臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

根據語意網所提出的藍圖，電腦不但能夠自動讀取資料並且能夠了解其內容語意，進而使得電腦能夠查詢出符合人類語意需求的結果。
因此，在未來的全球網路上實現機器能夠理解人類描述語意是非常有希望達成的。
然而，隨著在不同語意網描述架構的平行發展，卻使得實現整體語意網藍圖時，帶來了跨架構之間語意資源交互操作的問題。
目前，已有許多相關研究投入研究如何促進不同語意網描述架構之間的交互操作性，
並透過不同方式來加強相關的語意資源整合與運用。
在本論文中，我們進一步提出跨架構的視覺編輯開發環境、整合視覺化介面設計與語意網資源整合方法，
以促進跨架構的語意網資源編輯、瀏覽與整合運用。
本論文研究主要達成以下三項貢獻：
(1) 提供以主題地圖為基礎的視覺化編輯環境，並有效地輔助使用者正確地建構、編輯與修改跨語意網架構的相關資源。
(2) 設計整合式的跨架構語意網視覺化介面，並能夠幫助使用者快速地瀏覽、找尋所需的語意網資源。
(3) 提出準確的自動化語意網資源整合機制，並能夠有效地應用在大型企業網路目錄與入口網站分類目錄，以提升自動化網路資源整合的正確性。

According to the statement of the Semantic Web road map,
machine understandability is very promising to be realized in the Web environment.
The parallel development of diverse Semantic Web frameworks of RDF and TM, however,
brings the interoperability problems when the blueprint of Semantic Web is practiced.
Hence, the interoperability for heterogeneous Semantic Web frameworks has shown
its importance for future development of Semantic Web.
Different studies have been investigated to mitigate the interoperability problems with
syntactic and semantic translation schemes, and in advance
facilitate the accessibility of Semantic Web resources among heterogeneous frameworks.
In this dissertation,
we propose different approaches to facilitate cross-framework
interoperability in authoring, integration, and visualization.
Our study achieves the contributions
from the following three aspects:
(1) enhanced authoring interoperability of heterogeneous Semantic Web frameworks,
(2) cross-framework visualization on Semantic Web resources, and
(3) automating integration of semantic resources.

目錄
書名頁. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
論文口試委員審定書. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
授權書. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
中文摘要. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
英文摘要. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
誌謝(一) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
誌謝(二) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
目錄. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
表目錄. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
圖目錄. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Development History of Semantic Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Fundamental Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Similarities and Differences between RDF and TM . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Synergy between RDF and TM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Research Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Authoring Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Semantic Resource Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ix
1.3 Research Goals and Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Previous Research Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1 Authoring among Semantic Web Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.1 RDF-based Authoring Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.2 TM-based Authoring Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Integrated Visualization Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 RDF Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Topic Maps Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.3 Integrated Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Research on Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 RDF/Topic Maps Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Ontology Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Semantic Resource Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1 Cross-Framework Authoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Authoring Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1 Authoring Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.2 XTM-to-RDF Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 Interoperability Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.5 User Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
x
3.5.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5.2 Simple Relationship Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5.2.1 Task Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5.2.2 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5.2.3 Speed Performance of Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5.2.4 Task Correctness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5.3 Complex Relationship Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.3.1 Task Assignments for Understandability . . . . . . . . 38
3.5.3.2 Task Assignments for Operability . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.5.3.3 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.5.3.4 Speed Performance of Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.5.3.5 Task Correctness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4 Interoperable Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.1 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2 Visualization Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.1 Layout of ISWIVE-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.2 Layout of ISWIVE-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.3 Visualization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2.3.1 RDF Drawing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.3.2 TM Drawing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.4 Visualization Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
xi
4.2.5 Document and Query Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.6 Graph Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.7 Operational Examples for ISWIVE-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3 User Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.2 Employed Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.3 Evaluation Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3.3.1 Speed of Task Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3.3.2 Task Correctness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 Semantic Resource Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1 Ontology Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2 Integration Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3 TM-based Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.3.1 Integration Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.3.2 Matching Semantic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.3.3 Integration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.3.3.1 Integration with Internal Conceptual Information . . . . 67
5.3.3.2 Integration with Conceptual Mapping Information . . . 69
5.4 Applications on Web Taxonomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.4.1 Web Taxonomy Integration Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.4.2 Integration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
xii
5.5 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5.1 Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5.2 Experimental Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.5.2.1 Integration from Yahoo! to Google . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.5.2.2 Integration from Google to Yahoo! . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 Future Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
A Detailed Experimental Results of ICI-SVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
A.1 The Integration Results of ICI-SVM (Y→G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
A.2 The Integration Results of ICI-SVM (G→Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
B Detailed Experimental Results of CMI-SVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
B.1 The Integration Results of CMI-SVM (Y→G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
B.2 The Integration Results of CMI-SVM (G→Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Bibliography
[1] “Empolis.” [Online]. Available: http://www.empolis.com/products/prod k42.asp.
[2] “The FRODO Project.” [Online]. Available: http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/frodo/
RDFSViz/.
[3] “SemanticWorks.” [Online]. Available: http://www.altova.com/download/
semanticworks/semantic web rdf owl editor.html.
[4] “The TM4J Project.” [Online]. Available: http://tm4j.org/.
[5] “XML Topic Maps (XTM) 1.0,” 2001. [Online]. Available: http://www.topicmaps.
org/xtm/.
[6] “Jena Semantic Web Toolkit,” 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.hpl.hp.com/
semweb/jena.htm.
[7] Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant, “On Integrating Catalogs,” in Proceedings
of the 10th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW 2001), Hong
Kong, 2001, pp. 603–612.
[8] Ahmed Alasoud, Volker Haarslev, and Nematollaah Shiri, “A Hybrid Approach for
Ontology Integration,” in Proceedings of the 31st VLDB Conference, Trondheim,
Norway, 2005.
[9] Carlo Batini, Maurizio Lenzerini, and Shamkant B. Navathe, “A Comparative Analysis
of Methodologies for Database Schema Integration,” ACM Computing Surveys,
vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 323–364, December 1986.
[10] Giuseppe Di Battista, Peter Eades, and Roberto Tamassia, Grpah Drawing: Algorithms
for the Visualization of Graphs. Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999.
[11] Sean Bechhofer, Frank van Harmelen, Jim Hendler, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L.
McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, and Lynn Andrea Stein, “Web Ontology
Language (OWL) Reference (version 1.0),” 2004. [Online]. Available: http:
//www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/.
85
[12] Dave Beckett, “RDF/XML Syntax Specification.” [Online]. Available: http:
//www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/.
[13] Tim Berners-Lee, “Semantic Web Road Map,” 1998. [Online]. Available:
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html.
[14] Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila, “The Semantic Web,”
2001. [Online]. Available: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=
the-semantic-web.
[15] Michel Biezunski and Steven R. Newcomb, “Topicmaps.net’s Processing
Model for XTM 1.0 (version 1.0.2),” 2001. [Online]. Available: http:
//topicmaps.net/pmtm4.htm.
[16] Dan Brickley, “Rudolf: RDFViz.” [Online]. Available: http://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/
discovery/rdf-dev/rudolf/rdfviz/.
[17] Dan Brickley and Ramanathan V. Guha, “RDF Vocabulary Description Language
1.0: RDF Schema.” [Online]. Available: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/.
[18] Stuart K. Card, Jock Mackinlay, and Ben Shneiderman, Eds., Readings in Information
Visualization: Using Vision to Think. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999.
[19] Chao-Chen Chen, Jian-Hua Yeh, and Shun-Hong Sie, “Government Ontology and
Thesaurus Construction: a Taiwanese Experience,” in Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL 2005), Bangkok, Thailand,
2005, pp. 263–272.
[20] Ing-Xiang Chen, Chun-Lin Fan, Pang-Hsiang Lo, Li-Chia Kuo, and Cheng-Zen
Yang, “ISWIVE: an Integrated Visualization for Semantic Web,” in Proceedings
of 19th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
(AINA 2005), Taipei, Taiwan, 2005, pp. 701–706.
[21] Ing-Xiang Chen, Jui-Chi Ho, and Cheng-Zen Yang, “An Iterative Approach for Web
Catalog Integration with Support Vector Machines,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Asia
Information Retrieval Symposium 2005 (AIRS 2005), October 2005, pp. 703–708.
86
[22] Ing-Xiang Chen, Jui-Chi Ho, and Cheng-Zen Yang, “On Hierarchical Web Catalog
Integration with Conceptual Relationships in Thesaurus,” in Proceedings of the 29th
ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR
2006), Seattle, Washington, USA, August 2006, pp. 635–636.
[23] Ing-Xiang Chen, Jui-Chi Ho, and Cheng-Zen Yang, “Hierarchical Web Catalog Integration
with Conceptual Relationships in a Thesaurus,” International Journal of
Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing, vol. 12, no. 2, pp.
155–174, 2007.
[24] Ing-Xiang Chen, Cheng-Zen Yang, and Tzu-Lin Hsu, “Design and Evaluation of a
Panoramic Visualization Environment on Semantic Web,” Information and Software
Technology, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 402–409, 2006.
[25] Namyoun Choi, Il-Yeol Song, and Hyoil Han, “A Survey on Ontology Mapping,”
SIGMOD Record, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 34–41, September 2006.
[26] Paolo Ciancarini, Riccardo Gentilucci, Marco Pirruccio, Valentina Presutti, and
Fabio Vitali, “Metadata on the Web—on the Integration of RDF and Topic Maps,”
in Proceedings of Extreme Markup Languages 2003, 2003.
[27] Dan Connolly, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F.
Patel-Schneider, and Lynn Andrea Stein, “DAML+OIL Reference Description,”
March 2001. [Online]. Available: http://www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference.
[28] Darina Dicheva and Christo Dichev, “TM4L: Creating and Browsing Educational
Topic Maps,” British Journal of Educational Technology—BJET, vol. 37, no. 3, pp.
391–404, 2006.
[29] Darina Dicheva, Christo Dichev, and Dandan Wang, “Visualizing Topic Maps for
e-Learning,” in Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Advanced
Learning Technologies (ICALT 2005), Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2005, pp. 950–951.
[30] AnHai Doan, Jayant Madhavan, Pedro Domingos, and Alon Halevy, “Learning to
Map between Ontologies on the Semantic Web,” in Proceedings of the 11th International
Conference on World Wide Web (WWW 2002), Honolulu, Hawaii, 2002, pp.
662–673.
87
[31] Theresa Edgington, Beomjin Choi, Katherine Henson, T. S. Raghu, and Ajay Vinze,
“Adopting Ontology to Facilitate Knowledge Sharing,” Communications of the
ACM, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 85–90, 2003.
[32] Marc Ehrig and Steffen Staab, “QOM—Quick Ontology Mapping,” in Proceedings
of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2004), Hiroshima, Japan,
November 2004, pp. 683–697.
[33] Peter Eklund, “Visual Displays for Browsing RDF Documents,” in Proceedings of
the 7th Australian Document Computing Symposium, Australia, 2002.
[34] J′erˆome Euzenat and Pavel Shvaiko, Ontology Matching. Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
2007.
[35] William B. Frakes and Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Information Retrieval: Data Structures
and Algorithms. Prentice Hall, Inc., 1992.
[36] Lars Marius Garshol, “Living with Topic Maps and RDF.” [Online]. Available:
http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tmrdf.html.
[37] Lars Marius Garshol, “The RTM RDF to Topic Maps Mapping: Definition and
Introduction.” [Online]. Available: http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/
rdf2tm.html.
[38] Lars Marius Garshol, “Topic Maps, RDF, DAML, OIL: a Comparison.” [Online].
Available: http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tmrdfoildaml.html.
[39] Lars Marius Garshol, “An RDF Schema for Topic Maps,” 2002. [Online]. Available:
http://psi.ontopia.net/rdf/.
[40] Lars Marius Garshol and Graham Moore, “Topic Maps—Data Model.” [Online].
Available: http://www.isotopicmaps.org/sam/sam-model/.
[41] Vladimir Geroimenko and Chaomei Chen, Eds., Visualizig the Semantic Web. London,
Great Britain: Springer-Verlag, 2003.
[42] Benedicte Le Grand and Michel Soto, “Information Management—Topic Maps Visualization,”
in Proceedings of the XML Europe 2000, Paris, France, 2000.
88
[43] Benedicte Le Grand and Michel Soto, “Visualisation of the Semantic Web: Topic
Maps Visualisation,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information
Visualisation (IV 2002), 2002, pp. 344–349.
[44] David Harel and Yehuda Koren, “A Multi-scale Algorithm for Drawing Graphs
Nicely,” Discrete Applied Mathematics, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 3–21, 2001.
[45] Jui-Chi Ho, Ing-Xiang Chen, and Cheng-Zen Yang, “Learning to Integrate Web
Catalogs with Conceptual Relationships in Hierarchical Thesaurus,” in Proceedings
of the 3rd Asia Information Retrieval Symposium (AIRS 2006), Singapore, October
2006, pp. 217–229.
[46] Eduard Hovy, “Combining and Standardizing Large-scale, Practical Ontologies for
Machine Translation and Other Uses,” in Proceedings of the First International Conference
on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Granada, Spain, 1998.
[47] Eduard Hovy, “Using an Ontology to Simplify Data Access,” Communications of
the ACM, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 47–49, 2003.
[48] Thorsten Joachims, “SVMlight—An Implementation of Support Vector Machines
(SVMs) in C,” http://svmlight.joachims.org/.
[49] Thorsten Joachims, “Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning
with Many Relevant Features,” in Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on
Machine Learning (ECML 1998), Chemnitz, Germany, April 1998, pp. 137–142.
[50] Thorsten Joachims, Learning to Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines:
Methods, Theory, and Algorithms. Kluwer Academic Publishers/Springer, 2002.
[51] Tomihisa Kamada and Satoru Kawai, “An Algorithm for Drawing General Undirected
Graphs,” Information Processing Letters, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 7–15, 1989.
[52] Alfred Kobsa, “User Experiment with Tree Visualization Systems,” in Proceedings
of IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2004, Austin, TX, 2004.
[53] Martin S. Lacher and Stefan Decker, “On the Integration of Topic Maps Data and
RDF Data,” in Proceedings of Extreme Markup Languages 2001, Montreal, Canada,
2001.
89
[54] Martin S. Lacher and Stefan Decker, “Topic Maps and the Semantic Web,” Markup
Languages: Theory & Practice, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 313–331, 2001.
[55] Giovani Rubert Librelotto, Jose Carlos Ramalho, and Pedro Rangel Henriques,
“TM-Builder: an Ontology Builder based on XML Topic Maps,” CLEI Electron
Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2004.
[56] Brahim Medjahed, Athman Bouguettaya, and Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, “Composing
Web Services on the Semantic Web,” International Journal on Very Large Data
Bases, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 333–351, 2003.
[57] Chris Metcalf and Grace A. Lewis, “Model Problems in Technologies for Interoperability:
OWL Web Ontology Language for Services (OWL-S),” Carnegie Mellon
University, Tech. Rep. CMU/SEI-2006-TN-018, 2006.
[58] Graham Moore, “RDF and Topic Maps: An Exercise in Convergence,” in Proceedings
of XML Europe 2001, Berlin, German, 2001.
[59] Motomu Naito, “RDF/Topic Maps Mapping and Application Framework—
Realization of Seamless Knowledge,” in Proceedings of the 14th World Wide Web
Conference (WWW 2005), 2005.
[60] Steven R. Newcomb, “Preemptive Reification,” in Proceedings of the 1st International
Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2002), 2002, pp. 414–418.
[61] Karin D. Qui nones, Hua Su, Byron Marshall, Shauna Eggers, and Hsinchun Chen,
“User-Centered Evaluation of Arizona BioPathway: An Information Extraction, Integration,
and Visualization System,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technologies
in Biomedicine, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 89–102, 2007.
[62] Natalya F. Noy and Mark A. Musen, “PROMPT: Algorithm and Tool for Automated
Ontology Merging and Alignment,” in Proceedings of the Seventeenth National
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Twelfth Conference on Innovative
Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-00), Austin, Texas, July 2000, pp. 450–
455.
90
[63] Natalya F. Noy and Mark A. Musen, “The PROMPT Suite: Interactive Tools for Ontology
Merging and Mapping,” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,
vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 983–1024, 2003.
[64] Natalya F. Noy, Michael Sintek, Stefan Decker, Monica Crubezy, Ray W. Fergers,
and Mark A. Musen, “Creating Semantic Web Contents with Prot′eg′e-2000,” IEEE
Intelligent Systems, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 60–71, 2001.
[65] Natasha F. Noy, “What Do We Need for Ontology Integration on the Semantic
Web?” in Proceedings of the Workshop on Semantic Integration, jointed held
with the 2nd International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2003), Sanibel Island,
Forida, USA, 2003, pp. 175–176.
[66] Nikita Ogievetsky, “XML Topic Maps through RDF Glasses,” in Proceedings of
Extreme Markup Languages 2001, 2001.
[67] Nikita Ogievetsky, “XML Topic Maps through RDF glasses,” Markup Languages:
Theory & Practice, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 333–364, 2001.
[68] Borys Omelayenko, “Syntactic-level Ontology Integration Rules for E-commerce,”
in Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research
Society Conference (FLAIRS-2001), Key West, FL, May 2001, pp. 324–328.
[69] Steve Pepper, “The TAO of Topic Maps,” in Proceedings of XML Europe 2000,
2000.
[70] Steve Pepper and Sylvia Schwab, “Curing the Web’s Identity Crisis,” 2003.
[Online]. Available: http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tmrdf.html.
[71] Steve Pepper, Fabio Vitali, Lars Marius Garshol, Nicola Gessa, and Valentina
Presutti, “A Survey of RDF/Topic Maps Interoperability Proposals,” 2006. [Online].
Available: http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/NOTE-rdftm-survey-20060210/.
[72] Emmanuel Pietriga, “IsaViz: A Visual Environment for Browsing and Authoring
RDF Models,” in Proceedings of the 11thWorldWideWeb Conference (WWW 2002)
(Developer’s day), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2002.
91
[73] Martin F. Porter, “The Porter Stemming Algorithm.” [Online]. Available:
http://tartarus.org/»martin/PorterStemmer.
[74] Jose Carlos Ramalho, Giovani Rubert Librelotto, and Pedro Rangel Henriques, “Ontology
Driven Websites with Topic Maps—Tutorial,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference on Web Engineering, 2003.
[75] George G. Robertson, Jock D. Mackinlay, and Stuart K. Card, “Cone Trees:
Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information,” in Proceedings of the
SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Reaching through
Technology, 1991, pp. 184–194.
[76] Gerard Salton and Michael J. McGill, Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1983.
[77] Sunita Sarawagi, Soumen Chakrabarti, and Shantanu Godbole, “Cross-training:
Learning Probabilistic Mappings Between Topics,” in Proceedings of the 9th ACM
SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining,
2003, pp. 177–186.
[78] Graeme Shanks, Elizabeth Tansley, and Ron Weber, “Using Ontology to Validate
Conceptual Models,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 85–89, 2003.
[79] Ramesh Srinivasan and Jeffrey Huang, “Fluid Ontologies for Digital Museums,”
International Journal of Digital Library, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 193–204, 2005.
[80] Bernard Vatant, “Mondeca Topic Navigator.” [Online]. Available: http://www.
mondeca.com.
[81] Bernard Vatant, “Ontology-driven Topic Maps,” in Proceedings of XML Europe
2004, 2004.
[82] Chao Wang, Jie Lu, and Guangquan Zhang, “Integration of Ontology Data through
Learning Instance Matching,” in Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International
Conferenceon Web Intelligence (WI 2006), Washington, DC, USA, 2006, pp.
536–539.
92
[83] Chia-Wei Wu, Tzong-Han Tasi, and Wen-Lian Hsu, “Learning to Integrate Web
Taxonomies with Fine-Grained Relations: A Case Study Using Maximum Entropy
Model,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Asia Information Retrieval Symposium (AIRS
2005), October 2005.
[84] Chia-Wei Wu, Tzong-Han Tasi, Cheng-Wei Lee, and Wen-Lian Hsu, “Web Taxonomy
Integration with Hierarchical Shrinkage Algorithm and Fine-grained Relations,”
Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 2123–2131, 2008.
[85] Christopher C. Yang, Hsinchun Chen, and Kay Hong, “Visualization of Large Category
Map for Internet Browsing,” Decision Support Systems, vol. 35, no. 1, pp.
89–102, 2003.
[86] Yiming Yang and Xin Liu, “A Re-examination of Text Categorization Methods,” in
Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research
and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 1999), August 1999, pp. 42–49.
[87] Dell Zhang and Wee Sun Lee, “Web Taxonomy Integration through Cobootstrapping,”
in Proceedings of the 27th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference
on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2004), July
2004, pp. 410–417.
[88] Dell Zhang and Wee Sun Lee, “Web Taxonomy Integration Using Support Vector
Machines,” in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on World Wide Web
(WWW 2004), May 2004, pp. 472–481.