臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要
東南亞地區的伊斯蘭化起始於滿者伯夷(Majapahit)的印度教王國時期，並使印尼成為世界上最大的穆斯林國家，其中伊斯蘭教育機構Pesantren為執行伊斯蘭化的媒介之一。印尼地區的伊斯蘭經學院傳統已有相當長的歷史，一直到二十世紀中葉後才有重大的改革。本論文試圖探討爪哇地區伊斯蘭經學院歷經荷蘭殖民時期世俗化的衝擊，並在獨立後依據伊斯蘭在印尼發展之走向做的轉變。爪哇地區的經學院相當多，主要分為傳統的蘇非修道中心為基礎的Pesantren以及受到現代伊斯蘭改革思想所影響之新式的經學院(Madrasah)。傳統的經學院於二十世紀的轉變乃一相當直得探討的現象，本論文擬就西爪哇Tasikmalaya地區之Suryalaya的經學院為例去理解此一現象。Pesantren Suryalaya已有百年以上歷史，其轉型是否成功，可視為印尼傳統伊斯蘭教育的指標。本論文除了探討經學院結構的轉變之外，亦探討傳統蘇非道團在此轉變中所扮演的角色，以及其儀式教義的調適。簡言之，本論文之研究希望能提出印尼蘇非修道中心結合傳統伊斯蘭教育之經學院的現代改變。本論文討論內容追溯至Sufi導師們推廣伊斯蘭的時期。Sufi導師不只是Pesantren的老師，也在伊斯蘭王國佔有權位。印尼被荷蘭殖民前，Pesantren是印尼當地人民唯一的教育機構；被殖民後，殖民者驅離有絕對權力的Pesantren導師。此後被驅離的導師自行在偏遠地區建立他們的學校，遠離大城市的荷蘭行政機關；而荷蘭殖民政府則設立世俗性學校(Sekolah)，自此開始二分法的教育方式，即Sekolah的學生不學與伊斯蘭相關的知識，而Pesantren的學生，只學宗教傳統知識，此時的Pesantren仍屬於傳統主義團體。之後穆斯林現代主義團體Muhamadiyyah發起教育改革，整合現代非宗教性和傳統伊斯蘭教教育。印尼獨立後建立宗教部，是為了管理伊斯蘭教教育，使得伊斯蘭教和非宗教性學校的二元化教育的情勢仍維持下去。Suharto政權時代建立的伊斯蘭大學 (IAIN)漸地解決二分法問題。IAIN的出現是IAILM Suryalaya建立的原因之一。以上提及的內容環環相扣，為本論文論述之主題。
關鍵詞： 印尼，經學院，爪哇，伊斯蘭教育

Abstract

Islamization, beginning in the period of the Hindu Majapahit, made Indonesia the biggest Muslim country in the world. One of the agents of Islamisation is the traditional Islamic education institution called pesantren. The long history of pesantren in Indonesia, especially in Java, shows the connection between Nasantra and the Islamic Central Lands. During the Dutch colonial period, education institution was secularized by setting up the European style sekolah. The impletation of the secular education forced pesantren move and develop in the rual areas. Nevertheless Islamic traditions were kept going on through pesantren education.

After the independence, pesantren institution was again forced to transform into a modern madrasah system, which was initiated by Muhammadiyyah’s reform. Later the reform was adopted by Nadathul Ulama (NU) to launch new development in pesantren education. Inspite of this, some traditional pesantrens which are affiliated with certain Sufi tariqahs still maintain traditional characteristics. The most well-known of them is the Pesantren Suryalaya in Tasikmalaya, West Java. This research aims to study the transformation of the Pesantren Suryalaya, to examine how it follows up the national educational policy and keeps up with educational trends in the Islamic Central Lands. Apart from that, this research also studies how Sufi teachings and rituals that play important role in the transformation of pesantren educatrional reform.

Keywords: Indonesia, Java, Madrasah, Pesantren, Suryalaya, Islam, education

Chinese Abstract ...................................................................................... i
English Abstract ........................................................................................ ii
Aknolegement ............................................................................................. iii
Contents ..................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Motive and Purpose ...................................................................... 1
1.2 Review of the Relevant Studies .................................................................... 2
1.3 Method of Research .................................................................................... 6
1.4 Expected Contribution of the Thesis .............................................................. 7
Chapter 2 The Impact of Colonialism on Islamic Education
2.1 Islamic Education in the Traditional Setting .................................................. 8
2.1.1 How and When Islam Entered Nusantara ................................................... 8
2.1.2 Early Islamic Educational Institution in the Sultanate Period ......................... 12
2.2 Educational Institution in the Dutch Colonial Era ............................................ 16
2.3 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................. 33
Chapter 3 Islamic Education after the Independence
3.1 Islamo-political History prior to the Independence .......................................... 36
3.2 Islamic Education System in the Old Order Era ............................................ 42
3.3 Islamic Education Reform in the New Order Era ............................................. 46
3.4 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................. 49
Chapter 4 Tariqah Pesantren Suryalaya before the New Order Era
4.1 Tasawwuf and Tariqah ................................................................................ 52
4.2 Qadiriyyah and Naqshbandiyyah Tariqahs ..................................................... 59
4.3 Tariqah Qadiriyyah-wa-Naqshbandiyyah (TQN) ............................................. 62
4.4 The Rituals and Teachings of TQN .............................................................. 62
4.5 TQN’s Ideology on Education .................................................................... 70
4.6 The Early Establishment of Pesantren Suryalaya ............................................ 71
4.7 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................. 77
Chapter 5 Modernization of Education in Pesantren Suryalaya
5.1 Pesantren Suryalaya under the Leadership of Abah Anom ................................ 78
5.2 Transformation of Educational System in Pesantren Suryalaya ......................... 80
5.3 The New Direction of Islamic Education in Pesantren Suryalaya ....................... 84
5.4 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................. 92
Chapter 6 Conclusion ............................................................................ 94
Reference .................................................................................................. 100
Appendix .................................................................................................... 107

Reference
Primary Sources:
Script of lokakarya untuk Pembentukan Dasar Pendidikan di Institut Latifah Mubarokiyyah. Suryalaya February 21, 1987.
Anwar, KH Abidin. Kepesantrean Suryalaya. Suryalaya: Yayasan Serba Bakti, 2009.
Idem. Azas dan Mekanisme Serta Proses Pendidikan Tarekat Qodiriyah Naqsyabandiyah (TQN) PP. Suryalaya (explanation of Theology of Suryalaya, Manual that haven’t been publish). Suryalaya: Yayasan Serba Bakti.2009.

Bagian Data dan Informasi Pendidikan Islam Depag RI. Statistik Pendidikan Islam tahun Pelajaran 1998/1999 sampai 2001/2002. Departemen Agama RI. Jakarta: 2002.

Materi Pendalaman Thoreqat Qoodiriyyah Nasqabandiyyah bagi Ikhwan TQN Pondok Pesantren suryalaya Tasikmalaya. Yayasan serba Bakti. Suryalaya: 1994.

Tim Penyusun Ditjen Baga Islam, Data Pendidikan Agama Islam Pada sekolah Umum Negri
Direktorat Jenderal Kelembagaan Agama Islam. Jakarta: 1998.

----------------------------------------, Kendali Mutu Pendidikan Agama Islam
Direktorat Jenderal Kelembagaan Agama Islam. Jakarta: 2003

----------------------------------------,Pedoman Pelaksanaan Supervisi Pendidikan Agama.
Direktorat Jenderal Kelembagaan Agama Islam. Jakarta: 2003

Pedoman Kuliah Ta’aruf Mahasiswa Baru. IAILM Suryalaya Tasikmalaya. 2009.

Profil IAILM Suryalaya. IAILM Suryalaya Tasikmalaya. 2009.

Regulation of General Directorate of Higher Regulation of Department of Education 314/DIKTI/Kep/1998.
Regulation of General Directorate of Higher Regulation of Department of Education 314/DIKTI/Kep/1998.
Regulation of General Directorate of Higher Regulation of Department of Education 34/DIKTI/Kep/2002.
Regulation of General Directorate of Higher Regulation of Department of Education 304/DIKTI/Kep/1998.
Satuta IAILM Suryalaya. IAILM Suryalaya Tasikmalaya. 2005.


Secondary Sources


Abdurrahman, Mas’ud. Menggagas Format Pendidikan Nondikotomik: Humanisme religius sebagai Paradigma Pendidikan Islam. Jakarta: Gama media, 1987.
Abu Thalib al-Makki. Tafsir Sufistic Rukun Islam: Menghayati Makna-Makna Batiniah Syahadat, Shalat, Zakat, Puasa, dan Haji. Bandung: Mizan Pustaka, 2005.

Acheh, Aboebakar. Sedjarah Mesjid, Jakarta: T.B. Adil, 1955

Idem. Pengantar Ilmu Tariqa, Uraian tentang Mistik. Jakarta: Penerbitan A.H.M. Tawison, 1966.
Idem. Pendidikan Sufi. Semarang: CV Ramadhani, 1985
Abdullah, M. Amin and others. Islamic studies dalam paradigma integrasi interkoneksi: sebuah antologi. Yogyakarta: Suka Press, 2007.

Alfian, Muhammadiyah: The Political Behavior of a Muslim Modernist Organization under Dutch Colonialism.Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1989.
Arberry, A. J. Sufism: an account of the mystics of Islam. London: Allen & Unwin, 1950.
Arifin, Sahid. Selayang Pandang Menelusuri Perialanan Hidup Macan Suryalaya. Jakarta: Yayasan AI Qomariyah Mandiri, 2005.

Azra, Azyumardi, “Education, Law Misticiwsm: Constructing Social Realities” in Islamic Civilization in the Malay World. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1997.
Bakhtiar, Amsal. ed. Asal-usul Tasawuf seta perkembangannya di Indonesi. Bandung: Angkasa, 2003.
Idem. Tassawuf dan Gerakan Tarekat, Bandung: Angkasa, 2003.
van Bruinessen, Martin. NU, Tradisi, Relasi-relasi Kuasa: Pencarian Wacana Baru. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2008
Deladriere,R. “Muhasaba”, Encyclopaedia of Islam new edition vol.vii, Leiden: Brill, 1993.

Departemen Agama, Perguruan tinggi agama Islam di Indonesia: Sejarah Pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya. Jakarta: Departemen Agama, 2002.
Dhofier, Zamakhsyari. Tradisi Pesantren. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1994.
Esposito, John L. Islam: the Straight Path. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Geertz, C. The Religion of Java. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1960.

Gibb, H.A.R. & J.H. Kramers, Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), s.v. “Abd al-Kadir al-Djili (Gilani)”.

Gordon, Alijah, The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian Archipelago. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Sociological Research Institute, 2001.
Hefner, Robert W. and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, ed. Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslims Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Hefner, Robert W. Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000.

Idem. Making Modern Muslims: the Politic of Islamic education in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009.

Hurgronje, C. Snouck, Mekka ln the Latter Part of tne 19tn Century: Daily Life, Customs and Learning, the Muslims of the East-Indian Archipelago. Leiden: Brill, 2007.

IAILM, Statua, Suryalaya: IAILM, 2010.

Ichwan, M. Nur. Official Reform of Islam: State Islam and the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Contemporary Indonesia 1966–2004. MA thesis (University of Tilburg, 2006).
Jahroni, Jajang. “Merumuskan Modernitas: Kecendrungan dan Perkembangan Pesantren di Jawa Tengah” in Mencetak Muslim Modern. Jakarta: Rajawali, 1990.

Karni, Asrori S. Civil society dan Ummah: Sintesa Diskursif Rumah Demokrasi. Jakarta: Wacana Ilmu, 1999.

Lewis, Bernard. What Went Wrrong? The Clash between Islam and modernity in the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Lin, Chang kuan(林長寬). “The Origins of Islamization In Java” (馬來世界伊斯蘭探源：爪哇地區的伊斯蘭化) in Religions and Identities in Malaysia and Indonesia (馬來西亞與印尼的宗教與認同:伊斯蘭、佛教與華人信仰). Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2009.

Idem. “Contemporary Thoughts of Islamic Reform in Indonesia”(綜觀現代印尼伊斯蘭之復興改革思想) in Religions and Identities in Malaysia and Indonesia (馬來西亞與印尼的宗教與認同：伊斯蘭、佛教與華人信仰), Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2009.

Idem. “The Modernization of Pesantren: transformation of Islamic education in the 20th century Indonesia”, CAPAS-CSEAS 2008 International Symposium: Islam for social justice and sustainability, new perspectives on Islamism and pluralism in Indonesia, (Kyoto University), 2008/9/16-17.

Idem. 「印尼Muhammadiya早期『再伊斯蘭化』運動初探」(The Early Stage of Muhammadiya’s re-Islamization)，CAPAS Southeast Asia Research Paper No. 61, Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2003.

Idem. “On the Modernization of Islam, the case of Muhammad Abduh’s Reform”(談伊斯蘭之現代化：以Muhammad Abduh之『現代化觀念』為例), Journal of Religious Philosophy (宗教哲學)，18 (1999/04).

Majid, Nurcholish. Tradisi Islam: Peran dan fungsinya dalam pembangunan Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajawali, 1997.

Maksum. Madrasah dan Perkembangannya. Jakarta: Logos Wacan Ilmu, 1999.
Mas’ud, Abdurrahman. Menggagas Format Pendidikan Nondikotomik: Humanisme Religius Sebagai Paradigma Pendidikan Islam. Jakarta: Gama media, 1987.

Von der Mehden, Fred. Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia: Burma, Indonesia and the Piliphine. Madison: University of Wincostin Press, 1963.

Merry, Michael S. Culture, Identity, and Islamic Schooling: A Philosophical Approach. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

Moquette, J. P. “De eerste vorsten van Samoedra Pasè (Noord Sumatra), The first ruler of Samudra Pasai (North Sumatra),” RNI (1913).
Muhaimin, A.G. ed. Zamakhsyari Dhofier. Tradition & Change in Indonesian Education. Jakarta: Ministry of Religius Affairs, 1995.

Muhammad, Solihin and Rosihon Anwar, Kamus Tasawuf. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2002.
Mukhtar. Desain Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Jakarta: Misaka Gazila, 2003.
Mulyati, Sri. The Educational Role of the Tariqa Qadiriyya-Naqshbandiyya, with special reference to Suryalay., PhD thesis (McGill University, 2002).
Nasution, Harun ed. Thoriqot Qodiriyyah Naqsabandiyyah: Sejarah, Asal-usul, dan Perkembangannya. Tasikmalaya: Institut Agama Islam latifah Mubarokiyah, 1990.
Nawawi, H. Ismail, Tarekat Qodiriyyah Wa Naqsyabandiyyah: Sebuah Tinjauan Ilmiyah dan Amaliyah. Surabaya: Karya Agung, 2008.
Noer, Deliar. Administrasi Islam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajawali, 1983.
Noor, Farish A., Thinking the Unthinkable: The Modernization and Reform of Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia, Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2008.

Peacock, James L. Purifying the faith: the Muhammadijah Movement in Indonesian Islam. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Pub Co., 1978

Pedersen, J. “Madrasa” in Encyclopaedia of Islamc new edition vol. v, Leiden: Brill, 1986.

Pengurus Besar Nadathul Ulama (PBNU), Keputusan Mukhtamar Nadathul Ulama ke-27 Situbondo: Nadathul Ulama back to Khittah 1926. Semarang: Sumber Barokah, 1985.
Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya. 90 Tahun Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya. Tasikmalaya: Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya, 1995.

Porter, Donald J. Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.

Praja, Juhaya. Islam, globalisasi & kontra terorisme:Islam pasca tragedi 911. Bandung: Kaki langit, 2004.
Rasyid, Daud M.A. Pembaruan Islam dan Orientalisme dalam Sorotan. Bandung: Syaamil Publishing, 2002.

Ricklefs, M. C. Sejarah Indonesia Modern, 1200-1400, Jakarta: Serambi, 2005.
San, Karl Tan Beng. Peluang dan Tantangan-tantangan Tenaga Profesional Tingkat Menengah di Asia Pasifik pada Abad ke-21. Palembang: Poleknik Negri Sriwijaya, 1998.

Saeed, Javaid. Islam and Modernization: a comparative analysis of Pakistan, Egypt, and Turkey. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1994

Shadily, Hassan, Kamus Indonesia Inggris (An Indonesian-English Dictionary), Jakarta: Gramedia. 2002
Sekretariat Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya, ed. Kumpulan Maklumat Shaikh Mursyid TQN Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya. Suryalaya: Sekretariat Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya, 2010.

Shadily, Hassan, Kamus Indonesia Inggris (An Indonesian-English Dictionary), Jakarta: Gramedia. 2002
Schieke, B.J.O. Islamischer Insternationalismus im 20. Jahrhundert: Untersuchungen zur Geshichte der Islamischen Weltliga. Leiden: Brill, 1919.

Siswanto, M. S. Satu Abad Poodok Pesantren Suryalaya Perjalanan dao Pengabdian 1905-2005. Suryalaya: Yayasan Serba Bakti, 2005.

Steenbrink , Karel, Dutch colonialism and Indonesian Islam : contacts and conflicts, 1596-1950. Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, 1993.

Suharto, Rudhy, and Mahya Ramdhani, ed. Pemberdayaan Pesantren: Menuju Kemandirian dan Profesionalisme Santri dengan Metode Daurah Kebudayaan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pesantren, 2005.

Sunardjo, Unang. Menelusuri Perjalanan Sejarah Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya Pusat Pengembangan TariqaQadiriyya Naqshbandiyya Abad ke Dua Puluh. Tasikmalaya: Yayasan serba Bakti Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya, 1995.
Sunarto, Musrifah. Asal-usul Tasawuf Seta Perkembangannya di Indonesia, H. Amsal Bakhtiar ed., Bandung: Angkasa, 2003.

Suryatenggara, A. Mansur, “Perlawanan Pesantren Terhadap Ekspansi Politik Imperialis Belanda” Panji Masyarakat Mei (1973).
Suwito and Fauzan, Perkembangan Pendidikan Islam di Nusantara: Studi Perkembangan Sejarah dari Abad 13 hingga abad 20. Bandung: Angkasa Bandung, 2004.

Syah, Anang. Inabah: Metode Penyadaran Korban Penyalahgunaan NAPZA (Narkotika, psikotropika dan Zat Adiktif Lainnya) di Inabah 1 Pondok Pesantren Suryalaya. Bandung: Wahana Karya Grafika, 2000.

Al-Taftazani, Sufi dari Zaman ke Zaman, Bandung: Bandung Pustaka, 1974.
Trimingham, J. Spencer. The Sufi orders in Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, c1998.
Yamin, Muh. Naskah Persiapan Undang-undang Dasar Negara 1945. Jakarta: Jajasan Prapanea, 1959.
Yunus, H. Mahmud. Sejarah Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Hidakarya Agung, 1996.

Zaini, KH A. Wahid, Dunia Pemikiran Kaum Santri. Jakarta: LKPSM, 1994.

Ziemek, Manfred. 1983. Pesantren Dalam Perubahan Sosial. Jakarta: P3M.

Majalah Al-Jam’iyah No.5 - 6 Th. IV, Sept. - Nov. ’65. (Jogjakarta), Juli 1965.

Internet Source:
Badan Statistik RI (Indonesian Official Statistic website) year 2005. http://www.datastatistik-indonesia.com/component/option,com_tabel/kat,1/Itemid,165

Britannica Encyclopedia http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/892/Muhammad-Abduh

Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi. http://www.ditpertais.net/swara/warta17-04.asp
NU Online, date Monday August 29, 2005. Title: Satu Abad Ponpes Suryalaya, Jebolkan 10 Juta Lebih Santri Tasikmalaya. http://www.nu.or.id/page.php?lang=id&menu=news_view&news_id=3681
Orr, Kenneth, M. M. Billah & Budi Lazarusli. "Education for this life, or for the life to come? Observations on the Javanese village madrasah” retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/pss/3350888
Tafsir Koran http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=1&tid=442

The National Security Archive http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/ (accessed April 1, 2010).