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研究生:黃緯誠
研究生(外文):Wei-ChengHuang
論文名稱:台灣西南部前陸盆地遠端地層層序—構造和全球海水面變化交互作用模型
論文名稱(外文):Stratigraphic Sequences in Distal Part of Foreland Basin in Southwestern Taiwan: Model of Interplay between Tectonics and Eustasy
指導教授:楊耿明楊耿明引用關係
指導教授(外文):Kenn-Ming Yang
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:地球科學系碩博士班
學門:自然科學學門
學類:地球科學學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2010
畢業學年度:98
語文別:中文
論文頁數:126
中文關鍵詞:前陸盆地層序地層全球海水面變化構造地層台灣西南部
外文關鍵詞:foreland basinsequence stratigraphyeustasytectonostratigraphySW Taiwan
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台灣西南部平原區和外麓山帶自上新世以來受到東側造山帶重荷影響,逐漸發育形成一典型的前陸盆地。本研究根據台灣西南部嘉義地區外麓山帶地下和地表出露之地層資料,進行詳細的地層層序循環及前陸盆地遠端至中心的第三層級(third-order)地層層序變化分析,並嘗試建立盆地演進的運動學模型,以建立前陸盆地構造和全球海水面變化交互作用模型。
本研究區域所包含晚中新世—更新世之地層,由老至年輕排列為中崙層、鳥嘴層、澐水溪層、六重溪層、崁下寮層、二重溪層,沉積時間涵蓋超微化石帶NN11至NN19。依地層之沉積構造特徵、岩相組成,並輔以生痕化石相,歸納其古沉積相,歸納出海浸殘餘物、潮間帶(intertidal)、亞潮帶(subtidal)、濱面(shoreface)、遠濱過渡帶(offshore transition)及遠濱(offshore)所組成的沉積環境;而生痕化石相包含Skolithos與Cruziana。依沉積相向上變淺之變化,將地層劃分為若干沉積環境的循環,為小層(beds)或小層組(bed set),並以海漫面(flooding surface)為界。將小層和小層組劃分為次層序(parasequence),依次層序的堆積關係可分為海進作用所對應的進積次層序組(retrogradational parasequence set)、海退作用所對應的退積次層序組(progradational parasequence set)和堆積過程中海岸線無明顯位移的加積次層序組(aggradational parasequence set),再依次層序組所屬的堆積型態,歸納出若干體系域,包括低水面體系域(LST)、海進體系域(TST)、高水位體系域(HST)以及下降體系域(FSST),並建立層序地層架構。
將本研究區域之地表和地下地層記錄相互比對,建立前陸盆地遠端及中心區域之沉積循環模型,顯示晚中新世—更新世期間有2次和前陸盆地發育相關的構造活躍期;在地層記錄顯示構造作用不活躍時,沉積循環以全球海水面變化為主要影響因素,則此時期為構造活動靜止期。兩種作用因素之間持續競爭,於構造地層顯示前陸盆地共經歷兩次構造活躍期,第一構造活躍期相對應之地層堆積位置為靠近前凸起之前陸盆地遠端部份,第一構造活躍期之構造作用為抬升作用,進入第一構造靜止期初期才因前凸起朝陸台移動而轉變為快速下沉作用;第二構造活躍期相對應之地層其堆積位置為前陸盆地中心部份,第二構造活躍期之構造作用為快速構造下沉作用,但進入第二構造靜止期則以全球海水面變化為主要控制因素。由兩次構造活躍期開始時間,可推測得知鄰近造山帶發生逆衝斷層快速活動的時間約5.54Ma和2.1Ma (超微化石帶NN12和NN18)。
In southwestern Taiwan, depositional system of Coastal plain and outer part of Foothills belt has been influenced by loading of the orogenic belt to the east from Pliocene to present and developed into a typical foreland basin system. In the study area, which is located at the distal and central parts of the foreland basin, the well bore data and outcropped sections record the changes of sedimentary facies within the foreland basin sequences. The changes were caused by the mixed variations of eustasy and activity of the orogenic belt during active/quiescent periods. Previous studies concerning the foreland basin in southwestern Taiwan mainly focus on the model of basin framework, and the accompanied orogenic morphology as well. The aim of this study is to analyze the sedimentary cycles and establish the tectonostratigraphy in foreland basin.
The Late Mio-Pleistocene strata composed by the lithological units from older to younger are Chunlun, Niaotsui, Yunshuichi, Liuchungchi, Kanshualiao and Erchungchi Formation, and they are deposited during the time of nannofossil biozone NN11-NN19. To study the sedimentary cycles of submarine deposits, we should recognize the sedimentary facies at first. According to the lithofacies analysis, the sedimentary facies are classified into six types: intertidal, subtidal, shoreface, offshore transition, offshore and flooding relict. Based on the trend of facies change, the environments can be divided into several sedimentary cycles. The cycles can be recognized and grouped into the system tracts, including the lowstnad (LST), transgressive (TST), highstand (HST), and falling-stage (FSST) systems tracts.
Stratigraphic columns were correlated and compared by analyzing the stratigraphic sequences, and a stratigraphic profile extending from the distal to central parts of the basin was then constructed. Twice rapid subsidence events are identified in sequence stratigraphic records of foreland basin.
In foreland basin, the rapid subsidence event is interpreted as the tectonic active period, and the FSST is preserved very well at this time. We interpret that the FSST results from relative sea-level fall caused by the approaching forebulge uplift. In each period of foreland basin development, TST was deposited at the higher rate of tectonic subsidence, which was followed by FSST representing the hinterlandward approaching forebulge. When tectonic activity in the orogenic belt gradually diminished, HST was deposited at the lower rate of tectonic subsidence and by the progradation toward the distal part of the basin till the end of the period. The assemblage of the foreland basin sequences (LST/TST/HST/FRST) demonstrates that tectonic activity has been dominant during its deposition, while another one (TST/HST) shows that it was rarely affected by tectonic activity and mainly influenced by eustasy.
Two elements compete with each other continuously, including tectonic activity and sea level changes, respectively. The tectonostratigraphy indicates that the foreland basin underwent two tectonic active period. The depositional position of the stratigraphy related to the former is the distal part near the forebulge, and it is belonging to uplifting and turned to rapid subsidence due to the forebulge moved to the craton. The depositional position of the stratigraphy related to the latter is the center of foreland basin, and belonging to rapid tectonic subsidence. However, the sea level changes turned to principal while entering second quiescent period. From the twice active period, we can speculate the timings of reverse fault rapid active events in neighboring orogenic belt are about 5.54Ma and 2.1Ma (NN12 and NN18, respectively).
誌謝...I
中文摘要...II
英文摘要...IV
圖目錄...VIII
表目錄...X
第一章、緒論...1
第一節、前言...1
第二節、研究目的...7
第三節、前人研究...9
第四節、區域地質概述...11
第五節、研究方法...16
第二章、沉積岩相分析...20
第一節、岩相...20
第二節、生痕化石相...36
第三章、沉積循環分析...43
第一節、澐水溪剖面...46
第二節、石?溪剖面...52
第三節、八掌溪剖面...57
第四章、層序地層分析...64
第五章、討論...72
第一節、全球海水面變化和地體構造交互作用模型...72
第二節、本研究區域外麓山帶層序地層解釋...76
第三節、前陸盆地南側層序解釋與側向層序比對...79
第四節、鄰近造山帶活動歷史...82
第六章、結論...83
參考文獻...85
附錄...108
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