, G., The casting of precious metal alloys in dentistry. Brit. Dent. J., 1972. 133428-35.
[16]王道， 《牙科材料學》 ，台北：合計圖書出版社第四版，民76.3，p.324~350。
[17]Taylor, R.P., Introduction. In R. P. Taylor (Ed.), The computer in school: Tutor, tool, tutee. New York: Teachers College Press. p. 1-10
[18]洪榮昭，《電腦輔助教學之設計原理與應用》，台北，師大書苑有限公司, 民81。
[19]Hicks, B. and D. Hyde, Teaching about CAI. Journal of teacher education, 1973. 24(summer): p. 120-121.
[20]Simons, S.M., Computer assisted instruction programs as a productivity tool in engineering education, in Frontiers in Education Conference. Oct 1989 p.274-279
[21]Lai, L.L., computer-assisted-learning in power-system relaying. IEEE Transactions on Education, 1995. 38(3): p. 217-222.
[22]Cogo, A.L.P., Pedr, E. N. R., Silveira, D. T., Da Silva, Apss, Alves, R. H. K., Catalan, V. M., Development and use of digital educative objects in nursing teaching. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem, 2007. 15(4): p. 699-701.
[23]何榮桂，〈我國電腦輔助教學的發展現況與未來發展趨勢〉，台灣區網際網路TANet’96研討會論文集，民85。
[24]何桂榮，〈教育部「資訊教育基礎建設計劃」與北、高兩市「資訊教育白皮書」簡介〉，資訊與教育雜誌，70期，民88，p. 2~8。
[25]邱貴發，〈電腦輔助教學軟體的應用層面問題〉，視聽教育雙月刊，32卷3期，民86。
[26]朱湘吉，〈教學科技發展的新紀元 - 新教學科技期〉，教學科技與媒體，民81。
[27]林寶山，《教學原理與技巧》，台北：五南圖書出版公司，初版六刷，民90.10。
[28]Oh, P., Back to Basics., Instructor-Primary, 1999.3., 108(6), p.74-75.
[29]Luik, P., Characteristics of drills related to development of skills, in Journal of Computer Assisted Learning., 2007. , p.56-68.
[30]Mocluin, D.H. and Thomas, D. B., Selecting microcomputer for the calssroom.
Washington. National Education of the United States., Washington, D. C.1982.
[31]Thomas, R. and I. Neilson, Harnessing, simulations in the service of education:the interact simulation environment. Computer Education, 1995. 25(1): p. 21-29.
[32]顏晴榮，〈模擬式電腦輔助教學課程軟體發展〉，教學科技與媒體，民87，42，
p. 50-54.。
[33]Ystanbullu, A. and Y. Guler, Computer assisted learning for biomedical engineering education: tools, in IEEE CNF. 25-28 Oct. 2001 p. 4030 - 4031
[34]Luor, T., Johanson, R. E., Lu, H. P. , Wu, L. L., Trends and lacunae for future computer assisted learning (CAL) research: An assessment of the literature in SSCI journals from 1998-2006. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2008. 59(8): p. 1313-1320.
[35]Lechner, S.K., G.A. Thomas, and M. Bradshaw, An interactive multimedia solution to learning removable partial denture design. J Prosthodont, 1998. 7(3): p. 177-82.
[36]Hosny, S., A.M. Mishriky, and M. Youssef, Introducing computer-assisted training sessions in the clinical skills lab at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University. Medical Teacher, 2008. 30(2): p. E35-E40.
[37]Burke, J.F., Gnall, E., Umrudden, Z., Kyaw, M., Schick, P. K., Critical analysis of a computer-assisted tutorial on ECG interpretation and its ability to determine competency. Medical Teacher, 2008. 30(2): p. E41-E48.
[38]Haptics international society, G.R.-D.-L.-T., International Society for Haptics, The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments. IEEE, 2006.
[39]Haptic Technology. Immersion Corporation. Available at:
http://www.immersion.com/. Accessed Mar 3, 2008
[40]Lederman, S.J. and R.L. Klatzky, Hand movements: A window into haptic object recognition. . Cognitive Psychology, 1987(19): p. 342- 368.
[41]Kelley, G.J. and R.E. Mayer, Haptic Augmentation of Science Instruction: Does Touch Matter? LEARNING Wiley Periodicals, 21 December 2005. Published online 21 December 2005 in Wiley InterScience(www.interscience.wiley.com)..
[42]Inoue, M., Yukihiro Matsubara, Noriyuki Iwane, Manabu Nakamura, Makoto Ichitsubo , VR-Based Dynamics Learning System Using Haptic Device and its Evaluation, in Proc. 5th IEEE Conf. on Advanced Learning Technologies.,2005.
[43]Heng, P.-A., Tien-Tsin Wong, Rong Yang, Yim-Pan Chui, Yong Ming Xie, Kwong-Sak Leung, Ping-Chung Leung, Intelligent Inferencing and Haptic Simulation for Chinese Acupuncture Learning and Training, in IEEE Transactions on information technology in biomedicine. January 2006.
[44]Howell, J.N., Robert R Conatser, Robert L Williams II, Janet M Burns, David C Eland, The virtual haptic back: A simulation for training in palpatory diagnosis. BMC Medical Education, April 2008.
[45]Wii. Wiki Pedia. Available at:
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wii&variant=zh-tw . Accessed Sep 17, 2008.
[46]Lee, J.C., Hacking the Nintendo Wii Remote, in IEEE CS, PERVASIVE computing. 2008.
[47]Broadcom Blue Tooth Devices. Broadcom Corporation. Available at:
http://www.broadcom.com/collateral/pb/2042-PB03-R.pdf. Accessed Oct 20.
[48] 3-axis linear accelerometer. Analog Device. Available at:
http://www.analog.com/en/mems-and-sensors/imems-accelerometers/adxl330/products/product.html. Accessed Oct 20.
[49]3-axis linear accelerometer. Analog Device. Available at:
http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/data_sheets/ADXL330.pdf