臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的是開發耐熱性微膠囊，以改善微波復熱後裹麵漿產品的麵皮酥脆度，因此嘗試利用幾丁聚醣及二氧化矽混成材料(Chitosan and silica hybrids, CSH)作為親水相囊壁材質，以大豆油(soybean oil)為疏水相蕊內物質，製備成O/W/W型乳化液，再以溶膠-凝膠法(sol-gel process)形成O/W微膠囊(MCCS)。製備過程中改變反應環境pH值、時間、大豆油/幾丁聚醣比(O/C)及幾丁聚醣乳化液/二氧化矽比例(C/S)等參數，觀察對MCCS理化性質之影響。結果顯示在pH 5的環境下聚合24小時，已能使矽酸鈉充分地進行水解及聚縮合反應，由界達電位反映帶正電荷之幾丁聚醣乳化液與帶負電荷的二氧化矽兩者產生靜電吸引的作用，形成複合材料。當O/C為0.2及C/S為0.5時，可獲得體積平均粒徑9.6 μm、包埋率達75.6%的微膠囊(MCO1W5-C1S2)。由掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)及位相差顯微鏡(DICM)可觀察到MCCS具有圓球型外觀。由傅立葉紅外線光譜儀(FTIR)分析MCCS的化學結構，顯示幾丁聚醣及二氧化矽間產生大量的氫鍵及電荷吸引並產生Si–O–N鍵結，形成穩定的複合物結構。由熱分析圖譜顯示MCCS在25–250oC溫度範圍內具熱安定性，只在120–160oC發現有水分子脫離而造成的吸熱峰。由模型實驗證明MCO1W5-C1S2確實可讓麵漿達到較迅速升溫並促使水分散失的效果，因此添加麵漿重量1%的MCO1W5-C1S2於裹麵漿魚排中，發現微波復熱後麵皮水分含量較低而魚肉水分高於未添加者，麵皮脆度亦明顯優於未添加者。這些結果顯示CSH可作為耐熱性微膠囊的囊壁材料，並可應用於冷凍油炸裹麵漿產品以改善微波復熱品質。

Thermal stable microcapsules were developed to apply in maintaining the crispness of microwave reheated battering and breading products in this study. Chitosan and silica hybrids (CSH) and soybean oil were introduced to the thermal stable wall materials and nuclei of O/W microcapsules (MCCS), respectively, prepared by sol-gel coacervation from O/W/W emulsion. The physicochemical properties of MCCS affected by pH, reaction time, oil/chitosan ratio (O/C) and chitosan emulsion/silica ratio (C/S) were evaluated. The sodium silicate was completely hydrlyzed and coacervated through 24 hrs polymerization under pH 5. Meanwhile, the zeta potential analysis indicated that chitosan, with positive charge, and silica, with negative charge, interacted by electrostatic attraction and became a hybrid wall. The volume mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency of MCCS were 9.6 μm and 75.6%, respectively, when O/C = 0.2 and C/S = 0.5. Small spheres of such microcapsules (MCO1W5-C1S2) could be observed by DICM and SEM. Moreover, FTIR spectra suggested that Si–O–N bonds were formed between chitosan and silica in addition to the quantities of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attraction. High thermal stability of MCCS) was observed according to thermal analysis. No apparent thermal peaks were found in the range of 25–250oC in DSC thermograms except the endothermic peak within 120–160oC, which reflected the evaporation of bound water. The addition of MCO1W5-C1S2 accelerated the temperature rising and moisture loss of batter in model test. The 1% of MCO1W5-C1S2 was blended in batter of battered and breaded fish steak. After microwave reheating, moisture content of MCO1W5-C1S2 added products crust was lower but that of the fish steak was higher than those in fish steak without MCCS addition, and the crust crispness of former was also preferable to the latter. These results indicated that it is feasible for CSH to be the thermal stable wall materials in microcapsules. These microcapsules can be applied in improving crust crispness of frozen fried battered products with microwave reheating.

摘要 I
Abstract II
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻整理 3
一、裹麵漿產品 3
(一) 裹麵漿系統 3
(二) 裹麵漿使用上的考量 3
二、微波復熱 4
(一) 微波的簡介 4
(二) 微波加熱原理 5
(三) 微波加熱產品時的問題 6
三、微膠囊包覆技術 6
(一) 包覆技術的發展 6
(二) 包覆技術的優點 7
(三) 微膠囊的結構 7
(四) 微膠囊製備方法 8
四、二氧化矽 11
(一) 二氧化矽來源及特性 11
(二) 二氧化矽的製備方法 11
(三) 溶膠-凝膠法反應程序對二氧化矽顆粒結構的影響 15
(四) 影響溶膠-凝膠法之因素 16
(五) 溶膠-凝膠法在微膠囊上的應用 19
五、幾丁聚醣 19
(一) 幾丁質及幾丁聚醣的簡介 19
(二) 幾丁質與幾丁聚醣的結構 20
(三) 幾丁質及幾丁聚醣之理化特性 20
(四) 幾丁聚醣的物化性質 21
(五) 幾丁聚醣的應用 22
六、幾丁聚醣及二氧化矽複合材料 22
(一) 幾丁聚醣誘導二氧化矽之形成 22
(二) 複合材料之特性 23
(三) 幾丁聚醣-二氧化矽複合材料的應用 23
參、材料與方法 25
一、實驗設計 25
(一) 製備耐熱性微膠囊 25
(二) 裹麵漿產品微波復熱後之性質分析 26
(三) 實驗設計說明 27
二、實驗材料 29
(一) 微膠囊原料 29
(二) 裹麵漿原料 29
(三) 其它 30
三、實驗儀器 30
四、樣品製備 31
(一) 微膠囊製備方法 31
(二) 微波復熱之裹麵漿產品 32
五、分析方法 33
(一) 水分含量 33
(二) 微膠囊包埋率 33
(三) 顯微觀察 33
(四) 粒徑分析 33
(五) 熱性質分析 33
(六) 表面電位測定 34
(七) FTIR光譜分析 34
(八) 流變性質分析 34
(十) 官能品評 35
(十一) 統計分析 35
肆、結果與討論 36
一、pH值及反應時間的效應 36
(一) pH值對MCCS性質之影響 36
(二) 反應時間對MCCS性質之影響 39
(三) MCCS之界達電位 40
(四) 微膠囊之熱性質分析 41
二、蕊內物質油水比例對微膠囊性質之影響 43
三、幾丁聚醣乳化液及二氧化矽比例之比較 45
四、幾丁聚醣-二氧化矽微膠囊之化學結構 46
五、微膠囊對裹麵漿加熱過程中水分移動之探討 47
六、微膠囊添加對復熱後魚排品質的影響 48
(一) 裹麵漿流變性質之分析 48
(二) 水分含量 48
(三) 脆度 50
(四) 裹麵漿魚排之喜好性品評 51
伍、結論 52
陸、參考文獻 53
柒、表 65
捌、圖 69
玖、附錄 91

王惠君。2004。以回應曲面法探討溶膠-凝膠法製備奈米二氧化矽之參數影響。中原大學化學工程學系碩士論文。桃園。
王慶志、孫平。2008。微波技術在食品工業中的應用。河北農業科學12 (12): 54–5。
王瓊玉、賴育玟。2008。油炸裹麵漿鯖魚排微波復熱用微膠囊之研究。台灣食品科技學會第三十七次年會壁報論文。台中。
行政院衛生署。2009。食品添加物使用範圍及限量暨規格標準。台北。
李強、譚天偉。2004。微生素D2微囊的製備與研究。食品與醱酵工業30 (2): 6–9。
余宗興。1996。微波加熱原理與應用。化工技術3 (4): 180–7。
沈佳僡。2006。包覆阿斯巴甜超微膠囊之安定性及其控制釋出動力學研究。輔仁大學食品營養學系碩士論文。台北。
阮進惠、沈家弘。2006。不同去乙醯度幾丁聚醣乳化性質之比較及其應用於沙拉醬之研究。台灣農業化學與食品科學44 (1): 41–53。
林傳輝。1988。如何正確選擇配製裹漿(Batters)。食品資訊27: 24–7。
林智浩。2007。以魚皮明膠為載體製備耐熱性微膠囊。國立宜蘭大學食品科學系碩士論文。宜蘭。
周穎越、程裕東。2006。單甘酯對微波復熱食品阻水性能的研究。食品科技工藝技術10: 128–30。
高春芬。2007。以氧化矽-幾丁聚醣奈米粒固定化纖維酵素活性之探討。國立台灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文。基隆。
陳輝煌、李金星。2006。以微膠囊技術改善冷凍鯖魚排復熱後麵皮脆度技術之研發。漁業署委託計畫研究報告(95農科-10.1.4-漁-F1)。
郭煌林、邱秀雯、許芳華、蔡孟貞。2003。裹漿裹粉條件對油炸產品酥脆度之影響。中華民國食品科技學會第三十二屆會員大會壁報論文。台中。
張朝松。1990。利用海菜粗多醣與幾丁聚醣以複雜相分離法製備含二十碳五烯酸之微膠囊。國立海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文。基隆。
張有義、郭蘭生。1997。荷電交界面。膠體及界面化學入門，初版。臺北市：高立圖書有限公司。191–208。
張鴻奇。2001。微膠囊技術之發展及應用回顧。化工資訊2001 (8): 74–7。
曾元宏。2001。相變材料微膠囊之製備及其特性分析。國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文。台南。
詹佳樺、陳暉。2003。奈米粒子之包覆技術。化工技術11 (3): 204–14。
鄭詔仁。2000。水性PU之流變性質研究。國立中央大學化學工程研究所碩士論文。桃園。
顏文義。1994。裹麵裹粉的冷凍食品。食品資訊33 (10): 30–5。
萬亞芬。2006。微膠囊技術及其在食品中的應用。食品工業科技27 (4): 200–2。
鍾美竹。2006。多孔性明膠-幾丁聚醣/奈米二氧化矽複合支架材料製備與特性研究。國立中興大學材料工程學系研究所碩士論文。台中。
龔平、吳錦霞。2006。乙基纖維素-蜂膠緩釋膠囊的研究。食品科技 (1): 16–8。
Ahn BY, Seok SI, Baek I C. 2008. Sol–gel microencapsulation of hydrophilic active compounds from the modified silicon alkoxides: The control of pore and particle size. Materials Science and Engineering C 28: 1183–8.
Albert A, Perez MI, Quiles A, Salvador A, Fiszman SM, Hernando I. 2009. Adhesion in fried battered nuggets: Performance of different hydrocolloids as preducts using three cooking procedures. Food Hydrocolloids 23: 1443–8.
Allen LH, Matijevic E. 1969. Stability of colloidal silica: 1. Effect of simple electrolytes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 31: 287–96.
Altunakar B, Sahin S, Sumnu G. 2004. Functionality of batters containing different starch types for deep-fat frying of chicken nuggets. European Food Research and Technology 218 (4): 318–22.
AOAC. 1984. Offical Method of Analysis, 14th ed. Association Offical American Chemists, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Aranaz I, Mengíbar M, Harris R, Paños I, Miralles B, Acosta N, Galed G, Heras Á. 2009. Functional characterization of chitin and chitosan. Current Chemical Biology 3: 203–30.
Arshady R. 1999. Microspheres, Microcapsules & Liposomes. In Preparation and Chemical Applications I. London: Citus Book. 279–322.
Aubry T, Largenton B, Moan M. 1999. Rheological study of fumed silica suspensions in chitosan solutions. Langmuir 15: 2380–3.
Baixauli R, Salvador A, Fiszman SM, Calvo C. 2002. Effect of the addition of corn flour and colorant on the color of fried, battered squid rings. European Food Research and Technology 215 (6): 457–61.
Barari M, Sharifi-Sanjani N. 2008. Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nanocomposite through emulsion polymerization using dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 110: 929–37.
Basinska T. 2005. Hydrophilic core-shell Microspheres: a suitable support for controlled attachment of proteins and biomedical diagnostics. Macromolecular Bioscience 5: 1145–68.
Benning LG, Phoenix VR, Yee N, Tobin MJ. 2004. Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial silicification using synchrotron infrared micro-spectroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 (4): 729–41.
Binks BP, Lumsdon SO. 1999. Stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilised by silica particles. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1: 3007–16.
Brinker CJ, Scherer GW. 1990. The physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing. Sol-gel Science. Boston: Academic Press.
Bogush GH, Zukoski CF. 1987. In Mackenzie JD, Ulrich DR, editor. Ultrastructure Processing of Advanced Ceramics. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 477.
Bungenberg de Jong HG. 1949. Crystallisation-Coacervation-Flocculation. In: Kruyt HR, editor. In Colloid Science II, Chapter VIII. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 232–58.
Calvo P, Vila-Jato J L, Alonso MJ. 1997. Evaluation of cationic polymer-coated nanocapsules as ocular drug carriers. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 153 (1): 41–50.
Cestari AR, Vieira EFS, Pinto AA, Lopes ECN. 2005. Multistep adsorption of anionic dyes on silica/chitosan hybrid 1. Comparative kinetic data from liquid- and solid-phase models. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 292: 363–72.
Chang JS, Kong ZL, Hwang DF, Chang KL. 2006. Chitosan-catalyzed aggregation during the biomimetic synthesis of silica nanoparticles. Chemistry of Materials 18: 702–7.
Chen HH. 1995. Thermal stabiliy and gel forming ability of shark muscle as related to ionic strength. Journal of Food Science 60 (6): 1237–40.
Chen CS, Liau WY, Tsai GJ. 1998. Antibacterial effects of N-sulfobenzoyl chitosan and application to oyster preservation. Journal of Food Protection 61: 1124–8.
Chen JF, Ding HM, Wang JX, Shao L. 2004. Preparation and characterization of porous hollow silica nanoparticles for drug delivery application. Biomaterials 25 (4): 723–7.
Chen HH, Lin CH, Kang HY. 2009a. Maturation effects in fish gelatin and HPMC composite gels. Food Hydrocolloids 23: 1756–61.
Chen SD, Chen HH, Chao YC, Lin RS. 2009b. Effect of batter formula on qualities of deep-fat and microwave fried fish nuggets. Journal of Food Engineering 95: 359–64.
Chowdary KPR, Sri RMA. 1988. Microencapsulation in Pharmacy. Indian Drugs 25: 389–402.
Chrissafis K, Paraskevopoulos KM, Papageorgiou GZ, Bikiaris DN. 2008. Thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of bionanocomposites: fumed silica nanoparticles dispersed in poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), chitosan, and poly(vinyl alcohol). Journal of Applied Polymer Science 110: 1739–49.
Coradin T, Livage J. 2001. Effect of some amino acids and peptides on silicic acid polymerization. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 21: 329–36.
Coradin T, Coupe´ A, Livage J. 2003. Interactions of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme with sodium silicate solutions. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 29: 189–96.
Coradin T, Lopez PJ. 2003. Biogenic silica patterning: simple chemistry or subtle biology. ChemBioChem 4: 251–9.
Coradin T, Livage J. 2007. Aqueous silicates in biological sol–gel applications: new perspectives for old precursors. Accounts of Chemical Research 40 (9): 819–26.
Costantini A, Luciani G, Silvestri B, Tescione F, Branda F. 2007. Bioactive poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)/silica gel hybrid nanocomposites prepared by sol-gel process. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 98–104.
Das KG. 1983. Controlled Release Technology: Bioengineering Aspects. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Depasse J, Watillon A. 1970. The stability of amorphous colloidal silica. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 33: 430–8.
Deshpande MV. 1986. Enzymatic degradation of chitin and its biological applications. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 45: 273–81.
Dogan SF, Sahin S, Sumnu G. 2005. Effect of batters containing different protein types on the quality of deep-fat-fried chicken nuggets. European Food Research and Technology 220: 502–8.
Dziezak JD. 1988. Microencapsulation and encapsulated ingredients. Food Technology 42 (4): 136–51.
Fiszman SM, Salvador A. 2003. Recent developments in coating batters. Trends in Food Science & Technology 14: 399–407.
Gill I, Ballesteros A. 2000. Biencapsulation within synthetic polymer (Part 1): sol-gel encapsulated biologicals. Trends in Biotechnology 18: 282–96.
Grandfield K, Zhitomirsky I. 2008. Electrophoretic deposition of composite hydroxyapatite-silica-chitosan coatings. Materials Characterization 59: 61–7.
Haug IJ, Draget KI, Smidsrod O. 2004. Physical and rheological properties of fish gelatin compared to mammalian gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids 18 (2): 203–13.
Herbig JH. 1968. Microencapsulation. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology. New York: Interscience. 8: 719.
Heinzelmann K, Franke K. 1999. Using freezing and drying techniques of emulsions for the microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidation stability. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 12: 223–9.
Hou WM, Miyazaki S, Takada M, Komai T. 1985. Pharmaceutical application of biomedical polymers: Part XVI. Sustained release of indomethacin from chitosan. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33: 3986–92.
Huang L, Wang Z, Sun J, Miao L, Li Q, Yan Y, Zhao D. 2000. Fabrication of ordered porous structures by self-assembly of zeolite nanocrystals. Journal of the American Chemical Society 122: 3530–1.
Husnawan M, Masjuki HH, Mahlia TMI, Saifullah MG. 2009. Thermal analysis of cylinder head carbon deposits from single cylinder diesel engine fueled by palm oil–diesel fuel emulsions. Applied Energy 86: 2107–13.
Iler RK. 1979. Colloidal silica-concentrated sols. The Chemistry of Silica. NY: Wiley-Interscience Publication. 367.
Inns D, Shi L, Aberle AG. 2008. Silica nanospheres as back surface reflectors for crystalline silicon thin-film solar cells. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16: 187–94.
Kalele S, Gosavi SW, Urban J, Kulkarni SK. 2006. Nanoshell particles: synthesis, properties and applications. Current Science 91 (8): 1038–52.
Khalid MN, Agnely F, Yagoubi N, Grossiord JL, Couarraze G. 2002. Water state characterization, swelling behavior, thermal and mechanical properties of chitosan based networks. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 15: 425–32.
Kienzle-Sterzer C, Rha CK. 1985. Flow behavior of a cationic biopolymer: chitosan. Polymer Bulletin 13: 1–6.
Kim HY, Baianu IC. 1991. Novel liposome microencapsulation techniques for food applications. Trends in Food Science and Technology 3: 55–61.
Klaypradit W, Huang YW. 2008. Fish oil encapsulation with chitosan using ultrasonic atomizer. LWT-Food Science and Technology 41: 1133–9.
Knorr D. 1984. Use of chitinous polymer in food. Food Technology 38: 85–97.
Kobayashi Y, Katakami H, Mine E, Nagao D, Konno M, Liz-Marzán LM. 2005. Silica coating of silver nanoparticles using a modified Stöber method. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 283: 392–6.
Kruif CG, Weinbreck F, Vries RD. 2004. Complex coacervation of protein and anionic polysaccharide. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science 9 (5): 340–9.
Lazko J, Popineau Y, Legrand J. 2004. Soy glycinin microcapsules by simple coacervation method. Colloids and Surfaces B 37: 1–8.
Leng B, Chen X, Shao Z, Ming W. 2008. Biomimetic synthesis of silica with chitosan-mediated morphology. Small (6): 755–8.
Li H, Wang M, Song L, Ge X. 2008. Uniform chitosan hollow microspheres prepared with the sulfonated polystyrene particles templates. Colloid and Polymer Science 286: 819–25.
Li XF, Feng XQ, Yang S, Fu GQ, Wang TP, Su ZX. 2010. Chitosan kills Escherichia coli through damage to be of cell membrane mechanism. Carbohydrate Polymers 79: 493–9.
Lin HP, Mou CY. 2002. Structural and morphological control of cationic surfactant template mesoporous silica. Accounts of Chemical Research 35: 927–35.
Lin JS, Chuang KT, Huang MS, Wei KM. 2007. Emission of ethylene oxide during frying of foods in soybean oil. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45: 568–74.
Lindberg R, Sjoblom J, Sundholm G. 1995. Preparation of silica particles utilizing the sol-gel and the emulsion-gel processes. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 99: 79–88.
Liu Y, Chen X, Xin JH. 2006. Silica nanoparticles-walled microcapsules. Journal of Materials Science 41: 5399–401.
Liu BT, Li GT, Wang HR, Zhu LF. 2009. Study on pH effect on adsorption behaviour of chitosan solution. International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology 558–61.
Loewe R. 1993. Role of ingredients in batter systems. Cereal Food World 38 (9): 673–7.
Lower SE. 1984. Polymers from the sea chitin and chitosan. Manufacturing Chemist 55: 73–5.
Matsuyama I, Satoh S, Katsumoto M, Susa K. 1991. Raman and GC-MS study of the initial stage of the hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane in acid and base catalyzed sol-gel processes. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 135: 22–8.
Martinez Y, Retuert J, Yazdani-Pedram M, Colfen H. 2004. Hybrid ternary organic–inorganic films based on interpolymer complexes and silica. Polymer 45: 3257–65.
Metaxas AC, Meredith RJ. 1983. Industrial Microwave Heating. London: Peter Peregrinus. 6–80.
Miao CY, Yao YW, Tang GY, Weng D. 2007. Preparation and characterization of silica microcapsules containing butyl-stearate via sol-gel method. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 17: 1018–21.
Miyazaki S, Ishii K, Nadai T. 1981. Pharmaceutical application of biomedical polymers: Part IV. The use of chitin and chitosan as drug carriers. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29: 3067–9.
Mohamed S, Abdullah N, Muthu MK. 1989. Physical properties of fried crisps in relation to the amylopectin content of the starch flours. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 49: 369–77.
Muzzarelli RAA, Tanfani F, Scarpini G, Laterza G. 1980. The degree of acetylation of chitins by gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 2: 299–306.
Muzzarelli C, Muzzarelli RAA. 2002. Natural and artificial chitosan–inorganic composites. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 92: 89–94.
Nairn JG. 1995. Coacervation-phase separation technology. In Ganderton B, Jones T, McGinity J, editors. Advances in Pharmaceutical Science 7. London: Academic Press. 93–219.
Nelson G. 2002. Application of microencapsulation in textiles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 242: 55–62.
Neto CGT, Giacometti JA, Job AE, Ferreira FC, Fonseca JLC, Pereira MR. 2005. Thermal analysis of chitosan based networks. Carbohydrate Polymers 62: 97–103.
Parida SK, Dash S, Patel S, Mishra BK. 2006. Adsorption of organic molecules on silica surface. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 121: 77–110.
Pimpha N, Rattanonchai U, Surassmo S, Opanasopit P, Rattanarungchai C, Sunintaboon P. 2008. Preparation of PMMA/acid-modified chitosan core-shell nanoparticles and their potential as gene carriers. Colloid and Polymer Science 286: 907–16.
Porzio M. 2004. Flavor encapsulation a convergence of science and art. Food Technology 58 (7): 40–7.
Pothakamury UR, Barbosa-Canovas GV. 1995. Fundamental aspects of controlled release in foods. Trends in Food Science and Technology 6: 397–406.
Rodriguez MS, Albertengo LA, Agullo E. 2002. Emulsification capacity of chitosan. Carbohydrate Polymers 48: 271–6.
Sahin S, Summu G, Altunakar B. 2005. Effects of batters containing different gum types on the quality of deep-fat fried chicken nuggets. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85: 2375–9.
Schulz PC, Rodriguez MS, Del BLF, Pistonesi M, Agullo E. 1998. Emulsification properties of chitosan. Colloid and Polymer Science 276: 1159–65.
Shahidi F, Arachchi JKV, Jeon YJ. 1999. Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends in Food Science & Technology 10: 37–51.
Shchipunov YA, Kojima A, Imae T. 2005. Polysaccharides as a template for silicate generated by sol–gel processes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 285: 574–80.
Somorin O, Nishi N. 1979. Studies on chitin II. Preparation of benzyl and benzoly chitin. Polymer Journal 2: 391–6.
Sumnu G. 2001. A review on microwave baking of food. Interational Journal of Food Science and Technolongy 36: 117–27.
Tang WJ, Wang CX, Chen DH. 2005. Kinetic studies on the pyrolysis of chitin and chitosan. Polymer Degradation and Stability 87: 389–94.
Tewa-Tagne P, Degobert G, Briancon S, Bordes C, Gauvrit JY, Lanteri P, Fessi Hatem. 2007. Spray-drying nanocapsules in presence of colloidal silica as drying auxiliary agent: formulation and process variables optimization using experimental designs. Pharmaceutical Research 24 (4): 650–61.
Thies C. 1991. Microencapsulation. In Kirk-Othmer, editor. Encylopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 16: 470.
Thurgood J, Ward R, Martini S. 2007. Oxidation kinetics of soybean oil/anhydrous milk fat blends: A differential scanning calorimetry study. Food Research International 40: 1030–7.
Tirkistani FAA. 1997. Thermal analysis of chitosan modified by cyclic oxygenated compounds. Polymer Degradation and Stability 61: 161–4.
Tolnai G, Csempesz F, Kabai-Faix M, Kalman E, Keresztes Z, Kovacs AL, Ramsden JJ, Horvolgyi Z. 2001. Preparation and characterization of surface-modified silica-nanoparticles. Langmuir 17: 2683–7.
Tsai MS, Li MJ. 2006. A novel process to prepare a hollow silica sphere via chitosan-polyacrylic acid (CS-PAA) template. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 352: 2829–33.
Vandegaer JE. 1974. Microencapsulation Processes and Applications. New York: Phenum Press.
Vila A, Sánchez A, Janes K, Behrens I, Kissel T, Jato JL, Alonso MJ. 2004. Low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles as new carriers for nasal vaccine delivery in mice. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 57: 123–31.
Vilesov AD, Zhuravsky EP, Vilessova MS, Netchaeva EA, Ayzenshtadt NI, Stankevich RP, Isidorov RV. 2002. New-types of apparatus for producing microcapsules and microgranules. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 242: 101–6.
Wang JX, Wang ZH, Chen JF, Yum J. 2008. Direct encapsulation of water-solube drug into silica microcapsules for sustained release applications. Materials Research Bulletin 43: 3374–81.
Witoon T, Chareonpanich M, Limtrakul J. 2009. Effect of acidity on the formation of silica-chitosan hybrid materials and thermal conductive property. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 51: 146–52.
Wu L, Li L. 2005. Analysis and microencapsulation of the essential oil from the leaves of Allium Tuberosum Rottler. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Chemical Technology 27 (5): 3–5.
Xue J, Ngadi M. 2006. Rheological properties of batter systems formulated using different flour combinations. Journal of Food Engineering 77: 334–41.
Yague C, Moros M, Grazu V, Arruebo M, Santamarıa J. 2008. Synthesis and stealthing study of bare and PEGylated silica micro- and nanoparticles as potential drug-delivery vectors. Chemical Engineering Journal 137: 45–53.
Zhao Li, Yu JG, Cheng B, Zhao XJ. 2003. Preparation and Formation Mechanisms of Monodispersed Silicon Dioxide Spherical Particles. Ziran Kexueban 61: 562–6.
Zhu YF, Shi JL, Shen WH, Dong XP, Feng JW, Ruan ML, Li YS. 2005. Stimuli-Responsive Controlled Drug Release from a Hollow Mesoporous Silica Sphere/Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Core-Shell Structure. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44 (32): 5083–7.
Zou J, Shi W, Hong X. 2005. Characterization and properties of a novel organic-inorganic hybrid based on hyperbranched aliphatic polyester prepared via sol-gel process. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing 36: 631–7.