臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文電路分為四部分，第四章到第六章之工作頻段為 13 GHz上，首先第一個部分為第四章，電路主要架構以疊接方式設計。電路輸入端為單端輸入與單端輸出。第二個部分為第五章，電路主要架構以串接方式設計。第三個部分為第六章，設計一個可變電壓增益之低雜訊放大器。第四個部分為第七章，其頻率為超寬頻(Ultra Wide Band, UWB)系統，設計一個低雜訊放大器。
本篇論文的設計流程，電路模擬，電路佈局與電路量測都是以互補式金氧半(CMOS) 0.18 μm製程，在第一個電路的設計為應用在13 GHz上，其主架構為疊接，疊接能抑制米勒效應，並且利用源級退化電感來增加穩定度。在頻率13 GHz模擬結果中，輸入返回損耗(S11)最小值為-18.676 dB，輸出返回損耗(S22)最小值為-21.559 dB，增益(S21)最大值15.255 dB，隔離度(S12)最大值為-32.616 dB，雜訊指數最小值為2.958 dB，全頻帶無條件穩定，P1dB為-12 dBm。第二次改良的模擬結果，S11最小值為-21.938 dB，S22最小值為-19.075 dB，S21最大值14.89 dB，S12最大值為-32.737 dB，雜訊指數最小值為3.059 dB，全頻帶無條件穩定，P1dB為-12 dBm。
第二個電路為應用在13 GHz上，其主要架構為串接，而在第三級使用疊接方式可以抑制米勒效應，利用源級退化電感來增加穩定度。在頻率13 GHz量測結果中，其S11最小值為-15.45 dB，S22最小值為-9.47 dB， S21最大值9.34 dB，S12最大值為-30.36 dB，雜訊指數最小值為4.76 dB，全頻帶無條件穩定，P1dB為-13 dBm。
第三個部分為應用在13 GHz上，其架構為串接與疊接，在第四級使用了疊接電流鏡設計，可以抑制通道長度調變效應，且利用二極體來提升1 dB壓縮點，以及利用源級退化電感來增加穩定度。在頻率13 GHz中，其量測結果中，S11最小值為-12.595 dB，S22最小值為-11.98 dB，S21最大值為9.4 dB，S12最大值為-27.91 dB，雜訊指數最小值為4.3 dB，全頻帶無條件穩定，P1dB為-9.9 dBm。
第四個部分為應用於UWB系統，其主架構為三階的串接，可以達到寬頻與高增益的需求，在第一級使用了回授架構，可以提升電路平坦度，必且使用了中間級的電感抑制米勒效應，在頻率3.1~10.6 GHz中，其量測結果，S11最小值為-35.0657 dB，S22最小值為-12.3755 dB，S21最大值為17.7427 dB，S12最大值為-46.735 dB，雜訊指數最小值為3.649 dB，全頻帶無條件穩定，P1dB為-26 dBm @ 6.1 GHz。再改良電路模擬結果為S11最小值為-13.752 dB，S22最小值為-12.207 dB，S21最大值為16.246 dB，S12最大值為-54.828 dB，雜訊指數最小值為3.675 dB，全頻帶無條件穩定，P1dB為-26 dBm @ 6.1 GHz

This thesis circuits are divided into four parts, and it is applied to the 13 GHz in the chapter 4 to the chapter 6. And it is applied in the satellite communications. The first part is the chapter 4, the circuit design is applied cascode structure. The second part is the chapter 5, the circuit design is applied cascade structure. The third part is the chapter 6, it designs a variable gain LNA (Low Noise Amplifier). The fourth part is the chapter 7 and designs an Ultra Wide Band (UWB) system.
This thesis, from the design flow, circuit simulation, layout of the circuit, and the circuit measurement are based on the TSMC 0.18 μm standard. For the first circuit design was applied 13 GHz. The main structure is the cascode and the cascode can restrain the miller effect. It used the source degeneration for stabilization of the inductor. Operating of the 13 GHz and the measured results, the input return loss (S11) is -32 dB; the output return loss (S22) is -5.2 dB; the power gain (S21) is 9.9 dB; the isolation (S12) is -32.616 dB; the NF (noise figure) is 5.5 dB; unconditional stability; the P1dB is -12 dBm. Modification of the LNA, for the simulated results, the input return loss (S11) is -21.938 dB; the output return loss (S22) is -19.075 dB; the power gain (S21) is 14.89 dB; the isolation (S12) is -32.737 dB; the NF is 3.059 dB; unconditional stability; the P1dB is -12 dBm.
The second circuit was design for 13 GHz application, the main structure is the cascade. It used the cascode structure at the three-stage, and it can restrain the miller effect. It used the source degeneration for stabilization of the inductor. Operating of the 13 GHz and the measured results, the input return loss (S11) is -15.45 dB.

The output return loss (S22) is -9.47 dB; the power gain (S21) is 9.34 dB; the isolation (S12) is -30.364 dB; the NF (noise figure) is 4.76 dB; unconditional stability; the P1dB is -13 dBm.
The third part was applied for the 13 GHz, the main structure is the cascade and cascode. It used a cascode current mirror at the four-stage, and it can inhibit the channel length modulation effect. It used the diode to raise the P1dB and it used the source degeneration for stabilization of the inductor. Operating of the 13 GHz and the measured results, the input return loss (S11) is -12.595 dB; the output return loss (S22) is -11.98 dB; the power gain (S21) is 9.4 dB; the isolation (S12) is -27.91 dB; the NF (noise figure) is 4.3 dB; unconditional stability; the P1dB is -9.9 dBm.
The fourth part is the UWB LNA. The main schematic is the three stages cascade and it can raise the bandwidth and gain. At the first stage, we used the feedback network for raise the flatness and used the inter stage inductor for restrain the miller effect. At the frequency of the 3.1~10.6 GHz and the measured results, the input return loss (S11) is -35.0657 dB; the output return loss (S22) is -12.3755 dB; the power gain (S21) is 17.7427 dB; the isolation (S12) is -44.7844 dB; the NF is 3.64 dB; unconditional stability; the P1dB is -26 dBm @ 6.1 GHz. Modification of the LNA, for the simulated, the input return loss (S11) is -13.752 dB; the output return loss (S22) is -12.207 dB; the power gain (S21) is 16.246 dB; the isolation (S12) is -54.828 dB; the NF is 3.675 dB; unconditional stability; the P1dB is -26 dBm @ 6.1 GHz.

Content
Acknowledgement I
Chinese Abstract II
Abstract IV
Content VI
Figure List IX
Table Lis XIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research motivation of the RFIC 1
1.2 Research motivation of the system 1
1.3 Research motivation of the satellite communication 1
1.4 Research motivation of the UWB system 2
1.5 Research motivation of the low noise amplifier 2
1.6 Thesis organization 3
Chapter 2 Basic Schematic of the Amplifier 4
2.1 Introduction of the amplifier schematic 4
2.2 Filter 4
2.3 Simulated results of the 13 GHz filter 6
2.3.1 Simulated results of the UWB filter 7
2.4 Cascode schematic 8
2.5 Feedback 10
2.6 Feedback concept 10
2.7 Feedback characteristic 11
2.8 Source degeneration for stabilization of the inductor 13
2.9 Current mirror 15
2.10 Basic MOSFET current source 15
2.11 Source follower 17
2.12 Design flow of the circuit 19
Chapter 3 Basic Concepts of the CMOS Amplifiers 20
3.1 Overview 20
3.2 Basic concept of the amplifier 20
3.3 Dynamic range 20
3.4 1-dB compression point 22
3.5 IIP3 points and inter-modulation products 27
3.6 1-dB compression and IP3 points 30
3.7 Noise figure 30

Chapter 4 Design and Implementation of the Fully Integrated CMOS Cascode Low Noise Amplifier for 13 GHz 33
4.1 Introduction of the 13GHz 33
4.2 Motivation of the 13 GHz LNA 34
4.3 Design and analysis of the 13GHz 37
4.4 Main schematic of the LNA 37
4.4.1 Main schematic of the current-reused 38
4.5 Simulation methods of the 13GHz LNA 40
4.6 Modification of the current density of the inductor 40
4.7 Modification of the methods of the simulation 41
4.8 Modification of the inductors shape 42
4.9 Modification of the pads 42
4.10 Measured results of the 13 GHz LNA 44
4.11 Layout of the 13 GHz LNA 49
4.12 Performance summary of the 13 GHz LNA 50
4.13 Modification of the 13 GHz LNA 51
4.13.1 Modification of the current density of the inductor 51
4.13.2 Enhancement of the amount of the bypass capacitor 53
4.13.3 Performance of the modification of circuit 53
4.13.4 Layout of the 13 GHz LNA 58
4.13.5 Performance summary of the 13 GHz LNA 59
4.13.6 Consider for measure 60
Chapter 5 Design and Implementation of a Cascade Low Noise Amplifier for 13 GHz 62
5.1 Introduction of the 13 GHz LNA 62
5.2 Motivation of the 13 GHz LNA concept 62
5.3 Design and analysis of the 13 GHz LNA 63
5.3.1 Main schematic of the 13 GHz LNA 63
5.3.2 Simulation methods of the 13 GHz LNA 64
5.4 Simulated results of the 13 GHz LNA 64
5.4.1 Layout of the 13 GHz LNA 69
5.4.2 Performance summary of the 13 GHz LNA 70

Chapter 6 Design and Implementation of a Variable Gain Control Low Noise Amplifier for 13 GHz 71
6.1 Introduction of the variable gain control LNA 71
6.2 Motivation of the variable gain control LNA concept 71
6.3 Design and analysis of the variable gain control LNA 73
6.3.1 Main schematic of the LNA 73
6.3.2 Main schematic of the cascode current mirror 74
6.3.3 Load diode by the MOS 76
6.3.4 Simulation methods of the variable gain control LNA 77
6.3.5 Simulated results of the variable gain control LNA 77
6.3.6 Layout of the variable gain control LNA 87
6.3.7 Performance summary of the variable gain control LNA 88
Chapter 7 Design and Implementation of the Fully Integrated CMOS LNA for the UWB System 90
7.1 Introduction of UWB Technology 90
7.1.1 UWB System Applications 91
7.2 Introduction of the UWB system 92
7.3 Motivation of the UWB Front-end concept 92
7.4 Design and analysis of the UWB LNA 93
7.4.1 Main schematic of the LNA 93
7.4.2 Analysis of the cascade stage 94
7.4.3 Analysis of the first stage 95
7.5 Simulation and measurement methods of the UWB LNA 96
7.5.1 Simulated and measured results of the UWB LNA 96
7.5.2 Layout of the UWB LNA 103
7.6 Modification of the UWB LNA 104
7.6.1 Performance of the UWB LNA 104
7.6.2 Layout of the UWB LNA 111
7.6.3 Performance summary of the modification of the UWB LNA 112
7.6.4 Performance summary of the two UWB LNAs 113
Chapter 8 Conclusions 114
References 120

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