臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
本文將處理後砂石場底泥、廢玻璃粉末、發泡劑、助熔劑等材料調配，經混拌、滾動造粒成不同粒徑球狀生坯，經陰乾、烘乾後，再以5℃/min溫度上升進行燒結，其燒結溫度設定為800℃、900℃及1000℃等三種；砂石場底泥添加量設定為25%和35%兩種；發泡劑設定為3%和3%～15%等兩種；助熔劑設定為3%和3%～15%等兩種，再進行抗壓、密度、吸水率、掃描式電子顯微鏡等試驗，並探討燒結溫度、發泡劑含量、助熔劑含量等對燒結體的強度、密度、吸水率等性質之影響。
本文為考慮節能減碳，特選用活性碳、碳酸鈉等材料作為發泡劑，選用氧化鋁、氧化鐵、小蘇打等作為助熔劑，提供適當發泡環境、提高黏滯力、降低發泡溫度，達到高強度、低密度等效果。
經試驗結果證實：(1)當砂石場底泥添加量為25%，發泡劑採用活性碳添加量固定為3%，助熔劑氧化鋁、氧化鐵、小蘇打添加量為3%～15%時，以G69-BD25-Cp3-Al 3～G57-BD25-Cp3-NaH15等配比而言，燒結至800℃即可符合綠建材要求，其中以G63-BD25-Cp3-Fe 9配比強度最大。(2)當砂石場底泥添加量為25%，發泡劑採用活性碳添加量為3%～15%，助熔劑添加量固定為3%時，以G69-BD25-Cp3-Al 3～G57-BD25-Cp15-NaH3等9個配比而言，燒結至900℃時全部配比即可符合綠建材要求，其中以G57-BD25-Cp15-Al 3配比強度最大。(3)當砂石場底泥添加量增加為35%，發泡劑採用活性碳添加量固定為3%，助熔劑添加量為3%～15%時，以G59-BD35-Cp3-Al 3～G47-BD35-Cp3-NaH15等9個配比而言，燒結至900℃全部配比大約可符合綠建材要求，其中以G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe 3配比強度最大。(4)當砂石場底泥添加量增加為35%，發泡劑活性碳添加量為3%～15%，助熔劑添加量固定為3%時，以G59-BD35-Cp3-Al 3～G47-BD35-Cp15-NaH3等9個配比而言，燒結至900℃時即可符合綠建材要求，其中以G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe 3配比強度最大。 (5)當發泡劑添加量固定為3%，助熔劑添加量為3%～15%狀況下，砂石場底泥添加量為25%時，其強度較高、密度較小、吸水率則較低；採用活性碳作為發泡劑，其強度較高、密度較小、吸水率較低效果更顯著，但用量以不超過9%為最佳。
關鍵詞：砂石場底泥，廢玻璃粉末，發泡劑，助熔劑，滾動造粒。

Abstract
This study is to make use of the treated gravel sediment mud, glass cullet powder, which is combined with swell and flux etc. after made into lightweight granular aggregate of different sizes through the processes of mixing and rotating granulation. The lightweight aggregate are dried in the shade before drying by oven, and sintered at a temperature increased by 5℃/min. The sintering temperature is set at 800℃, 900℃ and 1000℃, gravel sediment mud is set to 25% and 35%,swell is set to 3% and 3%～15%, flux is set to 3% and 3%～15%, base mechanics features of light weight aggregate through tests of compressive strength, density, water absorption and scanning electron microscopy, with discussion made on the impact of the contents of swell and flux, on the compression strength, density, water absorption, and physical properties.
The sintering temperature in this study is controlled in consideration of energy efficiency and reduction of carbon dioxide emission, and activated carbon and sodium carbonate are used as swell, and alumina, iron oxide, sodium bicarbonate as flux to produce an adequate swelling environment to achieve the higher strength and lower density by increasing the viscidity and reducing the swelling temperature.
Experimental results have proven that: (1) if the gravel sediment mud is 25%, when the vesicant adopts activated carbon at the fixed content of 3% and that of the fusing agent is 3%~15%, as for the mixture ration of G69-BD25-Cp3-Al 3～G57-BD25-Cp3-NaH15, etc., in general, the requirements for green building materials can be met even at the firing temperature of 800°C, where, the mixing intensity of G63-BD25-Cp3-Fe 9 is the highest. (2) if the gravel sediment mud is 25%, when the vesicant adopts sodium carbonate of 3%~15% and that of the fusing agent is fixed at 3%, as for the mixture ration of G69-BD25-Cp3-Al 3～G57-BD25-Cp15-NaH3, etc., the requirements for green building materials can be met at the firing temperature of 900°C, where, the mixing intensity of G57-BD25-Cp15-Al 3is the highest. (3) if the gravel sediment mud is increased to 35%, when the vesicant adopts activated carbon at the fixed content of 3% and that of the fusing agent is 3%~15%, as for the mixture ration of G59-BD35-Cp3-Al 3～G47-BD35-Cp3-NaH15, the requirements for green building materials can be met even at the firing temperature of 900°C, where, the mixing intensity of G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe 3 is the highest. (4)if the gravel sediment mud is increased to 35%, when the vesicant still adopts activated carbon is 3%~15% and that of the fusing agent at the fixed content of 3%, as for the mixture ration of G59-BD35-Cp3-Al 3～G47-BD35-Cp15-NaH3, in general, the requirements for green building materials can be met even at the firing temperature of 900°C, where, the mixing intensity of G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe 3is the highest. (5) if the content of vesicant is fixed at 3% and that of the fusing agent is 3%~15%, when the content of gravel sediment mud is 25%, the compression strength and density are high, but water absorption is low; when boric acid is adopted as the vesicant, the intensity is high, the density and water absorption are low more significant, however, the dosage shall not exceed 9%.
Keywords: Gravel Sediment Mud, Glass Cullet Powder, Swell, Flux, Rotating Granulation.

目 錄
摘要 I
英文摘要 III
誌謝 V
第一章 前言 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 1
第二章 文獻回顧 2
2-1砂石場底泥來源與產量 2
2-2砂石場場底泥組成 3
2-3玻璃回收 3
2-3-1玻璃回收及再生 3
2-3-2玻璃組成物質 4
2-3-3玻璃形成理論 4
2-4輕骨材概述 6
2-4-1輕質骨材之總類 6
2-4-2輕質骨材之特性 7
2-5輕質骨材膨脹機理 9
2-6輕質骨材燒結理論 11
2-6-1黏土-水系統 11
2-6-2黏土之乾燥 13
2-7玻化 13
2-8燒結理論 14
2-8-1液相燒結 16
2-9造粒燒結處理方法 16
2-9-1影響燒結的因子 17
第三章 試驗計劃與流程 19
3-1研究計畫 19
3-2試驗方法及儀器設備 19
3-2-1抗壓強度試驗 19
3-2-2吸水率 20
3-2-3掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)與能量分散光譜分析(EDS) 20
3-2-4毒性特性溶出程序(TCLP) 22
3-3試驗材料 22
3-4試驗變數 22
第四章 試驗結果與分析 24
4-1砂石場底泥、廢玻璃粉物理與化學性質 24
4-2助熔劑添加量與單壓強度之關係 26
4-3發泡劑添加量與單壓強度之關係 41
4-4助熔劑添加量與密度之關係 58
4-5發泡劑添加量與密度之關係 60
4-6助熔劑添加量與吸水率之關係 63
4-7發泡劑添加量與吸水率之關係 66
4-8總結 69
第五章 結論 74
5-1結論 74
5-2建議 76
參考文獻 77
附錄 80
表目錄
表 2-1 各類輕質骨材之物理性質表 9
表4-1 砂石場底泥、廢玻璃粉成分分析 25
表4-2 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(一) ..................26
表4-3 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(二) ..................30
表4-4 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(三) ..................34
表4-5 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(四) ..................38
表4-6 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(一) ..................42
表4-7 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(二) ..................46
表4-8 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(三) ..................50
表4-9 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係(四) ..................54
表4-10 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(一) ........................58
表4-11 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(二) ........................59
表4-12 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(三) ........................59
表4-13 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(四) ........................60
表4-14 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(一) ........................61
表4-15 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(二) ........................61
表4-16 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(三) ........................62
表4-17 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與密度之關係(四) ........................62
表4-18 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(一) ....................63
表4-19 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(二) ....................64
表4-20 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(三) ....................65
表4-21 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(四) ....................65
表4-22 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(一) 66
表4-23 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(二) 67
表4-24 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(三) ....................67
表4-25 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與吸水率之關係(四) ....................68
表4-26 助熔劑為3%、發泡劑為3%～15%時強度、密度與吸水率之
關係(一)..................................................................................................69
表4-27 助熔劑為3%、發泡劑為3%～15%時強度、密度與吸水率之
關係(二)..................................................................................................71
表4-28 助熔劑為3%、發泡劑為3%～15%時強度、密度與吸水率之
關係(三)..................................................................................................72
表4-29 助熔劑為3%、發泡劑為3%～15%時強度、密度與吸水率之
關係(四)..................................................................................................73
圖目錄
圖 2-1 含修飾分子的玻璃結構示意圖..................................................5
圖2-2 溫度與比體積行為圖...................................................................6
圖2-3 玻璃不規則網狀圖結構示意圖...................................................6
圖2-4 原料性質區依分輕質骨材圖.......................................................7
圖2-5 骨材含水狀態.............................................................................10
圖2-6 Riley 輕質骨材製作三相圖.......................................................10
圖2-7 表示黏土礦物含水類型.............................................................12
圖2-8 黏土乾燥過程中去除水份之步驟.............................................13
圖2-9 陶瓷燒結示意圖.........................................................................15
圖3-1 掃描式電子顯微鏡.....................................................................21
圖3-2 試體抽真空鍍碳設備.................................................................22
圖4-1 砂石場底泥X 光繞射分析........................................................25
圖4-2 砂石場底泥電子顯微鏡晶相圖.................................................25
圖4-3 廢玻璃X 光繞射分析圖............................................................25
圖4-4 廢玻璃電子顯微鏡晶相圖.........................................................25
圖4-5 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.........................27
圖4-6 G69-BD25-Cp3-Al3-800℃.........................................................27
圖4-7 G69-BD25-Cp3-Al3-1000℃.......................................................27
圖4-8 G69-BD25-Cp3-Fe3-800℃.........................................................28
圖4-9 G69-BD25-Cp3-Fe3-1000℃.......................................................28
圖4-10 G69-BD25-Cp3-NaH3-800℃...................................................28
圖4-11 G69-BD25-Cp3-NaH3-1000℃ .................................................28
圖4-12 G63-BD25-Cp3-Al9-800℃.......................................................28
圖4-13 G63-BD25-Cp3-Al9-1000℃.....................................................28
圖4-14 G63-BD25-Cp3-Fe9-800℃.......................................................28
圖4-15 G63-BD25-Cp3-Fe9-1000℃.....................................................28
圖4-16 G63-BD25-Cp3-NaH9-800℃...................................................29
圖4-17 G63-BD25-Cp3-NaH9-1000℃.................................................29
圖4-18 G57-BD25-Cp3-Al15-800℃.....................................................29
圖4-19 G57-BD25-Cp3-Al15-1000℃...................................................29
圖4-20 G57-BD25-Cp3-Fe15-800℃.....................................................29
圖4-21 G57-BD25-Cp3-Fe15-1000℃...................................................29
圖4-22 G57-BD25-Cp3-NaH15-800℃.................................................29
圖4-23 G57-BD25-Cp3-NaH15-1000℃...............................................29
圖4-24 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.......................31
圖4-25 G69-BD25-NA3-Al3-800℃ .....................................................31
圖4-26 G69-BD25-NA3-Al3-1000℃ ...................................................31
圖4-27 G69-BD25-NA3-Fe3-800℃ .....................................................31
圖4-28 G69-BD25-NA3-Fe3-1000℃ ...................................................31
圖4-29 G69-BD25-NA3-NaH3-800℃..................................................32
圖4-30 G69-BD25-NA3-NaH3-1000℃................................................32
圖4-31 G69-BD25-NA3-Al9-800℃ .....................................................32
圖4-32 G69-BD25-NA3-Al9-1000℃ ...................................................32
圖4-33 G69-BD25-NA3-Fe9-800℃ .....................................................32
圖4-34 G69-BD25-NA3-Fe9-1000℃ ...................................................32
圖4-35 G69-BD25-NA3-NaH9-800℃..................................................32
圖4-36 G69-BD25-NA3-NaH9-1000℃................................................32
圖4-37 G57-BD25-NA3-Al15-800℃ ...................................................33
圖4-28 G57-BD25-NA3-Al15-1000℃ .................................................33
圖4-39 G57-BD25-NA3-Fe15-800℃ ...................................................33
圖4-40 G57-BD25-NA3-Fe15-1000℃ .................................................33
圖4-41 G57-BD25-NA3-NaH15-800℃................................................33
圖4-42 G57-BD25-NA3-NaH15-1000℃..............................................33
圖4-43 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.......................34
圖4-44 G59-BD35-Cp3-Al3-800℃.......................................................35
圖4-45 G59-BD35-Cp3-Al3-1000℃.....................................................35
圖4-46 G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe3-800℃.......................................................35
圖4-47 G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe3-1000℃.....................................................35
圖4-48 G59-BD35-Cp3-NaH3-800℃...................................................36
圖4-49 G59-BD35-Cp3-NaH3-1000℃.................................................36
圖4-50 G53-BD35-Cp3-Al9-800℃.......................................................36
圖4-51 G53-BD35-Cp3-Al9-1000℃.....................................................36
圖4-52 G53-BD35-Cp3-Fe9-800℃.......................................................36
圖4-53 G53-BD35-Cp3-Fe9-1000℃.....................................................36
圖4-54 G53-BD35-Cp3-NaH9-800℃...................................................36
圖4-55 G53-BD35-Cp3-NaH9-1000℃.................................................36
圖4-56 G47-BD35-Cp3-Al15-800℃.....................................................37
圖4-57 G47-BD35-Cp3-Al15-1000℃...................................................37
圖4-58 G47-BD35-Cp3-Fe15-800℃.....................................................37
圖4-59 G47-BD35-Cp3-Fe15-1000℃...................................................37
圖4-60 G47-BD35-Cp3-NaH15-800℃.................................................37
圖4-61 G47-BD35-Cp3-NaH15-1000℃...............................................37
圖4-62 助熔劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.......................38
圖4-63 G59-BD35-Na3-Al3-800℃.......................................................39
圖4-64 G59-BD35-Na3-Al3-1000℃.....................................................39
圖4-65 G59-BD35-Na3-Fe3-800℃.......................................................39
圖4-66 G59-BD35-Na3-Fe3-1000℃.....................................................39
圖4-67 G59-BD35-Na3-NaH3-800℃...................................................40
圖4-68 G59-BD35-Na3-NaH3-1000℃.................................................40
圖4-69 G53-BD35-NA3-Al9-800℃ .....................................................40
圖4-70 G53-BD35-NA3-Al9-1000℃ ...................................................40
圖4-71 G53-BD35-NA3-Fe9-800℃ .....................................................40
圖4-72 G53-BD35-NA3-Fe9-1000℃ ...................................................40
圖4-73 G53-BD35-NA3-NaH9-800℃..................................................40
圖4-74 G53-BD35-NA3-NaH9-1000℃................................................40
圖4-75 G47-BD35-Na3-Al15-800℃.....................................................41
圖4-76 G47-BD35-Na3-Al15-1000℃...................................................41
圖4-77 G47-BD35-Na3-Fe15-800℃.....................................................41
圖4-78 G47-BD35-Na3-Fe15-1000℃...................................................41
圖4-79 G47-BD35-Na3-NaH15-800℃.................................................41
圖4-80 G47-BD35-Na3-NaH15-1000℃...............................................41
圖4-81 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.......................43
圖4-82 G69-BD25-Cp3-Al3-800℃.......................................................43
圖4-83 G69-BD25-Cp3-Al3-1000℃.....................................................43
圖4-84 G69-BD25-Cp3-Fe3-800℃.......................................................43
圖4-85 G69-BD25-Cp3-Fe3-1000℃.....................................................43
圖4-86 G69-BD25-Cp3-NaH3-800℃...................................................44
圖4-87 G69-BD25-Cp3-NaH3-1000℃.................................................44
圖4-88 G63-BD25-Cp9-Al3-800℃.......................................................44
圖4-89 G63-BD25-Cp9-Al3-1000℃.....................................................44
圖4-90 G63-BD25-Cp9-Fe3-800℃.......................................................44
圖4-91 G63-BD25-Cp9-Fe3-1000℃.....................................................44
圖4-92 G63-BD25-Cp9-NaH3-800℃...................................................44
圖4-93 G63-BD25-Cp9-NaH3-1000℃.................................................44
圖4-94 G57-BD25-Cp15-Al3-800℃.....................................................45
圖4-95 G57-BD25-Cp15-Al3-1000℃...................................................45
圖4-96 G57-BD25-Cp15-Fe3-800℃.....................................................45
圖4-97 G57-BD25-Cp15-Fe3-1000℃...................................................45
圖4-98 G57-BD25-Cp15-NaH3-800℃.................................................45
圖4-99 G57-BD25-Cp15-NaH3-1000℃...............................................45
圖4-100 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.....................47
圖4-101 G69-BD25-NA3-Al3-800℃ ...................................................47
圖4-102 G69-BD25-NA3-Al3-1000℃ .................................................47
圖4-103 G69-BD25-NA3-Fe3-800℃ ...................................................47
圖4-104 G69-BD25-NA3-Fe3-1000℃ .................................................47
圖4-105 G69-BD25-NA3-NaH3-800℃................................................48
圖4-106 G69-BD25-NA3-NaH3-1000℃..............................................48
圖4-107 G63-BD25-NA9-Al3-800℃ ...................................................48
圖4-108 G63-BD25-NA9-Al3-1000℃ .................................................48
圖4-109 G63-BD25-NA9-Fe3-800℃ ...................................................48
圖4-110 G63-BD25-NA9-Fe3-1000℃..................................................48
圖4-111 G63-BD25-NA9-NaH3-800℃ ................................................48
圖4-112 G63-BD25-NA9-NaH3-1000℃..............................................48
圖4-113 G57-BD25-NA15-Al3-800℃..................................................49
圖4-114 G57-BD25-NA15-Al3-1000℃................................................49
圖4-115 G57-BD25-NA15-Fe3-800℃..................................................49
圖4-116 G57-BD25-NA15-Fe3-1000℃................................................49
圖4-117 G57-BD25-NA15-NaH3-800℃..............................................49
圖4-118 G57-BD25-NA15-NaH3-1000℃............................................49
圖4-119 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.....................51
圖4-120 G59-BD35-Cp3-Al3-800℃.....................................................51
圖4-121 G59-BD35-Cp3-Al3-1000℃...................................................51
圖4-122 G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe3-800℃.....................................................51
圖4-123 G59-BD35-Cp3-Fe3-1000℃...................................................51
圖4-124 G59-BD35-Cp3-NaH3-800℃.................................................52
圖4-125 G59-BD35-Cp3-NaH3-1000℃...............................................52
圖4-126 G53-BD35-Cp9-Al3-800℃.....................................................52
圖4-127 G53-BD35-Cp9-Al3-1000℃...................................................52
圖4-128 G53-BD35-Cp9-Fe3-800℃.....................................................52
圖4-129 G53-BD35-Cp9-Fe3-1000℃...................................................52
圖4-130 G53-BD35-Cp9-NaH3-800℃.................................................52
圖4-131 G53-BD35-Cp9-NaH3-1000℃...............................................52
圖4-132 G47-BD35-Cp15-Al3-800℃...................................................53
圖4-133 G47-BD35-Cp15-Al3-1000℃.................................................53
圖4-134 G47-BD35-Cp15-Fe3-800℃...................................................53
圖4-135 G47-BD35-Cp15-Fe3-1000℃.................................................53
圖4-136 G47-BD35-Cp15-NaH3-800℃...............................................53
圖4-137 G47-BD35-Cp15-NaH3-1000℃.............................................53
圖4-138 發泡劑添加量、燒結溫度與單壓強度之關係.....................55
圖4-139 G59-BD35-Na3-Al3-800℃.....................................................55
圖4-140 G59-BD35-Na3-Al3-1000℃...................................................55
圖4-141 G59-BD35-Na3-Fe3-800℃.....................................................56
圖4-142 G59-BD35-Na3-Fe3-1000℃...................................................56
圖4-143 G59-BD35-Na3-NaH3-800℃.................................................56
圖4-144 G59-BD35-Na3-NaH3-1000℃...............................................56
圖4-145 G53-BD35-NA9-Al3-800℃ ...................................................56
圖4-146 G53-BD35-NA9-Al3-1000℃ .................................................56
圖4-147 G53-BD35-NA9-Fe3-800℃ ...................................................56
圖4-148 G53-BD35-NA9-Fe3-1000℃ .................................................56
圖4-149 G53-BD35-NA9-NaH3-800℃................................................57
圖4-150 G53-BD35-NA9-NaH3-1000℃..............................................57
圖4-151 G47-BD35-NA15-Al3-800℃ .................................................57
圖4-152 G47-BD35-NA15-Al3-1000℃ ...............................................57
圖4-153 G47-BD35-NA15-Fe3-800℃ .................................................57
圖4-154 G47-BD35-NA15-Fe3-1000℃ ...............................................57
圖4-155 G47-BD35-NA15-NaH3-800℃..............................................57
圖4-156 G47-BD35-NA15-NaH3-1000℃............................................57

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