臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

建築外殼的隔熱效能良窳與否，是影響建築節能成效的重要因素，混凝土之蓄熱特性、室外氣溫、建材隔熱效能等所造成之溫差，對於空調系統的節能，或建築結構與材料之維護管理而言都是負面的影響。多數屋頂隔熱效能分析側重在單一隔熱材料之探討，在混凝土結構內部溫度的量測技術，則多數採取熱電偶、光纖光柵或紅外線熱像儀表面量測等方法，但普遍受限於佈線、高成本、局部量測、施工性不佳或無法長期監控等限制問題。因此本研究研發鋼筋混凝土內崁之智慧無線溫感建材，可透過主動式長期監測溫度動態變化，其數據資料研析成果有助於建築師與建築物管理人，在隔熱選材、節能效益評估或住宅健診時之參考，進而提升建築物外殼的服務效能與確保使用安全性。
在技術部分，本研究將無線積體電路(Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit, RFIC)結合溫度感測晶片嵌入混凝土結構體內部，透過無線射頻(Radio Frequency, RF)傳輸技術，可主動、無線、連續的量測混凝土內部溫度變化，經由遠端的使用者介面，長期自動監測溫度的動態變化。在實驗部分則規劃了5個仿RC混凝土屋頂樓板模型(50cm×50cm×15cm)做比較分析，分別以無隔熱材的對照組A與有隔熱材的實驗組B～E(植栽、隔熱磚、烤漆浪板、隔熱)，並利用電阻式測溫體RTD做為智慧無線溫感建材之校準作業。
本研究觀測期間(2010年7月)之實驗分析顯示，在每天日射量最高的期間(am10:30～pm15:30)隔熱材之隔熱效能為：植栽＞隔熱漆＞PS隔熱磚＞三合一烤漆浪板＞無隔熱材，溫差可達13.2℃以上。混凝土具備吸熱快而散熱慢之特性，其溫度吸收與釋放時間相差可達1.6倍；另以常見的PS隔熱磚為例，白天吸收熱能緩步上升至下午六點達最高點，至翌日早上七點才回復到原始溫度起升點，由此可窺知建築外殼隔熱問題對於室內溫度與空調耗能之影響程度。

The insulation properties of the building envelope are an important factor in conserving energy in a building, which are influenced by the heat storing property of concrete, outdoor temperature and the insulation materials. High temperature difference is an adverse factor to the energy conservation for building structures and materials, air conditioning or building maintenance management. However, most studies on the efficiency of roofing insulation still focus on the combination analysis of single insulation material or computer-simulated analysis of energy conservation efficiency for air conditioning. The methods for measuring inner temperature of concrete structure, such as thermocouples, optical fiber grating or infrared thermal imaging surface measurement, usually have the limitations of incapacity for direct measurement, cable installation requirement or high cost. By actively analyzing the temperature fluctuation inside concrete structure for a long period of time, the main purpose of this study is to provide architects a reference for choosing insulation materials or assessing the energy conservation efficiency of building envelopes during a building’s design stage. Also, for building maintenance and management, to ensure the functionality and safety of buildings, building managers can make a diagnosis on a building’s health condition based on the long-term monitor data of temperature fluctuation.
This study integrates a Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC) with a temperature sensor chip and embeds the device into the structure of concrete to measure the fluctuation of its inner temperature. The small-sized RFIC temperature sensor device is free from any restriction from terrain, climate and roof structure forms and makes use of the transmission technology of Radio Frequency (RF). The experiment creates 5 RC roofing models (50cm×50cm×15cm) to make comparison between the control group A, which has no thermal material, and experimental groups B～E(plants, insulating brick, pre-painted corrugated sheet, insulation paint.) The temperature fluctuation is automatically monitored, observed and analyzed by the remote user interface, and a resistance temperature detector (RTD) is used to verify the accuracy of the corrected measurements made by the RFIC temperature sensor device.
The results shows that the ranking of insulation efficiency of each insulation material (from the most efficient to the least) during the time frame of maximum sunlight exposure (from 10:30 to 15:30) is Zoysia grass, insulation brick, insulation paint, pre-painted corrugated sheet. Taking the control group A as an example, the experiment observation made in July shows that concrete has the characteristic of fast heat storing rate and slow heat emission rate. The heat storing rate is 1.6 times faster than heat emission rate. Furthermore, at noon, the indoor and outdoor temperature difference of concrete can be as high as 13.2 degree Celsius. Based on these observations, the study finds that the heat storing capacity inside concrete is high.

誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景及目的 1
1.2 研究對象及範圍 4
1.3 研究流程 5
1.4 研究方法與限制 7
第二章 文獻回顧 8
2.1 建築熱環境理論 8
2.1.1 建築屋頂熱平衡 8
2.1.2 傳熱基本原理 10
2.1.3 建築物熱傳導計算 11
2.2 智慧建築與建築節能 13
2.2.1 智慧建築發展現況 14
2.2.2 綠建築節能 16
2.2.3 國內外節能相關法規 17
2.3 建築物屋頂隔熱方式之現況 21
2.3.1 國內屋頂隔熱工程預算標準 21
2.3.2 國內外屋頂隔熱常見之方式 22
2.3.3 國內外屋頂隔熱效能 24
2.4 溫度對建築結構體之影響 25
2.4.1 台灣地區之氣候條件 25
2.4.2 環境溫度對建築結構之影響 27
2.4.3 RC內部溫度對建築結構之影響 28
2.5 建築外殼溫度量測技術探討 29
2.5.1 國內外建築外殼之溫度量測技術 29
2.5.2 RFIC技術之應用 31
2.5.3 溫度感測器 33
第三章 RFIC技術導入混凝土結構溫度感測實驗規劃 35
3.1 RFIC技術結合溫度感測晶片 35
3.2 實驗規劃 37
3.2.1 實驗目的與流程 37
3.2.2 實驗設計 39
3.2.3 實驗場地與材料 40
3.3 實驗儀器與設備 41
3.4 混凝土實驗試體之規劃 44
3.4.1 隔熱材簡介 44
3.4.2 屋頂隔熱試體製作 47
第四章 實驗結果與分析 51
4.1 RFIC與Pt-100溫度量測數據誤差分析 51
4.2 混凝土內部溫度與延遲時間之驗證 52
4.3 實驗組與對照組之隔熱性能分析 56
4.3.1 晴天樣本之天候狀況下隔熱材效能分析 59
4.3.2 陰天樣本之天候狀況下隔熱材效能分析 61
4.3.3 雨天樣本之天候狀況下隔熱材效能分析 63
4.4 屋頂隔熱材節能成本效益分析 64
4.5 不同類型建築屋頂隔熱材選用探討 68
4.5.1 建築結構使用類型分類探討 68
4.5.2 建築使用類型屋頂隔熱選材探討 70
第五章 結論與建議 72
5.1 結論 72
5.2 建議 73
參考文獻 74
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附錄 83

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網路文獻
1.LG Home Net，http://global.dreamlg.com/homnet/exper/exper.html。
2.MIT的House n計畫，http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/。
3.日本松下電機 EUhouse 計畫，http://panasonic.co.jp/ecohouse/。
4.杜克大學的 DELTA "Smart" House 計畫，http://smarthome.duke.edu/。
5.台大智慧生活科技整合與創新中心，http://insight.ntu.edu.tw/。
6.台灣電力公司，http://www.taipower.com.tw/。
7.台灣電力公司：http://www.taipower.com.tw/。
8.能源資訊網：http://emis.erl.itri.org.tw/index.asp。
9.交大Eco-City健康樂活城網站，http://www.ecocity.org.tw/。
10.智慧化居住空間展示中心官方網站，http://www.living3.org.tw/ils-museum/。
11.周敏鴻，「10多層高樓下磁磚雨 險砸人 」，自由時報電子報，http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/jan/10/today-north2.htm (檢索於2010年4月14日)。
12.張育誠、吳國光、林琨程，「隔熱塗料原理及其節能評估」，能源科技能源報導，http://energymonthly.tier.org.tw/201001/14.pdf (檢索於2010年4月14日)。
13.中國可持續能源項目環境基金：http://www.efchina.org/。
14.中央氣象局，http://www.cwb.gov.tw/。
15.成大人本智慧生活科技整合中心網站，http://touch.ncku.edu.tw/。
16.山東省建築科學研究院：http://sdjky.cn/index.html。