臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

伊朗自進入二十世紀遭受西方帝國的殖民後，穆斯林婦女的穿著問題一直成為殖民者與被殖民者討論的焦點。本文以「後殖民」理論學者Gayatri C. Spivak所認為主體與政治的關係，說明女性在歷史、文化論述之中所居「賤民」地位，實與知識暴力、文化霸權等議題相連結，從而影響女性地位的說法，試圖由伊朗在巴勒維時期過渡至伊斯蘭共和國此階段歷史（1953-1989）中對於穆斯林婦女穿著(hijab)論述，商榷或討論Spivak理論與實際上存有的差異。
巴勒維國王延續其父改革意志，並欲以「白色革命」帶領伊朗進入現代之林，利用一系列現代化計畫與執行全國的波斯化鞏固其王權。其所提出的女性政策中，為朝向「偉大文明」之國發展，要求婦女為增加建設、擺脫國家落後形象、投入公共領域而脫下hijab。
左派知識份子如Jalal Al- I Ahmad、Ali Shariati，以及宗教學者Murtaza Mutahhari等人，分別以「中西毒」概念，聖女法蒂瑪形象，以及伊斯蘭公、私領域的概念，批判時下盲目西化的人們，藉此釐清社會現象背後的帝國症狀，與有心人士摧毀伊斯蘭的詭計，他們共同指出復興伊朗的唯一途徑即在於伊斯蘭。
經過其他知識份子的理念鋪陳，何梅尼所建構的「伊斯蘭政府」，其重心在於神聖的律法與合法的統治者，配合精神聖戰的呼籲，扭轉什葉派傳統權威者限制，將治國權威交付通曉伊斯蘭法、且具正義感的教法學者。順利推翻巴勒維政權、確立其個人無可取代領導地位的何梅尼所認定婦女於該理想國度的職責、行為舉止，皆必須與伊斯蘭共和國對於虔信、道德等訴求互為表裡。
本文以殖民者與賤民史家對於女性的論述個別分析，並以何梅尼所建構的「教法學者權威」(wilayat al- faqih)作為「女性賤民可否發言？」此提問的重點，探視伊朗革命的發生，與女性參與此中所指涉的意涵。在後殖民研究的脈絡裡，由宗教角度的分析，能更清晰地描繪出在帝國主義與傳統父權勢力雙方交織下的個別論述，使婦女之聲顯得微弱的現實。

The attire of Islamic women has been the point of concern for the colonist and the colonized since Iran has been colonized by Western Imperialism. Departing from the Postcolonial theorist Gayatri C. Spivak’s concern of the relationship between the subject and politics, this thesis intends to explicate that the issue of women as the subaltern in the historical and cultural discourses is closely associated with epistemic violence and cultural hegemony and this has greatly affected the status of women in Iran. I will then go to the discourses of Muslim women’s attire, hijab, from transitional Pahlavi regime to the Islamic Republic（1953-1989）to discuss Spivak’s theory and the actual condition.
Mohammed Riza Pahlavi, King of Pahlavi regime, followed in his father’s footprints and led the White Revolution to modernize Iran. To consolidate his power, Pahlavi employed a series of modernization programs and carried out persianization. In terms of his policies toward women, he wanted women to take off their hijab and participate in public affairs so that they can help establish the State of Great Civilization.
Leftists such as Jalal Al- I Ahmad, Ali Shariati and the ulama Murtaza Mutahhari applied the concept of occidentosis, the image of Saint Fatima, and the differentiation of public and private spheres in Islam to critique people’s blind westernization. They intended to uncover the Imperialist symptoms behind social phenomena and pro-westernizers’ schemes to destroy Islam and pointed out that the only way to revive Iran lies in Islam.
Through the theories the various intellectuals proposed, the Islamic government propounded by Khomeini focuses on Divine Laws and legal rulers and through appeals to the spiritual jihad, he maintains that the power should be consigned to the al-faqih (jurist) who has not only excellent knowledge of Islamic law but also a sense of justice. After overthrowing the Pahlavi regime and establishing himself as political authority, Khomeini holds that in the Islamic Republic, the duty a woman needs to fulfill is to act according to what this ideal state requires: to be moral as well as pious.
In this thesis, I will analyze respectively discourses on women from colonists and subaltern studies theorists and concentrate on Khomeini’s wilayat al- faqih (the governance of the jurist) in order to respond to the question: Can the Female Subaltern Speak? Therefore, we can take a closer look at the eruption of the Islamic Revolution and the significance of women’s participation in political activities. In postcolonial studies, a religious perspective can help us see even more clearly that women can hardly speak for themselves between Imperialism and traditional patriarchal powers.

特殊字詞中文及原文對照表……………………………………………i
伊朗/什葉派歷史表格…………………………………………………iii
巴勒維朝重要記事………………………………………………………vi
第一章、 緒論………………………………………………………1
一、 研究動機與目的………………………………………………1
二、 文獻回顧與檢討………………………………………………4
（一） 伊朗革命前後的婦女活動…………………………………5
（二） 伊朗革命期間具影響力的思想……………………………6
（三） 政治、宗教與婦女的關係…………………………………7
三、 應用理論與問題意識…………………………………………10
（一） 歷史書寫中的「再現」與賤民……………………………11
（二） 重寫殖民歷史的「賤民研究小組」………………………13
（三） 女性賤民的主體位置………………………………………15
四、 研究方法與進行步驟…………………………………………18
（一） 研究方法：文獻分析………………………………………18
（二） 論文架構……………………………………………………19
五、 預期成果與對學術貢獻………………………………………21

第二章、 由現代化政策與新觀念所建構的王權…………………23
一、 巴勒維的「另類烏托邦」理念………………………………24
二、 王權的體現與落實……………………………………………28
（一） 國家情報與安全組織………………………………………29
（二） 一黨專制的國會……………………………………………30
（三） 國營慈善非營利組織………………………………………32
（四） 宗教事務部與宗教部隊……………………………………33
（五） 波斯民族主義的強調………………………………………34
三、 擺脫落後與維護傳統的二元對立……………………………37
（一） 由「革命」認知君主立憲…………………………………37
（二） Riza Shah–為擺脫落後所做的犧牲（1930年代）………39
（三） 為維護傳統而出現的反制（1930-40年代）………………42
（四） 巴勒維–為迎向進步而解開的束縛（1960-70年代）……46
四、 「反西方」或「伊斯蘭式」的革命？………………………53

第三章、 穆斯林婦女參與革命的新舊歷史………………………56
一、 伊朗婦女之「身」與「聲」…………………………………56
（一）「革命之外」的女聲……………………………………………57
（二）體制內的保守女性觀點…………………………………………60
二、 對抗機制與矛盾………………………………………………63
（一） 對於非伊斯蘭元素的察覺…………………………………63
（二） 「中西毒」：一種由外部而來的災禍……………………67
三、 女性是文明的一部份…………………………………………71
（一） 錯誤的西方婦女模式不值仿效……………………………71
（二） 尋找最純粹的伊斯蘭價值…………………………………75
（三） 法蒂瑪是現代女性的典範…………………………………77
四、 公私領域劃分與道德社會的建立……………………………83
（一） 傳統派對於性別議題的態度………………………………84
（二） 穆斯林婦女穿戴hijab的哲學性思辯……………………86
（三） 伊斯蘭的身、心概念與公、私的劃分……………………90

第四章、 伊斯蘭政府最高權威與女性……………………………96
一、破除「偉大文明」背後的真相……………………………………96
（一）「伊瑪目」何梅尼………………………………………………97
（二）攻擊巴勒維父子的言論………………………………………100
二、「伊斯蘭政府」與政治權威……………………………………103
（一）人民與宗教學者的參政權限…………………………………103
（二）什葉派的政治理論與權威……………………………………105
（三）「伊斯蘭政府」的藍圖………………………………………108
（四）教法學者為統治者……………………………………………111
三、伊斯蘭理想國度的統治者………………………………………112
（一）穆聖、阿里為統治典範………………………………………113
（二）取得「無罪誤者」能力與權威的途徑………………………115
四、女性典範和宗教儀式的連結……………………………………124
（一）傳統伊朗婦女的社會聯繫……………………………………124
（二）Karbala事件的歷史意義………………………………………126
（三）「勇敢的女性是國家穩固的關鍵」…………………………128

第五章、結論…………………………………………………………134
一、殖民者的統治觀點………………………………………………134
二、賤民史家的女性論述……………………………………………136
三、歷史書寫中的穆斯林女性………………………………………137
四、伊朗革命歷史的「東方化」……………………………………139
五、賤民女性無法自言？……………………………………………140

徵引書目………………………………………………………………143

中文部分：

王宇潔，《伊朗伊斯蘭教史》，銀川：寧夏人民出版社，2006。
史碧華克(Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak)著，張君玫譯，《後殖民理性批判：邁向消逝當下的歷史》，台北：群學出版有限公司，2006。
阿克巴．阿赫美德(Akbar S. Ahmed)，蔡百銓譯，《今日的伊斯蘭：穆斯林世界導論》，台北：商周出版，2003。
洪秀菊，《柯梅尼和伊朗回教革命》，台北：五南圖書出版公司，1990。
班納迪克（Benedict Anderson）著，吳叡人譯，《想像的共同體：民族主義的起源與散布》，台北：時報文化出版，1999。
索爾孟（Guy Sorman），阮若缺譯，《伊斯蘭製造：尋找現代伊斯蘭》，台北：允晨文化實業股份有限公司，2007。
國民大會秘書處資料組，《新編世界各國憲法大全》，台北：國民大會秘書處資料組，1996。
陳立樵，《伊朗革命：宗教學者掌政之創始（1963-1983）》，台中：國立中興大學歷史研究所碩士論文，2005。
凱倫．阿姆斯壯（Karen Armstrong）著，王國璋譯，《為神而戰：基本教義派的起源與發展》，台北：究竟出版社股份有限公司，2003。
路易斯（Bernard Lewis）著，鄭之書譯，《中東：自基督教興起至二十世紀末》，台北：麥田出版，1998。
薩依德（Edward W. Said）著，王志弘等譯，《東方主義》，台北：立緒文化事業有限公司，2006。
---，蔡源林譯，《文化與帝國主義》，台北：立緒文化事業有限公司，2006。
---，閻紀宇譯，《遮蔽的伊斯蘭：西方媒體眼中的穆斯林世界》，台北：立緒文化事業有限公司，2002。
穆罕默德．本．侯賽因．謝里夫．萊迪編，張志華譯，《辭章之道：伊瑪目阿里．本．艾比．塔利卜言論集》，北京：宗教文化出版社，2003。

西文部分：

Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran between Two Revolutions. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982.
---. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, 1993.
Aghaie, Kamran Scot, ed. The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shii Islam. Austin: University of Taxes Press, 2005.
Ahmad, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1992.
Alireza Asgharzadeh. Iran and the Challenge of Diversity: Islamic Fundamentalism, Aryanist Racism, and Democratic Struggles. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Almond, Gabriel A. and R. Scott. Appleby, Emmanuel Sivan. Strong Religion: the Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Algar, Hamid. Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran: Four lectures. New York: Islamic Publications International, 2001.
Al- I Ahmad, Jalal. Occidentosis: A Plague from the West. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1984.
Al- Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, 1995.
Amuzegar, Jahangir. The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: the Pahlavi’s Triumph and Tragedy. New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Ansari, Ali M. “The Myth of the White Revolution: Mohammad Reza Shah, ‘Modernization’ and the Consolidation of Power. ” Middle Eastern Studies. 37:3( 2001): 1- 25.
Arjomand, Said Amir. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Bahramitash, Roksana. “Revolution, Islamization, and Women’s Employment in Iran.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs. 9:2(winter/ spring. 2003): 229-241.
Bakhash, Shaul. Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
Banani, Amin. The Modernization of Iran. 1921-1941. California: Stanford University Press, 1961.
Beck, Lois and Guity Nashat, eds. Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
Beck, Lois and Nikki Keddie, eds. Women in the Muslim World. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Bogle, Emory C. The Modern Middle East: From Imperialism to Freedom. 1800- 1958. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, 1996.
Bonine, Michael E. and Nikki Keddie, eds. Modern Iran: the Dialectics of Continuity and Change. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
Brunner, Rainer and Werner Ende, eds. The Twelver Shia in Modern Times: Religious Cultures and Political History. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
Chehabi, H. E. Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: the Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini. New York: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Dabashi, Hamid. Theology of Discontent: the Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
Esposito, John, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2003.
---. The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact. Miami: Florida International University Press, 1990.
Farber, David. Taken Hostage: The Iran Hostage Crisis and America’s First Encounter with Radical Islam. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Farsoun, Samih and Mehrdad Mashayekhi, eds. Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Ferdows, Adele K. “Women and the Islamic Revolution.” International Journal of Middle East Studies. 15:2(1983): 283-198.
Gelvin, James L. The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford, N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Gibb, H. A. R. Sir, eds. The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leidon: Brill, 1982.
Goldschmidt, Arthur. Jr. A Concise History of the Middle East. Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.
Goodwin, Jan. Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World. New York: Plume, 2003.
Graham, Robert. Iran, the Illusion of Power. London: Croom Helm, 1978.
Guha, Ranjit and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, eds. Selected Subaltern Studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck and John L. Esposito, eds. Islam, Gender, & Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Halm, Heinz. Shi’a Islam: from Religion to Revolution. Princeton, N. J.: Markus Weiner Publishers, 1999.
Hanson, Brad. “The Westoxication of Iran: Depictions and Reactions of Behrangi, al- e Ahmad, and Shariati. ” International Journal of Middle East Studies. 15:1(Feb. 1983): 1-23.
Harasym, Sarah, ed. The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. London: Routledge, 1990.
Hegland, Mary Elaine. “Traditional 〝Iranian Women〞How They Cope.” The Middle East Journal. 36:4(1982): 483-501.
Heikal, Mohamed. The Return of the Ayatollah: The Iranian Revolution from Mossadeq to Khomeini. London: Andre Deutsch, 1983.
Herr, Malcolm H. Islamic Reform: the Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966.
Honarbin- Holliday, Mehri. Becoming Visible in Iran: Women in Contemporary Iranian Society. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2008.
Jafri, S. Husain M. Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. New York: Longman House, 1981.
Joseph, Saud and Afsaneh Najmabadi, eds. Encyclopedia of Women ＆ Islamic Cultures. Leidon: Brill, 2006.
Kamal, Muhammad. Mulla Sadra’s Transcendent Philosophy. Burlinton: Ashgate Publishing, 2006.
Kamrava, Mehran. Revolution in Iran: the Roots of Turmoil. New York: Routledge, 1990.
Kandiyoti, Deniz. Women, Islam and the State. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.
Karam, Azza M. Women, Islamisms and the State: Contemporary Feminisms in Egypt. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
Kazemzadeh, Masoud. Islamic Fundamentalism, Feminism, and Gender Inequality in Iran under Khomeini. Lanham: University Press of America, 2002.
Keddie, Nikki R. Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
---. Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1981.
---. Women in the Middle East: Past and Present. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Keddie, Nikki R. eds. Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.
Keddie, Nikki R. and Eric Hooglund, eds. Iranian Revolution & the Islamic Republic. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986.
Keddie, Nikki R. and Rudi Matthee, eds. Iran and the Surrounding World: Interaction in Culture and Cultural Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
Khomeini, Ruh Allah. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981.
---. The Position of Women from the Viewpoint of Imam Khomeini. Tehran: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, 2001.
---. The Jardinière of Love. Tehran: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs, 1994.
Landry, Donna and Gerald Maclean, eds. The Spivak Reader. New York: Routledge, 1996.
Lawrence, Bruce B. Shattering the Myth: Islam beyond Violence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Lerner, Robert E., Standish Meacham and Edward Mcnall, eds. Western Civilizations. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998.
Luft, Paul and Colin Turner, eds. Shi’ism: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies. Vol. I, II, III, VI. London: Routledge, 2008.
Mahavi, Shireen. “Women and Shii Ulama in Iran.” Middle Eastern Studies. 19:1(Jan. 1983): 17-27.
Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott. Appleby, eds. Fundamentalism Observed. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Melville, Charles. Safavid Persia. London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.
Milani, Mohsen M. The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution: from Monarchy to Islamic Republic. London: Westview Press, 1988.
Milani, Farzeneh. Veils and Words: the Emerging voices of Iranian Women Writers. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1992.
Mir- Hosseini, Ziba. Islam and Gender: the Religious Debates in Contemporary Iran. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Moaddel, Mansoor and Kamran Talattof, eds. Modernist and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam: a Reader. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Moghissi, Haideh. Populism and feminism in Iran: Women’s Struggle in a Male- Defined Revolutionary Movement. London: Macmillan Press, 1996.
Mohyeddin, Samira. “Iran’s Islamic Cultural Revolution: Cultural Authenticity, Revolutionary Ideologues, and Women as Makers of the Nation.” Iran Analysis Quarterly. 2:3(winter. 2005): 24-34.
Moin, Baqer. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Moris, Zailan. Revelation, Intellectual Intuition and Reason in the Philosophy of Mulla Sadra: an Analysis of the al- Hikma al- Arshiyyah. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
Murphy, Claire Rudolf. Daughters of the Desert: Stories of Remarkable Women from Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Traditions. Woodstock: Skylight paths pub, 2005.
Mutahhari, Murtaza. On the Islamic Modest Dress. Al- buquerque, N. M.: Abjad, 1988.
---. Fundamentals of Islamic Thought: God, Man and the Universe. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1985.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Three Muslim Sages: Avicenna- Suhrawardi- Ibn Arabi. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
---. Three Muslin Sages: Avicenna- Suhrawardi- Ibn Arabi. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1969.
---. Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. New York: State University of New York Press, 2006.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein and Hamid Dabashi, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, eds. Shi’ism: Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality. Albany: State University of New York, 1988.
Nelson, Cary and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
O’ Ballance, Edgar. Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism, 1979- 95: The Iranian Connection. NewYork: New York University Press, 1997.
Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza Shah. Mission for My Country. London: Hutchinson, 1974.
---. Answer to History. New York: Stein and Day, 1982.
Paidar, Parvin. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth- Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Parfrey, Adam. Extreme Islam: anti- American propaganda of Muslim Fundamentalism. Los Angels, California: Feral House, 2001.
Rahnema, Saeed and Sohrab Behdad, eds. Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1991.
Richard, Yann. Shiite Islam: Polity, Ideology, and Creed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995.
Ridgeon, Lloyd, ed. Religion and Politics in Modern Iran: a Reader. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005.
Russell, Bertrand. Marriage and Morals. London: Unwin Books, 1961.
Saikal, Amin. The Rise and Fall of the Shah. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1980.
Samiuddin, Abida and R. Khanam, eds. Muslim Feminism and Feminist Movement. Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House, 2002.
Schirazi, Asghar. The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic. New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 1997.
Scott, Joan W. and Debra Keates, eds. Going Public: Feminism and the Shifting Boundaries of the Private Sphere. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
Sedghi, Hamideh. Women and politics in Iran: Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling. Leiden: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Semati, Mehdi. Media, Culture and Society in Iran: Living with Globalization and the Islamic State. New York: Routledge, 2008.
Shahidian, Hammed. Women in Iran: Emerging Voices in the Women’s Movement. London: Greenwood Press, 2002.
---. Women in Iran: Gender Politics in the Islamic Republic. London: Greenwood Press, 2002.
Shakibi, Zhand. Revolutions and the Collapse of Monarchy: Human Agency and the Making of Revolution in France, Russia and Iran. New York: I. B. Turis, 2007.
Shariati, Ali. Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: an Islamic Critique. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1980.
---. What’s to Be Done: the Enlightened Thinkers and an Islamic Renaissance. Houston, Texas: The Institution for Research and Islamic Studies, 1986.
---. Fatima es Fatima. Teherán: Biblioteca Islámica Ahlul Bait, 2004.
Shawcross, William. The Shah’s Last Ride: the Fate of an Ally. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Wadud, Amina. Inside the Gender Jihad: Women’s Reform in Islam. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006.
Wilber, Donald N. Riza Shah Pahlavi: The Resurrection and Reconstruction of Iran 1878- 1944. Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1975.
Williams, Patrick and Laura Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post- colonial Theory: a Reader. Cambridge: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994.
Wright, Robin B. In the name of God: the Khomeini Decade. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989.
Yazdi, Majid. Religion, Modernization and Politics in Iran: An Analysis of Clerical Political Behavior during the Pahlavi Monarchy, 1925-1979. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services, 1991.
Young, Robert. White Mythologies: Writing History and the West. New York: Routledge, 1990.
Yousefi, Naghi. Religion and Revolution in the Modern World: Ali Shariati’s Islam and Persian Revolution. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.
Zonis, Marvin. Majestic Failure: The Fall of the Shah. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.