臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
截至2008年底止，據交通部統計台灣地區自小客車與機動車輛登記數量，分別達到570與1460萬輛，而環保署統計每年的回收量大約有21與31萬輛。廢棄車輛是由多種不同複合材質零件組合而成，若無進一步妥善處理可能會產生環境層面等問題，另於2000年10月21日歐盟所公告的廢棄車輛指令已然生效，2015年需達到僅能有5%最終廢棄物質進入掩埋場。為能達此目標，對車輛產業來說須在最早的設計階段即應考慮產品搖籃到搖籃（cradle to cradle），運用生命週期評估的觀點，找出產品在環境衝擊上的熱點，利用環境管理方案的執行或是技術上的研究發展，較能符合環境能(資)源有效利用的世界潮流。
本研究中，廢棄車輛進入回收體系後，環境衝擊評估結果顯示在溫室效應、酸化、優養化與能源消耗項目中，環境熱點為煉鋼廠，分別約佔53.4%、67.5%、39.8%與73.2%；臭氧層破壞項目中，以運輸為最高約佔55.3%；重金屬項目中以焚化為最高，約佔93.4%。經濟效益結果中，則以拆解廠具有較佳的獲利，約有545元。生態效益結果中，在溫室效應、臭氧層破壞、酸化與能源消耗中，以廢鉛蓄電池處理廠具有較好的表現；優養化與中金屬項目中，則是以拆解廠具有較好的表現。
因車體絕大部分為廢鐵所組成，產出的產品以鋼錠量最多，導致煉鋼廠環境衝擊上也較其他處理廠較為明顯；而經濟效益結果中，以拆解廠具有較好的獲利，主要為拆解廠拆解廢棄車輛後各項回收物質皆適得其所且無產出廢棄物之緣故。藉由生態效益評估的結果，可以發現具有較高獲利之處理廠，因環境衝擊不同的關係未必能有較好的生態效益。

關鍵字：廢棄車輛、生命週期評估、物質流分析、物質流成本分析、生態效益評估

Abstract
In the end of 2008,Department of statistics MOTC is statistics the auto and moto register amount more than 570 and 1460 ten thousand, it’s seens increases year by year in taiwan, and annual recovery amount 21 and 31 ten thousand respectively probably. Discarded the vehicle to make up by many kinds of different compound materials part, had not further dealt carefully with and may produce the environmental aspect problem after the internal part was disassembled. The discarded vehicle order that European Union announced had already come into force on October 21, 2000, require that needed to reach and have 5% of the final abandoned materials to enter and bury the field while discarding the vehicle in 2015. In order to reach this goal, it will be a severe test as to vapour motor vehicle industry, must should consider the products cradle get cradle (cradle to cradle) on the design phase initially . Use the view assessed lifespan, find out the products focus deeply concerned in the environment is struck, utilize execution of the environmental management scheme or research on the technology to develop, can slow down environment to reduce products strike, in charge of the end handle than past pollution way can grasp, live in product in the improved weight of environment even more too effectively, can accord with the environment too (money) World trends utilized effectively in source.
In this study, the scrap vehicles into the recycling system, the environmental impact assessment results showed that the greenhouse effect, acidification, eutrophication and energy consumption projects, the environmental hot spots for the steel plant, were about 53.4%, 67.5%, 39.8% and 73.2%; ozone depletion project to transport approximately 55.3% for the highest; heavy metal project to incinerate the highest, accounting for about 93.4%. Economic results, Zeyi dismantling plant has a better profit, about 545 yuan. Eco-efficiency results, in the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acidification and energy consumption, to waste treatment plant lead-acid batteries have better performance; eutrophication and metal items, then by dismantling plant has a better performance .
Mostly because of ELV composed of scrap iron, steel ingot production capacity of products to the highest environmental impact caused steelworks also more obvious than other treatment plants; and economic results, to dismantling plant has good profit, mainly after the dismantling plant dismantling of scrap vehicles are suitable for the recovery of material properly and cause unproductive waste. Through eco-efficiency assessment results, find the treatment plant with a higher profit because of the relationship between environmental impact may not be a better eco-efficiency, also said the treatment plant to improve the environmental impact can be related to eco-efficiency performance .

Keywords: End-of-life vehicles, ELV; life cycle assessment, LCA; material flow analysis, MFA; material flow cost accounting, MFCA; eco-efficiency assessment

總目錄
中文摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
致謝 Ⅳ
總目錄 Ⅴ
表目錄 Ⅷ
圖目錄 Ⅸ
第一章 緒論.........................................................................................................1
1.1 研究背景與動機...................................................................................1
1.2 研究目的...............................................................................................3
1.3 研究範圍與限制...................................................................................4
1.4 論文內容概述.......................................................................................5
1.5 名詞解釋...............................................................................................7
第二章 文獻回顧.................................................................................................9
2.1 國內ELV回收現況...............................................................................9
2.1.1 ELV回收制度.............................................................................9
2.1.2 ELV回收拆解……...................................................................12
2.1.3 ELV粉碎...................................................................................15
2.1.4 ELV再處理...............................................................................17
2.2 生命週期評估.....................................................................................21
2.2.1生命週期評估架構................................................................23
2.3經濟效益評估.........................................................................................26
2.3.1 生命週期成本分析.........................................................................26
2.3.2 物質流成本分析.............................................................................28
2.4 生態效益...............................................................................................29
2.4.1 生態效益指標.......................................................................32
第三章 研究方法...............................................................................................35
3.1 研究流程.............................................................................................35
3.2 目的與範疇界定.................................................................................37
3.2.1 研究範疇.......................................................................................37
3.2.2 案例ELV選取..............................................................................38
3.2.3 功能單位.......................................................................................40
3.3 盤查分析.............................................................................................41
3.4 衝擊評估.............................................................................................42
3.4.1 生命週期分析軟體.......................................................................42
3.4.2 Eco-Indicator 95分析架構...........................................................45
3.5 經濟效益分析.....................................................................................52
3.6 生態效益分析.....................................................................................54
第四章 結果與討論...........................................................................................56
4.1 ELV物質流系統.................................................................................56
4.1.1 案例ELV基本資料......................................................................56
4.1.2 ELV物質流系統...........................................................................59
4.1.3 ELV盤查分析...............................................................................62
4.1.4 小結...............................................................................................64
4.2 ELV物質流環境衝擊分析.................................................................64
4.2.1 再生料與處理廠環境衝擊...........................................................64
4.2.2 ELV回收物質流總環境衝擊.......................................................69
4.2.3 案例ELV環境衝擊................................................................. ....70
4.2.4 小結...............................................................................................71
4.3 ELV物質流經濟效益分析.................................................................72
4.3.1 ELV物質流處理廠經濟效益.......................................................72
4.3.2 案例ELV經濟效益......................................................................73
4.3.3 小結...............................................................................................74
4.4 ELV物質流生態效益評估.................................................................74
第五章 結論與建議...........................................................................................77
5.1 結論.......................................................................................................77
5.2 建議.......................................................................................................78
參考文獻.............................................................................................................79
附錄一.................................................................................................................85
















表目錄
表2.1 廢車拆解後二次料種類與通路流向....................................................14
表2.2 粉碎廠產出物質比例............................................................................16
表2.3 廢機動車輛類再生料市場資訊調查結果表........................................17
表2.4 生態效益對企業的重要性....................................................................31
表3.1 生命週期軟體簡介................................................................................44
表3.2 衝擊評估方法........................................................................................45
表3.3 Eco-indicator 95之環境衝擊類別及其說明........................................47
表3.4 溫室效應當量........................................................................................48
表3.5 臭氧層破壞當量....................................................................................49
表3.6 酸化當量............................................................................................... 49
表3.7 優養化當量............................................................................................49
表3.8 曝露空氣與水中之重金屬對人體產生之毒性當量............................50
表3.9 致癌性物質當量....................................................................................50
表3.10 殺蟲劑換算當量..................................................................................51
表3.11 夏季煙霧換算當量..............................................................................51
表3.12 冬季煙霧換算當量..............................................................................52
表3.13 ELV物質流生態效益指標的建立......................................................55
表4.1 案例ELV基本資料..............................................................................58
表4.2 回收物質組成比例及回收率................................................................60
表4.3 拆解廠各項回收物質運輸距離............................................................62
表4.4 ELV物質流盤查....................................................................................63
表4.5 一般與再生料環境衝擊比較................................................................68
表4.6 廢車拆解廠經濟效益............................................................................73
表4.6 ELV物質流處理廠生態效益................................................................75
圖目錄
圖1.1 台灣汽機動車輛登記與回收認證量......................................................1
圖1.2 2009年台灣地區廢物品及容器回收.....................................................2
圖1.3 論文架構圖..............................................................................................6
圖2.1 1998年7月迄今回收通路進行流程....................................................11
圖2.2 國內ELV拆解回收廠與粉碎廠分布圖...............................................12
圖2.3 廢車拆解流程圖....................................................................................13
圖2.4 廢車殼粉碎處理流程............................................................................16
圖2.5 電弧爐煉鋼廠生產流程........................................................................18
圖2.6 ISO 14040生命週期評估架構..............................................................23
圖2.7 生命週期衝擊評估-SETAC之架構.....................................................25
圖2.8 產品市面價值與不同成本分析法之比較............................................27
圖2.9 生命週期成本分析範圍........................................................................28
圖3.1 研究流程圖............................................................................................36
圖3.2 範疇界定圖............................................................................................37
圖3.3 台灣地區登記自小客車車齡分佈........................................................38
圖3.4 台灣地區登記自小客車廠牌分佈........................................................39
圖3.5 台灣地區登記自小客車排氣量分佈....................................................40
圖3.6 環境衝擊盤查方式................................................................................42
圖3.7 Eco-indicator 95衝擊評估流程............................................................46
圖4.1 廢車拆解流程........................................................................................57
圖4.2 ELV物質流............................................................................................61
圖4.3 每公斤再生料環境衝擊結果................................................................65
圖4.4 處理每公斤回收物質環境衝擊............................................................66
圖4.5 每公斤一般與再生料環境衝擊結果比較............................................67
圖4.6 總再生料環境總衝擊結果....................................................................69
圖4.7 處理廠處理回收物質總環境衝擊........................................................70
圖4.8 案例ELV環境衝擊...............................................................................71
圖4.9 處理廠獲利況........................................................................................73
圖4.10 本研究案例各ELV模擬之獲利狀況...................................................74
圖4.11 案例ELV生態效益.............................................................................76

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