埔里盆地位於台灣中部，因構造複雜且缺乏沉積物的絕對定年資料，各家學者對埔里盆地內部地形的演育過程有不同的看法。在埔里盆地西北側與西南側有紅土台地分布，本研究針對台地上的紅土進行分析，以土壤化育的觀點建立各台地的土壤時間序列，以此得知台地生成的相對順序，在絕對年代缺乏的情況下，本研究可提供階地對比的相對年代，解決前人的部份爭議。
本研究在埔里盆地的不同台地面上共採集七個土壤剖面，野外形態特徵與理化性質分析的結果顯示，採自大坪頂（PL-1a）、外大坪（PL-s1b）與蜈蜞坑（PL-s1c）的土壤樣體化育程度最高，生成的年代最老；次高者為水牆（PL-s1a）；再次者為赤崁（PL-2b）；再次者為水蛙窟（PL-2a）；最低者為愛蘭（PL-3a）。藉由土壤化育程度，本研究證實水蛙窟的生成年代介於赤崁與愛蘭之間，西北面階地形成的先後順序為大坪頂→赤崁→水蛙窟→愛蘭；西南面階地部分，外大坪與蜈蜞坑的土壤化育程度極為相似，顯示兩台地生成於相同年代，但兩者的高度明顯不同，推論是受到構造撓曲所致，而水牆的化育程度雖然較低，但此樣體採自斜坡，土壤化育易受側向淋洗影響，且水牆與外大坪、蜈蜞坑的地形連續，三者可對比為同一地形面，另一方面，外大坪的高度與大坪頂接近，WPDI值也相似，因此外大坪台地、蜈蜞坑台地、水牆台地可能與大坪頂台地在同時期生成。

Puli Basin is located in the middle of Taiwan. Because of complex structures and the lack of absolute time of sediments, each expert has different view points on topography evolution of Puli Basin. There are lateritic tablelands in the northwest and southwest of Puli Basin. This research focuses on the analysis of lateritic soils on the tablelands. This research sets up soil chronosequence of each tableland on the pedogenic aspect. Through it, we can know the relative order of each tableland. Though we don’t know absolute time, this research can provide relative dating of terrace correlation to solve the arguments of predecessors.
Seven soil pedons were sampled from different tablelands of Puli Basin. The result of soil morphologies and physicochemical properties shows: the pedogenic degree of the soil pedons from Dapingding (PL-la), Waidaping (PL-s1b) and Wujikeng (PL-s1c) are the oldest; the second one is from Shuiqiang (PL-s1a), the third one is from Chikan (PL-2b), the fourth one is from Shuiwaku ( PL-2a), and the last one is from Ailan (PL-3a). By pedogenic degree, the research proves that the age of PL-2a is between PL-2b and PL-3a. The forming sequence of northwest terrace is Dapingding → Chikan →Shuiwaku → Ailan. As for southwest terrace,the pedogenic degree of PL-s1b is similar to PL-s1c. It proves that the ages of the two tablelands are the same. But the heights of the two tablelands are obviously different. It suggests that was caused by warping. Though the pedogenic degree of PL-s1a is lower than PL-1a, PL-s1b and PL-s1c, the soil pedon is of high slope, its soil genesis would be easily affected by lateral leaching. Further more, the topography of Shuiqiang, Waidaping and Wujikeng is continuous, the three can correlate as the same terrace. Besides, the height of Waidaping is close to Dapingding, and its WPDI is similar, too. Therefore, this study is proposed that Shuiqiang tableland, Waidaping tableland, Wujikeng tableland are at the same age as Dapingding tableland.

目　　錄
目　　錄 i
圖　　次 ii
表　　次 iii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節　前人研究 5
第二章　研究區概述 13
第一節　自然環境 13
第三章　研究方法 17
第一節　土壤採樣與描述 17
第二節　土壤理化性質分析 18
第三節　土壤分類 21
第四節　土壤化育指數 22
第四章　研究成果 25
第一節　土壤樣體的形態特徵 25
第二節　土壤的物理性質 33
第三節　土壤的化學性質 41
第四節　土壤分類 49
第五節　土壤化育指數 53
第五章　討論 60
第一節　土壤時間序列 60
第二節　階地地形演育 63
第六章　結論 67
參考文獻 69
附錄 75


圖　　次
圖1-1 埔里盆地群數值地形圖 2
圖1-2 埔里盆地地質圖 3
圖2-1 埔里盆地主要地形面分布圖 15
圖2-2 埔里氣候圖 16
圖4-1 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體剖面照片 26
圖4-2 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤質地散佈三角圖 38
圖4-3 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體粒徑隨深度分布圖 39
圖4-4 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體坋粒/黏粒隨深度分布圖 40
圖4-5 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體總體密度隨深度分布圖 40
圖4-6 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體pH值和交換性鋁隨土壤深度分布圖 46
圖4-7 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體有機碳和游離鐵、鋁隨土壤深度分布圖 47
圖4-8 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體無定形鐵、鋁隨土壤深度分布圖 48
圖4-9 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體HI隨深度分布圖 59
圖5-1 埔里盆地西南面紅土台地地形剖面圖 64
圖5-2 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地下切過程示意圖 66

表　　次
表1-1 埔里盆地地形面對比比較表 7
表3-1 土壤化育指數之土壤形態量化方式 23
表4-1 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體之野外剖面形態描述 27
表4-2 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體之物理性質 35
表4-3 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤樣體之化學性質 43
表4-4 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤形態化育指數表 56
表5-1 埔里盆地周緣紅土台地土壤化育程度比較表 60

千田勝己（1980）台灣某些紅壤的黏土礦物特性與有關理化性質之研究，台北市，國立台灣大學農業化學研究所博士論文，130頁。
王明光、張大偉、黃綿儀（1992）”臺灣紅壤中氧化鐵分佈”，中國農業化學會誌，第31卷，第2期，頁229-246。
石再添、鄧國雄、張瑞津、黃朝恩、石慶得、楊貴三、許民陽（1990）地學通論，台北，國立空中大學。
石華（1989）”紅壤研究四十春”，土壤學報，第21期，頁174-179。
早坂一郎（1930）”日月潭附近山間盆地地域觀察(豫報)”，臺灣地學記事，第1卷，第1號，頁1-4。
朱健仁（1991）埔里盆地群成因之探討，台北市，台灣大學地質系學士論文，24頁。
吳德松（1973）”埔里盆地羣之地理”，私立中國文化學院地學研究所研究報告，第1期，頁1-28。
李重毅、徐兆祥、張渝龍、毛爾威、李錦發（1998）”臺灣中部埔里斷層”，臺灣石油地質，第32號，頁155-164。
李錦發、賴典章（1997）”臺灣中西部的「三義-東勢-埔里地震帶」”，經濟部中央地質調查所年報，八十五年度，頁54-56。
林淑芬（1991）桃園臺地群紅壤之初步研究，台北市，國立台灣大學地質學研究所碩士論文，82頁。
林温惠（2008）八卦台地北部紅壤化育程度及其在階地對比之研究，彰化縣，國立彰化師範大學地理學系碩士論文，87頁。
林朝棨（1957）台灣地形，台灣省通誌稿卷一土地誌地理篇，台灣省文獻會，南投縣，頁317-327。
許正一、王相華、伍淑惠、張英琇（2004）”墾丁高位珊瑚礁自然保留區土壤之化育作用與分類”，台灣林業科學，第19卷，第2期，頁153-164。
許民陽（1984）”新社河階群的地形特徵與大溪河階群之比較研究”，國立台灣師範大學地理系地理教育，第10期，頁74-98。
陳建任（2004）琉球嶼海階土壤之化育作用，屏東縣，國立屏東科技大學環境工程與科學系碩士論文，122頁。
陳彥谷（2008）台灣中部地區紅壤化學風化與質量平衡之研究，彰化縣，國立彰化師範大學地理學系碩士論文，103頁。
陳炳誠（2003）埔里與魚池盆地之沈積與新構造研究，台北市，台灣大學地質科學研究所碩士論文，97頁。
陳勉銘（2003）”埔里盆地與周緣階地群之第四紀地質”，經濟部中央地質調查所年報，九十二年度，頁53-56。
郭魁士（1977）土壤學，屏東，中國書局，801頁。
黃文樹（2003）八卦台地南部階地地形與土壤化育之研究，彰化縣，國立彰化師範大學地理學系碩士論文，141頁。
黃文樹、蔡衡、許正一（2006a）”土壤化育指數在濁水溪流域階地對比之應用”，國立台灣大學地理系地理學報，第45期，頁1-20。
黃文樹、林溫惠、蕭雅文、蔡衡（2006b）”八卦台地紅土緩起伏面紅土特徵之探討”，2006年彰化研究學術研討會—八卦台地研究，頁289-307。
黃朝恩（1978）”山坡地坡面要素的地形學計量研究─以埔里盆地大坪頂地區為例”，國立台灣師範大學地理研究所地理研究報告，第4期，頁173-212。
黃瑞賢（2002）大肚溪流域河階地形研究，桃園縣，國立中央大學應用地質研究所碩士論文，112頁。
黃鑑水、謝凱旋、陳勉銘（2000）五萬分之一台灣地質圖說明書，第32號埔里，台北，經濟部中央地質調查所，75頁。
齊士崢（2004）”河階的對比與成因”，環境與世界，第10期，頁43-64。
楊貴三（1986）台灣活動層的地形學研究－特論活動層與地形面的關係，台北市，中國文化大學地學研究所博士論文，178頁。
楊貴三、張瑞津、沈淑敏、石同生（2007）”埔里盆地的地形面、活動構造與地形演育”，地理研究，第46期，頁1-16。
萬獻銘、陳淑華（1988）”林口臺地礫碸化之礦物學及化學特性研究及其與紅土形成之關係”，地質，第8卷，第1-2期，頁27-47。
劉黔蘭、莊作權（1986）”臺灣紅壤之理化與黏土礦物特性”，台灣農業化學會誌，第24卷，第4期，頁430-442。
蕭雅文（2007）大肚台地與新社地區紅土土壤剖面質量平衡之研究，彰化縣，國立彰化師範大學地理學系碩士論文，86頁。
羅偉、吳樂群、陳華玟（1999）五萬分之一台灣地質圖說明書，第25號國姓，台北，經濟部中央地質調查所，71頁。
Alexander, E. B., Ellis, C. C., Burke, R. (2007)” A chronosequence of soils and vegetation on serpentine terraces in the klamath mountains,” USA. Soil Science, 172: 565-76.
Alonso, P., Sierra, C., Ortega, E., Dorronsoro, C. (1994) “Soil development indices of soils developed on fluvial terraces (Peñaranda de Bracamonte, Salamanca, Spain),” Catena, 23: 295-308.
Arduino, E., Barberis, E., Carraro, F., Forno, M. G. (1984) “Estimating relative ages from iron-oxide/total-iron ratios of soils in the western Po valley, Italy,” Geoderma, 33: 39-52.
Barnhisel, R. and Bertsch, P.M. (1982) “Aluminum,” In A. L. Page et al. (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties-Agronomy monograph No.9, pp. 275-300.
Bilzi, A.F. and Ciolkosz, E.J. (1977) “A field morphology rating scale for evaluating pedological development,” Soil Science, 124(1): 45-48.
Biq C. C. (1989) “The Yushan-Hsuehshan Megashear zone in Taiwan,” Proceedings of the Geological Society of China, 20: 61-70.
Birkeland, P. W. (1990) “Soil-geomorphology research – a select overview,” Geomorphology, 3: 207-224.
Birkeland, P. W. (1999) Soils and Geomorphology (3rd ed.), New York: Oxford.
Blake, G. R. and Hartge, K. H. (1986) “Bulk density,” In A. Klut (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical methods-Agronomy monograph No. 9, pp. 363-375.
Bockheim, J. G., Kelsey, H. M. and Marshall III, J. G. (1992) “Soil development, relative dating, and correlation of late Quaternary marine terraces in Southwestern Oregon”, Quaternary Research, 37: 60-74.
Chen, W. S., Huang, B. S., Chen, Y. G., Lee, Y. H., Yang, C. N., Lo, C. H., Chang, H. C., Sung, Q. C., Huang, N. W., Lin, C. C., Sung, S. H., Lee, K. J. (2001) “1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake: A Case Study on the Role of Thrust-Ramp Structures for Generating Earthquakes,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91(5): 986-994.
Gardner, W. H. and Hartge, K. H. (1986) “Bulk density,” In A. Klut (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical methods-Agronomy monograph No. 9, pp. 493-544.
Gee, G. W. and Bauder, J. W. (1986) “Particle-size analysis,” In A. Klut (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical methods-Agronomy monograph No. 9, pp. 383-411.
Gracheva, R. G., Targulian, V. O., Zamotaev, I. V. ( 2001) “Time-dependent factors of soil and weathering mantle diversity in the humid tropics and subtropics: a concept of soil self-development and denudation,” Quaternary International, 78: 3-10.
Harden, J. W. (1982) “A quantirative index of soil development from field descrioptions, example from a chronosequence in Central California,”Geoderma, 28:1-28.
Harden, J. W. (1990) “Soil development on table landforms and implications for landscape studies,” Geomorphology, 3: 391-398.
Jenny, H. (1941) Factors of soil formation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Leigh, D. S. (1996) “soil chronosequence of Brasstown Creek, Blue Ridge Mountains, USA,” Catena, 26: 99-114.
Lu, C. Y., Chu, H. T., Lee, J. C. (1997) “Structural Evolution in the Hsuehshan Range, Taiwan,” Journal of the Geological Society of China, 40(1): 261-279.
Maejima, Y., Nagatsuka, S., Higashi, T. (2002) “Application of the crystallinity ratio of free iron oxides for dating soils developed on the raised coral reef terraces of Kikai and Minami-Daito islands, southwest Japan,” The Quaternary Research, 41: 485-493.
McFadden, L. D. and Weldon Ⅱ, R. J. (1987) “Rates and processes of soil development on Quaternary terraces in Cajon Pass, California,” Geology Society of American Bulletin, 98: 280-293.
McFadden, L. D. and Knuepfer, P. L. K. (1990) “Soil geomorphology: the linkage of pedology and surficial process,” Geomorphology, 3: 197-205.
Mclean, E. O. (1982) “Soil PH and lime requirement,” In A. L.Page et al.t (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy monograph No. 9, pp. 199-244.
Mckeague, J. A. and Day, J. H. (1966) “Dithionite and oxalate extractable Fe and Al as 79 acids in different various classes of soils,” Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 46: 13-22.
Mueller, K., Chen, Y., Powell, L. (2002) “Modern Strain and Structural Architecture of the Central Taiwanese Orogen-Evidence for Active Backstepping in Response to Erosion? “ Eos. AGU fall meeting, abstract, T61B-1279.
Nagatsuka, S., and Maejima, Y. (2001) “Dating of soil on the raised coral reef terraces of Kikai Island in the Ryukyus, Southwest Japan, with special reference to the age of red - yellow soils,” The Quaternary Research, 40: 137-147.
Nataša, J. Vidic (1998) “Soil-age relationships and correlations: comparison of chronosequences in the Ljubljana Basin, Slovenia and USA,” Catena, 34: 113-129.
Nelson, D. W. and Sommers, L. E. (1982) “Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter,” In A. L.Page et al.t (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy monograph No. 9, pp. 539-577.
Powell, L., Muller, K., Chen, Y. G. (2002) “Geomorphic Constraints on Patterns of Shortening and Erosion in the Puli Basin: Hinterland of the Central Taiwan Thrust Belt,” Eos. AGU fall meeting, abstract, T61B-1270.
Pratt, P.F. and Bair, F. L.(1961) “A comparison of three reagents for the extraction of aluminum from soils,” Soil Science, 91 :357-359.
Richard J.J. Pope (2000) “The application of mineral magnetic and extractable iron (Fed) analysis for differentiating and relatively dating fan surfaces in central Greece,” Geomorphology, 32: 57–67.
Soil Survey Staff (1993) Soil Survey Manual, USDA Handbook No.18, Washington, DC: U. S. Gov. Print. Office.
Soil Survey Staff (2006) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 10th ed., U. S. Pocahontas Press, Inc.
Sung, Q. C., You, S. Y. and Liao, J. Y. (1995) “Correlation of river terraces by Quantitative morphological dating and it’s neotectonuc implications”, Journal of the Geological Society of China, 38: 65-80.
Tayler, E. M. (1988) Instructions for the soil development index template lotus 1-2-3., Denver, Colorado: U.S.G.S. OFR.
Tomita,Y. (1953) “Physiographic development of the Hori (Puli) basin group of central Taiwan (Formosa),” Bulletin of the Chinese Association for the Advancement of Science, 1(3): 19.
Torrent, J., Schwertmann, U., Schulze, D. G. (1980) “Iron oxide mineralogy of some soil of two river terrace sequences in spain,” Geoderma, 23: 191-208.
Tsai, H., Huang, W. S., Hseu, Z. Y., Chen, Z. S. (2006) “A river terrace soil chronosequence of the Pakua tableland in central Taiwan,” Soil Science, 171: 167-179.
Tsai, H., Huang, W. S., Hseu, Z. Y. (2007) “Pedogenic correlation of lateritic river terraces in central Taiwan,” Geomorphology, 88: 201-213.
VandenBygaat, A. U. and Protz, R.（1995）”Soil genesis on a chronosequence, Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario” Canadian journal of Soil Science 75:63-72.
Vreeken, W. J. (1975) “Principal kinds of chronosequences and their significance in soil history,” Journal of soil Science, 26: 378-394.