臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文研究宗旨在於透過研究「馬」在漢語成語中的意象，來印證現實物體
「馬」在文化中的對應關係。本文蒐集「馬」在漢語成語中動物的譬喻用法作為
本文的研究材料。文中先找出「馬」在漢語成語中的語意分子並將其分類，隨後
討論這些語意分子背後所隱藏的文化意義。我們發現漢語的外在語言形式及其內
在文化關係是密不可分，這點也驗證了薩丕爾—沃爾夫假說（Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis）。
對大多數人而言，譬喻只是一種詩意的想像與修辭性誇示的技巧。然而，
根據Lakoff and Johnson (1980) 的概念譬喻理論（Conceptual Metaphor Theory）
基礎來說明「馬」在漢語成語中的譬喻並非僅為修辭法。我們的思維方式、經驗、
日常所為多半具有譬喻的關聯性。換言之，「馬」在漢語成語中，存在著一種連
貫的概念組織。
本文藉由Fauconnier (1997)所提出的心理空間理論（Mental Space Theory）
為基礎來探討「馬」在漢語成語中動物的譬喻運作過程。更精確地說，研究中使
用概念融合理論(Conceptual Blending Theory)作為研究方法來討論這個議題。本
文認為譬喻的意義往往透過上下文（context）的篇章結構而形成意念的融合。在
心理空間架構下，先分出輸入空間I和II，然後找出兩個心理空間之間的共同點，
當這些成分融合之後，融合完成的整體空間概念即為譬喻的真正文化意涵。

This study aims to reveal conceptual metaphor in Mandarin animal idioms in the
light of ma ‘horse’. I first classify them according to their semantic molecules, then
turn to explore the related culture. I find that the relationship between Mandarin and
its culture is very close and it fits in with the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the
rhetorical flourish. According to Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory
(1980), the metaphorical use of ma—idioms can be found that they are not just the
rhetorical flourish. The way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day
is very much a matter of metaphor. In other wards, there is a coherent conceptual
organization underlying all these idioms of ma ‘horse’.
Using Fauconnier’s Mental Space Theory (1997), and discussing the horse’s
operation of conceptual metaphor in Mandarin animal idioms, it has been shown that
the process of metaphorical meaning construction is a context-based process.
Specifically speaking, this thesis regards Conceptual Blending Theory as the research
method to discuss questions of this topic. I first set up two input spaces which contain
the elements from the context, and then find out the general features which are
common to the two input spaces in idioms. After the data from two input spaces
blends together, the output of the blended space is the cultural meaning of metaphor.

Chinese Abstract i
English Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii

Chapter1 Introduction
1.1 Rationale 2
1.2 Motivation 3
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Defining the subject of the present research 5
1.4.1 The concept of ma ‘horse’ 6
1.4.2 Idioms and other figurative language 6
1.4.3 A brief history of metaphor 7
1.4.4 The range of the research 9
1.5 Organization of the Thesis 11

Chapter2 Literature Review: Theoretical Background
2.1 Language and Culture 12
2.1.1 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 13
2.1.2 Hsieh’s Theory (2006a) 16
2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 17
2.2.1 Lakoff and Johnson (1980) 18
2.2.2 Hsieh’s Theory (2006b) 22
2.3 Conceptual Blending 24
2.3.1 Fauconnier (1997) 24
2.3.2Tsao (2007) 28
2.4 Models of Metaphors 31
2.4.1 Structural Metaphors 31
2.4.2 Orientational Metaphors 32
2.4.3 Ontological Metaphors 36
2.5 Summary 39

Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Theoretical Basis 40
3.1.1 Application of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 40
3.1.2 Application of Conceptual Mental Theory 41
3.1.3 Application of Conceptual Metaphor 41
3.2 Data Collection 42

Chapter 4 Findings and Discussion on Ma—Idioms
4.1 Semantic molecules of ma—Idioms 43
4.1.1 Ma ―idioms as a means of transportation 44
4.1.2 Ma ―idioms as a weapon of war 47
4.1.3 Ma ―idioms as indication of strength or power 49
4.1.4 Ma ―idioms as personality 50
4.1.5 Ma ―idioms as labor or diligence 53
4.1.6 Ma ―idioms as active motions and activities 54
4.1.7 Ma ―idioms as possession 55
4.1.8 Ma ―idioms as figure 56
4.1.9 The relationship between Chinese language and culture in ma—idiom 71
4.1.10 Summary 72
4.2 Applications of Blending Theory on ma—idioms 72
4.2.1 Ma ―idioms as transportation means in mental space 73
4.2.2 Ma ―idioms as a weapon of war in mental space 79
4.2.3 Ma ―idioms as strength or power in mental space 80
4.2.4 Ma ―idioms as personality in mental space 82
4.2.5 Ma ―idioms as labor / diligence in mental space 86
4.2.6 Ma ―idioms as active motions and activities in mental space 88
4.2.7 Ma ―idioms as possession in mental space 89
4.2.8 Ma ―idioms as figure in mental space 90
4.2.9 Summary 98
4.3 Discussion: Evidence for Conceptual Metaphors—Metaphorical Expressions for
Ma—Idioms are not Just the Rhetorical Flourish 98

Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.1 Concluding remarks 100
5.2 Significance 103
5.3 Suggestion for further study 104

Appendix 105

Reference 116

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Thesis:

Cheng, Li-chuan. 鄭麗娟. 1999. The Metonymy and Metaphor of Anger Expressions
in English and Chinese. MA program thesis in Fu Jen Catholic University.
Lin, Mon-mei. 林孟美. 2005. Animal and plant terms & their metaphorical
extensions. MA program thesis in National Tsing Hwa University.
Liu, Chen-chen. 劉甄珍. 2000. A Developmental Study of Color Association. MA
program thesis in Fu Jen Catholic University.
Tsai, Hui-ju. 蔡蕙如. 2008. Flower as a Conceptual Metaphor in Mandarin. MA
program thesis in Fu Jen Catholic University.
Yen, Chao-tai. 顏兆泰. 2000. A Semantic Study of Chinese Metaphors Derived from
Visual Perception. MA program thesis in Fu Jen Catholic University.


On-line Corpus:

教育部成語典
Dictionary of Chinese Idiom in Ministry of Education
http://dict.idioms.moe.edu.tw/