本研究針對台灣東北部山區之明池地區，不同類型森林林地內的兩棲爬行動物分布狀況，及微棲地相關因子進行研究。以主觀選定方式將研究區域之林地分為天然林樣區A、B、人工林樣區C及D，共計4個樣區，並設置42組陷阱樣點，進行兩棲爬行動物物種調查。以主成份分析和Pearson積差相關性分析，進行分析和探討各樣點所調查到之物種相對豐度與測量的樹冠層鬱閉度、樹木密度、草本植物覆蓋度、枯落物覆蓋度、枯落物厚度、地面的石頭覆蓋度及坡度、樣點與道路距離、樣點與水源距離等9項因子之相關性。
明池地區的兩棲爬行動物物種空間分布結果，梭德氏赤蛙、哈特氏蛇蜥及金絲蛇等3種物種偏向在天然林出沒；盤古蟾蜍、拉都希氏赤蛙、麗紋石龍子、印度蜓蜥及紅斑蛇等5種物種則偏向在人工林出沒。
在環境對兩棲爬行動物分布之影響的相關性部份，拉都希氏赤蛙的分布會受樹冠層鬱閉度、枯落物覆蓋度、坡度及道路距離等4項因子影響，常出沒在樹冠層鬱閉度較低、枯落物覆蓋度較少、坡度平緩及靠近道路的環境，梭德氏赤蛙之分布會受枯落物覆蓋度影響，常出沒在枯落物覆蓋度高的環境內，且在繁殖季時的活動會受到水源之限制；麗紋石龍子的分布會受枯落物覆蓋度、枯落物厚度及道路距離等3項因子影響，經常出沒在枯落物覆蓋度和枯落物厚度較少，及靠近道路四周的環境內活動，印度蜓蜥的分布會受樹冠層鬱閉度和道路距離等2項因子影響，常出沒在樹冠層鬱閉度較低，及環境較為開闊且靠近道路四周的環境活動；紅斑蛇的分布會受到草本植物覆蓋度的影響，常出沒在草本植物覆蓋度較低的森林底層下活動，金絲蛇的分布會受到樹木密度和草本植物覆蓋度等2項因子影響，經常出沒在樹木密度較高及草本植物覆蓋度較低的森林底層下活動。

This study analyzed reptile and amphibian species distribution, and their microhabitats selection within different forest types in Mingchih, a mountainous area of northeastern Taiwan. The forests were first categorized as natural or artificial forests, and then subdivided into natural forest sample area A, and B, or artificial forest sample area C, and D. There were 42 sampling sites selected within the four study areas to survey herpetofaunal species. Within each sample plot, 9 habitat variables were recorded: canopy coverage, stand density, herbaceous coverage, ground litter coverage, litter depth, stone content ratio, slope, and distance to both the nearest road and permanently water resources. Principal components analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis were utilized for sorting the data, and to determine the correlation between relative abundance of each species and the measured habitat variables.
The study result indicated that Rana sauteri, Ophisaurus harti and Amphiesma miyajimae preferably occur in natural forests. On the contrary, Bufo bankorensis, Hylarana latouchii, Plestiodon elegans, Sphenomorphus indicus and Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum more frequently occur in the artificial forests.
The occurrence of H. latouchii is negatively affected by canopy coverage, ground litter coverage, slope, and distance between the sample plot and the road. It was also found to be more active in habitats with a lower canopy coverage, ground litter coverage, a gentle slope, and not far from the nearby road. The distribution of R. sauteri was positively correlated to the ground litter coverage, which indicated that this species is active in a high ground litter coverage environment. In addition, water resources may be a limiting factor for the activity of R. sauteri in the breeding season. The occurrence of P. elegans was negatively correlated to the ground litter coverage, litter depth, and the distance to the nearest road. The distribution of S. indicus was negatively correlated to canopy coverage, and the distance to the nearest road as well. A forest habitat with a lower herbaceous coverage, appears to be the dominant habitat of D. rufozonatum rufozonatum, whereas forests with relative dense tree and herbaceous coverage is the microhabitat characteristic of A. miyajimae.

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
致謝 V
目次 VI
圖目次 VIII
壹、前言 1
貳、材料與方法 3
一、研究區域環境概述 3
二、研究樣區之選取及設置 3
三、調查方法 5
（一）導板集井式陷阱 5
（二）環境因子量測 7
（一）物種相對豐度計算 13
（三）單因子變異係數分析（One-way ANOVA） 14
（四）Pearson積差相關性分析 14
參、結果 15
一、不同森林的微棲地環境差異 15
二、兩棲爬行動物調查結果 17
（一）蛇類物種數之月變化 21
（二）蜥蜴的物種數、各物種相對豐度之月變化 23
（三）蟾蜍及蛙類物種數、各物種相對豐度之月變化 24
三、不同森林林地的兩棲爬行動物組成差異 27
四、兩棲爬行動物的空間分布 33
（一）影響蛇類物種分布的環境因子 33
（二）影響蜥蜴物種分布的環境因子 39
（三）影響蟾蜍及蛙類物種分布的環境因子 43
肆、討論 51
一、林地的環境因子對於兩棲爬行動物的棲地選擇之影響 51
（ㄧ）蛇類物種分布與環境因子之關係 51
（二）蜥蜴物種分布與環境因子之關係 53
（三）蟾蜍及蛙類物種分布與環境因子之關係 55
二、其他空間因子對於兩棲爬行動物的影響 57
（一）蟾蜍及2種蛙類與水源距離關係 57
（二）道路的存在對於兩棲爬行動物群聚影響 60
伍、參考文獻 63

丁宏、金永煥、崔建國、趙林森、朴正吉。2008。道路的生態學影響域範圍研究進展。浙江林學院院報25（6）：810-816頁。
王震哲。2000。棲蘭山檜木林區植物資源調查研究。內政部太魯閣國家公園管理處。100頁。花蓮。
朱宏達。2002。南部地區六種石龍子科蜥蜴棲地利用之研究。國立中山大學生命科學系碩士論文。36頁。高雄。
林春富、呂光洋。2004。台灣中部蛙類與蟾蜍在時間分布、空間偏好與生殖高峰的海拔差異。特有生物研究6（1）：39-50頁。
卓瓊玫。2002。霧社地區拉都希氏赤蛙的族群生態研究。國立臺灣師範大學生物學系碩士論文。51頁。台北。
侯文祥、張源修。2005。季節變化對台灣七種蛙類利用水岸邊坡之活動力影響研究。農業工程學報51（4）：54-68頁。
侯文祥、陳君翔。2007。台灣阿里山山椒魚活動力與水邊棲地狀態之關係研究。台灣水利55（1）：82-91頁。
袁孝維、丁宗蘇、盧道杰、謝欣怡。2005。森林生態系經營示範區鳥類群聚監測。台大實驗林研究報告19（2）：77-87頁。
郭炳村。2007。運用志工調查資料進行桃園地區兩棲類分布之研究。國立花蓮教育大學生態與環境教育研究所碩士論文。113頁。花蓮。
陳子英。2002。「棲蘭野生動物重要棲息環境-宜蘭縣部份」棲地植群調查。行政院農業委員會林務局羅東林區管理處。20-25頁。宜蘭。
陳子英、毛俊傑。2007。遊樂區生態保育及環境保護查核監測及環境教育解說資源調查。行政院退除役官兵輔導委員榮民森林保育事業管理處。73頁。宜蘭。
陳清圳。2005。暫時性水域水量變化對諸羅樹蛙蝌蚪變態與發育之研究。靜宜大學生態學研究所碩士論文。60頁。台中。
張育菁。2007。花蓮低海拔地區蛙類族群結構研究。國立花蓮教育大學生態與環境教育研究所碩士論文。50頁。花蓮。
劉俊良。2009。兩生類多樣性和兩種濱水森林棲地的關係。東海大學生命科學系碩士論文。87頁。台中。
賴肅如。2002。海拔對台灣山區梭德氏赤蛙生活史變異之影響。國立台灣大學動物學研究所博士論文。80頁。台北。
謝欣怡、袁孝維、王力平、丁宗蘇。2006。台灣中部溪頭地區天然林與人工林內之陸域脊椎動物多樣性。中華林學期刊39（4）：421-436頁。
關永才、莊銘豐、劉俊良。2007。人工林經營對兩棲類動物族群及群聚組成之影響。林業研究專訊14（1）：17-19頁。
蘇鴻傑。1992。台灣之植群：山地植群帶與地理氣候。中央研究院植物所屬專刊第十一號。39-53頁。
Bashey, F., and A. E. Dunham. 1997. Elevational variation in the thermal constraints and microhabitat preference of the greater earless lizard Cophosaurus texanus. Copeia 4: 725-737.
Baxley, D., and C. Qualls. 2009. Habitat associations of reptile and amphibian communities in longleaf pine habitats of south Mississippi. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(3): 295-305.
Bateman, H. L., A. Chung-MacCoubrey, H. L. Snell, and D. M. Finch. 2009. Abundance and species richness of snakes along the Middle Rio Grande riparian forest in New Mexico. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(1): 1-8.
Bender, L. C., D. L. Minnis, and J. B. Haufler. 1997. Wildlife responses to thinning red pine. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14(3): 141-146.
Bhatta Krishnamurthy, S. V., and A. H. Manjunatha Reddy. 2008. An estimate of local population of Nyctibatrachus aliciae at two habitat gradients of forest in Western Ghats. Acta Herpetologica 3(1): 51-55.
Blouin-Demers, G., and P. J. Weatherhead. 2001. An experimental test of the link between foraging, habitat selection and thermoregulation in black rat snakes Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta. Journal of Animal Ecology 70: 1006-1013.
Carfagno, G. L. F., and P. J. Weatherhead. 2006. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in use of forest-edge habitat by snakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84: 1440-1452.
Carfagno, G. L. F., E. J. Heske, and P. J. Weatherhead. 2006. Does mammalian prey abundance explain forest-edge use by snakes? Ecoscience 13(3): 293-297.
Chushman, S. A. 2006. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: A review and prospectus. Biological Conservation 128: 231-240.
Crosswhite, D. L., S. F. Fox, and R. E. Thill. 2004. Herpetological habitat relations in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas. Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, pp. 273-282.
Craig, L., T. B. Wigley, P. A. Shipman, S. F. Fox, S. Rutzmoser, R. E. Thill, and M. A. Melchiors. 2005. Herpetofaunal species richness responses to forest landscape structure in Arkansas. Forest Ecology and Management 209: 293-308.
D'Cruze, N., J. Sabel, J. Dawson, and S. Kumar. 2009. The influence of habitat type and structure on the abundance of Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis (Gekkoninae) in northern Madagascar. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(1): 55-61.
Degraff, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1990. Herpetofaunal species composition and relative abundance among three New England forest types. Forest Ecology and Management 32: 155-156.
DeMaynadier, P. G., and M. L. Hunter Jr. 1998. Effects of silvicultural edge on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine. Conservation Biology 12(2): 340-352.
Dìaz, J. A. 1997. Ecological correlates of the thermal quality of an ectotherm’s habitat: a comparison between two temperate lizard populations. Functional Ecology 11: 79-89.
Dìaz, J. A., C. Monasterio, and A. Salvador. 2006. Abundance, microhabitat selection and conservation of eyed lizards (Lacerta lepida): a radiotelemetric study. Journal of Zoology 268: 295-301.
Dupuis, L. A., J. N. M. Smith, and F. Bunnell. 1995. Relation of terrestrial-breeding amphibian abundance of tree-stand age. Conservation Biology 9: 645-653.
Fahrig, L., J. H. Pedla, S. E. Pope, P. D. Taylor, and J. F. Wegner. 1995. Effect of road traffic on amphibian density. Biological Conservation 73: 177-182.
Ford, N. B., V. A. Cobb, and J. Stout. 1991. Species diversity and seasonal abundance of snakes in a mixed pine-hardwood forest of eastern Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 36(2): 171-177.
Ford, W. M., B. R. Chapman, M. A. Menzel, and R. H. Odom. 2002. Stand age and habitat influences on salamanders in Appalachian cove hardwood forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155: 131-141.
Gibbs, J. P. 1998. Distribution of woodland amphibians along a forest fragmentation gradient. Landscape Ecology 13: 263-268.
Gibbs, J. P., and W. G. Shriver. 2002. Estimating the effects of road mortality on turtle populations. Conservation Biology 16(6): 1647-1652.
Glista, D. J., T. L. Devault, and J. A. Dewoody. 2007. Vertebrate road mortality predominantly impacts amphibians. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 3(1): 77-87.
Herrmann, H. L., K. J. Babbitt, M. J. Baber, and R. G. Congalton. 2005. Effects of landscape characteristics on amphibian distribution in a forest-dominated landscape. Biological Conservation 123: 139-149.
Huang W.-S., Y.-S. Cheng, and H.-Y. Tu. 2004. Reproductive patterns of two sympatric ranid frogs, Rana latouchii and R. sauteri, with comments on anuran breeding seasons in Taiwan. Collection and Research 17: 1-10.
Jennings, S. B., N. D. Brown, and D. Sheil. 1999. Assessing forest canopies and understory illumination: canopy closure, canopy cover and other measures. Forestry 72(1): 59-74.
Kjoss, A. V., and J. A. Litvaitis. 2001. Community structure of snakes in a human-dominated landscape. Biological Conservation 98: 285-292.
Knutson, M. G., J. R. Sauer, D. A. Olsen, M. J. Mossman, L. M. Hemesath, and M. J. Lannoo. 1999. Effects of landscape composition and wetland fragmentation on frog amd toad abundance and species richness in Iowa and Wisconsin, U.S.A. Conservation Biology 13(6): 1437-1446.
Lee, T-H. 2005. Ecological patterns of distribution on gradients of elevation and species diversity of snakes in southern Taiwan. Amphibia-Reptilia: 325-332.
Loehle, C., T. B. Wigley, P. A. Shipman, S. F. Fox, S. Rutzmoser, R. E. Thill, and M. A. Melchiors. 2005. Herpetofaunal species richness responses to forest landscape structure in Arkansas. Forest Ecology and Management 209: 293-308.
Luiselli, L., M, and L. Rugiero. 1990. On habitat selection and phenology in six species of snakes in Canale Monterano (Tolfa Mountains, Latium, Italy) including data on reproduction and feeding in Viper aspis francisciredi (Squamata: Viperidae). Herpetozoa 2(3/4): 107-115.
Mazerolle, M. J., and A. Desrochers. 2005. Landscape resistance to frog movements. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83: 455-464.
Miller, D. A., R. E. Thill, M. A. Wigley, and P. A. Tappe. 2004. Small mammal communities of streamside management zones in intensively managed pine forests of Arkansas. Forest Ecology and Management 203: 381-393.
Patrick, D. A., M. L. Hunter Jr., and A. J. K. Calhoun. 2006. Effects of experimental forestry treatments on a Maine amphibian community. Forest Ecology and Management 234: 323-332.
Rothermel, B. B., and T. M. Luhring. 2005. Burrow availability and desiccation risk of mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum) in harvested versus unharvested forest stands. Journal of Herpetology 39(4): 619-626.
Russell, K. R., D. C. Guynn Jr., and H. G. Hanlin. 2002. Importance of small isolated wetlands for herpetofaunal diversity in managed, young growth forests in the coastal plain of South Carolina. Forest Ecology and Management 163: 43-59.
Ryan, T. J., T. Philippi, Y. A. Leiden, M. E. Dorcas, T. B. Wigley, and J. W. Gibbons. 2002. Monitoring herpetofauna in a managed forest landscape: effects of habitat types and census techniques. Forest Ecology and Management 167: 83-90.
Sabo, J. L. 2003. Hot rocks or no hot rocks: overnight retreat availability and selection by a diurnal lizard. Oecologia 136: 329-335.
Scali, S., M. Mangiacotti, and A. Bonardi. 2008. Living on the edge: habitat selection of Hiperophis viridiflavus. Acta Herpetologica 3(2): 85-97.
Semlitsch, R. D. 2000. Principles for management of aquatic-breeding amphibians. The Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 615-631.
Semlitsch, R. D., B. D. Todd, S. M. Blomquist, A. J. K. Calhoun, J. W. Gibbons, J. P. Gibbs, G. J. Graeter, E. B. Harper, D. J. Hocking, M. L. Hunter Jr., D. A. Patrick, T. A. G. Rittenhouse, and B. B. Rothermel. 2009. Effects of timber harvest on amphibian populations: understanding mechanisms from forest experiments. BioScience 59: 853-862.
Tanner, D., and J. Perry. 2007. Road effects on abundance and fitness of Gala´ pagos lava lizards (Microlophus albemarlensis). Journal of Environmental Management 85: 270-278.
Webb, J. K., and R. Shine. 2000. Paving the way for habitat restoration: can artificial rocks restore degraded habitats of endangered reptiles? Biological Conservation 92: 93-99.