臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

土壤夯實品質對於土壤填方之土壩、土堤及擋土結構等工程之施工品質影響甚鉅，因此土壤夯實之檢測技術顯得重要不得輕忽，為發展新興之結合剪力波速與時域反射法(Time Domain Reflecmetry, TDR)之碾壓土壤檢測技術，首要釐清碾壓土壤剪力波速之行為以評估其可行性。
本研究以彎曲元件(Bender Element)法進行土壤之剪力波速量測，試驗內容主要分成夯實土壤組構影響以及含水量與乾密度之影響兩部份，在夯實土壤組構影響上，透過在乾濕側夯實，控制相同乾密度、相同土壤以及相同量測含水量下，進行剪力波速量測，以探討乾濕側夯實造成之土壤組構對於剪力波速之影響；而在含水量與乾密度之影響試驗上，透過不同夯實含水量下夯實試體之量測含水量調整，探討在不同乾密度以及含水量下剪力波速之行為。試驗結果顯示，同一種土壤中土壤組構達到足夠差異時確實會影響剪力波速的行為；此外，含水量及乾密度對剪力波速影響之試驗結果顯示，在飽和度40%~90%之間剪力波速與飽和度呈線性之關係，因所探討之土壤為碾壓土壤，故此飽和度範圍內之線性關係足以適用，最後以所得之結果驗證Fratta et al.(2005)之半理論模型也適用於本研究所使用之寶二土與湖山土，但由於該模型過於複雜，且剪力波速與量測含水量關係顯示剪力波速對應到之乾密度並無唯一解，因此現地應用上還需再調整含水量以求解，並不利於現地應用。
故本研究以另一角度出發，從剪力波速對新鮮碾壓土壤飽和度之關係中發現一個一對一之函數(V_s=a_s+b_s×S^m, 3.7式)，並於現地應用架構上提出一初步應用之建議，利用該式於室內標定之結果，於現地透過表面波震測法結合TDR含水量量測，以達到無需取土便可快速進行土壤碾壓品管檢核之目標。

Quality control of compacted soils is important in earth dam, levee, retaining wall backfill...etc. To develope a new measurement technique incorporating both electromagnetic wave based on Time domain reflecmetry(TDR) and Shear wave velocity, it is necessary to first figure out the behavior of Shear wave velocity in compacted soils.
In order to measure shear wave velocity of compacted soils, bender element(BE) method is performed in laboratory, and the purpose of experiment were divided into two parts: investigating the influence soil fabric on shear wave velocity of compacted soil, and to figure out the relationship between soil phase parameters and shear wave velocity. Experimental results show that soil fabric of fine soils does affect the behavior of shear wave velocity in compacted soils under the same dry density and water content, and the shear wave velocity of the compacted soil has a linear relationship with the degree of saturation if it is between 40%~90%, the semi-theoretical model( Fratta et al. 2005) was successfully applied to analyze the data. However, it requires varying the water content to be able to measure water content and dry density in the field.
Alternatively, an empirical formula ( V_s=a_s+b_s×S^m) was found to well describe the shear wave velocity in terms of degree of saturation of freshly-compacted soil. Through this function, a method combined with surface wave testing and TDR technology was proposed. Preliminary laboratory results show that the proposed method can achieve 3% accuracy in dry density and 1% accuracy in water content.

中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
致謝 v
目錄 vi
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究動機 1
1.2研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1剪力波速與其影響因子 3
2.1.1剪力波速與土壤有效應力之關係 3
2.1.2剪力波速與物理性質之關係 7
2.2物理性質描述之半理論模型 11
2.3室內量測剪力波速之方法 15
2.3.1共振柱試驗(Resonant column method,RC) 16
2.3.2彎曲元件試驗(Bender element method, BE) 22
2.3.3剪力模數量測之比較 23
2.4彎曲元件介紹 24
2.4.1彎曲元件之壓電特性 24
2.4.2彎曲元件製作要點 24
2.4.3激發型式、能量與頻率之選擇 27
2.4.4剪力波波傳時間之判斷 29
第三章 研究方法與試驗規劃 32
3.1研究方法之建立 33
3.1.1 研究流程 33
3.1.2試驗系統之建立 33
3.2試驗規劃 37
3.2.1試驗儀器配置與規劃 37
3.2.2彎曲元件設計影響因子探討 40
3.2.3彎曲元件製作 43
3.2.4試驗土樣 46
3.2.5試驗步驟 49
第四章 結果與討論 53
4.1剪力波速試驗之結果 53
4.1.1分析方法說明 53
4.1.2試驗結果 54
4.2 Fratta半理論模型適用性探討與推導 64
4.3剪力波速於現地應用初步探討 70
第五章 結論與建議 75
5.1結論 75
5.2建議 77
參考文獻 79
附錄一 84
附錄二 86

王金山,(2004)“共振柱試驗之土壤動力性質”國立中央大學土木工程學系,碩士論文。
何文傑,(2007)“砂土承受垂直振動變形之初步研究”國立成功大學土木工程學系,碩士論文。
高嘉彬,(2007)“不飽和土壤邊坡基質吸力與位移之監測及滲流分析”國立台灣科技大學營建工程系,碩士論文。
許家華,(2005)“前期反覆荷重對砂土液化阻抗及剪力波速之影響”國立台灣科技大學營建工程系,碩士論文。
黃耀道,(2007)“台灣中西部粉土質砂土液化行為分析”國立交通大學土木工程學系,博士論文。
廖志穎,(2007)“不飽和路基土壤濕化及剪力模數研究”國立台灣科技大學營建工程系,碩士論文。
戴源昱,(2007)“台灣西南部粉土質細砂CRR與qc關係之標定”國立交通大學土木工程學系,碩士論文。
Ai-Hunaidi, M.O., Chen, P.A., Rainer, J.H., and Tremblay, M.(1996),“Shear moduli and damping in frozen and unfrozen clay by resonant column tests”,Canada Geotechnical Journal, No. 33, pp. 510-514.
Alla, P.(2009),“Dynamic Behavior of Unsaturated Soil”,S M. thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India.
Brignoli, E.G.M., Gotti, M., and Stokoe, K.H., II(1996),“Measurement of shear wave in laboratory specimens by means of piezoelectric transducers”,Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 384-397.
Brocanelli, D., and Rinaldi, V.(1998),“Measurement of low-strain material damping and wave velocity with bender elements in the frequency domain”,Canada Geotechnical Journal, No. 35, pp. 1032-1040.
Cho, G.C., and Santamarina, J.C., Member(2001),“Unsaturated particulate materials—particle-level studies ”,ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 127, No. 1.
Clairmont, J., Dupuis, M., Choquet, P., and Budin, R.(1999),“Lightning protection and shielding for geotechnical instruments and data acquisition systems”,Geotechnical News.
Claria, J.J., and Rinaldi, V.A.(2007),“Shear wave velocity of a compacted clayey silt”,Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 30, No. 5.
Clayton, C.R.I., Theron, M. & Best, A.I.(2004),“The measurement of vertical shear-wave velocity using side-mounted bender elements in the triaxial apparatus”,Geotechnique 54, No.7, pp. 495-498.
Fam, M., and Santamarina, C.(1995),“Study of geoprocesses with complementary mechanical and electromagnetic wave measurements in an oedometer”,Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 307-314.
Ferreira, C., and Fonseca, A.V.(2006),“Comparison of simultaneous bender elements and resonant column tests on Porto residual soil”,Soil Stress-Strain Behavior: Measurement, Modeling and analysis, pp. 523-535.
Fratta, D., Alshibli, K.A., Tanner, W.M., and Roussel, L.(2005),“Combined TDR and p-wave velocity measurements for the determination of in situ soil density—experimental study”,Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 28, No. 6.

Huang, A.B., and Huang, Y.T.(2005),“Static and cyclic behavior of a silty sand according to test on undisturbed sample”,Department of Civil Engineering of National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan.
Kalinski, M.E., and Thummaluru, M.S.R.(2005),“A New Free-Free Resonant Column Device for Measurement of Gmax and Dmin at Higher Confining Stresses”,Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2.
Kim, D.S., and Park, H.C.(1999),“Evaluation of ground densification using spectral analysis of surface waves(SASW) and resonant column(RC) tests”,Canada Geotechnical Journal, No. 36, pp. 291-299.
Kim, D.S., Shin, M.K., and Park, H.C.(2001),“Evaluation of density in layer compaction using SASW method”,Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, No. 21, pp. 39-46.
Lee, J.S., and Santamarina, J.C.(2005),“Bender elements: performance and signal interpretation”,ASCE,Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 131, No. 9, pp. 1063-1070.
Lee, J.S., and Santamarina, J.C.(2006),“Discussion“Measuring shear wave velocity using bender elements”by leong, E.C., Yeo, S.H., and Rahardjo, H.”,Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 29, No. 5.
Leong, E.C., Yeo, S.H., and Rahardjo, H.(2005),“Measuring shear wave velocity using bender elements”,Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 28, No. 5.
Markowska-Lech, K.(2008),“The Determination of Shear Modulus in Overconsolidated Cohesive Soils”,Foundations of Civil And Environmental Engineering NO. 12, Poland.
Patel, A., and Singh, D.N.(2009),“A generalized relationship for estimating shear wave velocity in soils”,International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, No. 3, pp. 343-351.
Rio, J.F.M.E.(2006),“Advances in Laboratory Geophysics Using Bender Elements”,Ph D. thesis, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of London, London.
Sawangsuriya, A., Biringen, E., Fratta, D., Bosscher, P.J. and Edil, T.B.(2006),“Dimensionless Limit for the Collection and Interpretation of Wave Propagation Data in Soil”,.ASCE ,Geotechical Special Publication (GSP) No. 149:“Site and Geomaterial Characterization”.pp. 160-166.
Sawangsuriya, A., Fall, M., and Fratta, D.(2008),“Wave-based techniques for evaluating elastic modulus and poisson’s ratio of laboratory compacted lateritic soils”,Geotechnical GeoEnginerring, No. 26, pp. 567-578.
Theopoulos, A., Papadopoulou, A., Tika, Th., and Laopoulos Th.(2009),“An Automated System for Measurement of Shear Waves Velocity in Soil”,XIX IMEKO World Congress, Fundamental and Applied Metrology, September 6-11, Lisbon, Portugal.
Van Genuchten, M.Th.(1980),“A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils”,Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 892-898.
Youn, J.U., Choo, Y.W., and Kim, D.S.(2008),“Measurement of small-strain shear modulus Gmax of dry and saturated sands by bender element, resonant colunn, and torsional shear test”,Canada Geotechnical Journal, No.45, pp.1426-1438.
Yang, S.R., Lin, H.D., Kung, J.H.S., and Liao, J.Y.(2008),“Shear wave velocity and suction of unsaturated soil using bender element and filter paper method”,Journal of GeoEngineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 67-74.
Zhou, Y.G., Chen, Y.M., Asaka, Y., and Abe, T.(2008),“Surface-mounted bender elements for measuring horizontal shear wave velocity of soils”,Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A, ISSN 1862-1775.