臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

藤壺為固著性雌雄同體生物，大多行異體體內受精。異體交配時須利用長陰莖將精子送至另一個體之雌性腔室 (chamber) ，能夠跨越個體之間距離的長陰莖，是取得交配機會的重點，進而影響個體的生殖成功，因此擁有生物中比例最長的陰莖。但維持長陰莖需要相當高的成本，藤壺該如何決定陰莖長度的投資，並調整陰莖的長度？前人研究指出，海浪大小會影響加拿大某種藤壺的陰莖長度，顯示出物理性因子可以影響陰莖長度，而生物性因子是否也能影響藤壺的陰莖長度？本研究探討紋藤壺 (Balanus amphitrite) 個體之陰莖長度，是否可能依據所在位置的鄰居密度來做調整，藉此或許可以解釋種內陰莖長度的高度變異，而密度又以 (1) 鄰居有無 (2) 鄰居個數及 (3) 鄰居距離當作指標。首先自七股野外採集紋藤壺，隨機分配到不同處理組，進行45天的實驗，收集蛻殼並測量第三對和第六對觸手長度作為個體大小指標，並與陰莖長度做迴歸分析。實驗結果顯示，陰莖長度除了和個體大小有正相關之外，和鄰居的距離也有相關，且鄰居距離較遠時陰莖也顯著較長，但沒有發現陰莖長度和鄰居的個數有顯著差異，而沒有鄰居的紋藤壺陰莖長度較有鄰居組的還短。紋藤壺在有鄰居時，可能以最近鄰居的距離作為探測密度的指標，且在最近鄰居距離越近、密度越高時，因配偶數已夠多，比起密度低時，不需再增長陰莖以節省能量。而沒有鄰居的存在也就是密度低時，因碰不到鄰居便開始縮短或不投資陰莖，導致實驗結束時比起有鄰居組陰莖較短；此現象可能代表紋藤壺在沒有鄰居時，傾向於自體授精，減少或是不投資陰莖長度成為唯一的選擇。本研究結果支持紋藤壺陰莖長度的可塑性是一種天擇的結果。

Barnacles are mostly sessile, hermaphroditic, internal-fertilizing and usually non-selfing crustaceans. They have the longest penis length, relative to body length, among all organisms. Because of their immobility, barnacles have to extend penes to reach mates and transfer the sperm. The longer the penis the more mates they can reach. However, maintaining long penes may be costly. How do barnacles allocate the reproductive investment and adjust the length of penes? Previous researches indicated that wave actions influenced the penis length of barnacles. Here we explore if biological factors are also involved in determining the penis length. Our hypotheses are that the penis length of Balanus amphitrite may be determined by (1) the presence of neighbors, (2) neighbor numbers, and (3) neighbor distance. Experimental results indicate that the neighbor distance could influence the penis length of B. amphitrite, and the penis length increase with increasing distance of neighbors. The neighbor numbers were not found to influence the penis length. In the treatment of lone individuals, the penis lengths first increased and then decreased, and they are significantly shorter than those in the treatment with neighbors. When neighbors exist, B. amphitrite detects the density by distance of neighbors. The greater the distance to neighbors, the lower the densities of neighbors. Because of the mates are enough to mate, the penes length decrease with increasing density to save cost. When neighbors do not exist, B. amphitrite may save cost by decreasing or not investing pens length . Our result shows that the plasticity of the penis length of B. amphitrite is an adaptation by natural selection.

目錄
章次 頁數
壹、前言 1
貳、材料與方法 7
參、結果 10
肆、討論 15
參考文獻 21

王登科，2008，藤壺陰莖長度能彈性調整嗎。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。台灣。中華民國。
陳國勤，李坤瑄，2007，台灣的藤壺：生物多樣性與生態。國立科學自然博物館。台灣。中華民國。
Arsenault, D. J., Marchinko, K. B., and Palmer, A. R. 2001. Precise tuning of barnacle leg length to coastal wave action. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 268:2149-2154.
Anderson, D.T. 1994. Barnacles: structure, function, development and evolution. Chapman et Hall, London.
Barnes, H., and Crisp, D. J. 1956. Evidence of self-fertilization in certain species of barnacle. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 35:631–639.
Barnes, H., and Barnes, M. 1958. Further observations on self-fertilization in Chthamalus sp. Ecology 39 (3):550
Barnes, H., Barnes, M., and Klepal, W. 1977. Studies on the reproduction of cirripedes. I. Introduction: Copulation, release of the oocytes and formation of the egg lamellae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology 27:195–218.
Barnes, M. 1992. The reproductive periods and condition of the penis in several species of common cirripedes. Oceanographyand Marine Biology an Annual Review 30:483–525.
Bishop, M. W. H. 1950. Distribution of Balanus amphitrite Darwin var. deticulata Broch. Nature 165:409.
Charnov, E. L. 1979. Simultaneous hermaphroditism and sexual selection. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, USA 76:2480–2484.
Charnov, E. L. 1982. The Theory of Sex Allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Charnov, E. L. 1996. Sperm competition and sex allocation in simultaneous hermaphrodites. Evolutionary Ecology 10:457-462.
Clarks, P. J., and Evans, F. C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in population. Ecology 35:445-453.
Collier, A., Ray, S., and Wilson, W. B. 1956. Some effects of specific organic compounds on marine organisms. Science 124:220.
Crisp, D. J. 1954. The breeding of Balanus porcatus (DA COSTA) in the Irish Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33:473-496.
Crisp, D. J., and Patel, B. S. 1958. Relation between Breeding and Ecdysis in Cirripedes. Nature 181:1078-1079.
Crisp, D.J., 1961. Territorial behaviour in barnacle settlement. Journal of experimental biology 38 (2) :429-446.
Czárán, T., and Bartha, S. 1992. Spatiotemporal dynamic models of plant populations and communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7 (2) :38-42
Darwin, C. 1854. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes) ; the Verrucidae, etc. A Monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Ray Society, London.
Darwin, C.1854. A monograph of the subcalass Cirripedia with figures of all species.The Balanidae, the Verrucidae, etc. Ray Society, London.
Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray, London.
Desai, D. V., Anil, A. C., and Venkat, K. 2006. Reproduction in Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia: Thoracica) : influence of temperature and food concentration. Marine Biology 149:1431-1441.
Eberhard, W. G.. 1985. Sexual Selection and Genitalia. Harvard University Press.
Eppley, S. M., and Jesson, L. K. 2008. Moving to mate: the evolution of separate and combined sexes in multicellular organisms. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:727–736.
Furman, E. R., and. Yule, A. B. 1990. Self-fertilization in Balanus improvisus Darwin. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology 144:235-239.
Greeff, J. M., and Michiels, N. K. 1999. Low potential for sexual selection in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-biological Sciences 266: 1671-1676.
Hock, J. M. 2008. Variation in penis morphology and mating ability in the acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology 359:126-130.
Heath, D. J. 1977. Simultaneous hermaphroditism; cost and benefit. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 64:363–373.
Klepal, W., Barnes, H., and Munn, E. A. 1972. The morphology and history of the cirripede penis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 10:243-265.
Klepal, W., and Barnes, H. 1974. Regeneration of the penis in Balanus balanoides (L.) . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 16:205-211.
Landau, M. 1976. A comment on self-fertilization Balanus eburneus Gould (Cirrpedia, Thoracica) . Crustaceana 30:105-106.
Levitan, D. R., and Peterson, C. 1995. Sperm limitation in the sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10 (6) : 228-231.
Lively, C. M. 1986. Competition, comparative life histories, and maintenance of shell dimorphism in a barnacle. Ecology 67 (4) : 858-864.
Marchinko, K. B. 2003. Dramatic phenotypic plasticity in barnacle legs (Balanus glandula Darwin) : magnitude, age dependence, and speed of response. Evolution 57: 1281–1290.
Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution . Harvard University Press.
Michiels N. K. 1998. Mating Conflicts and Sperm Competition in Simultaneous Hermaphrodites. In: Birkhead, T.R., and Møller, A. P. (ed.) , Sperm competition and sexual selection, pp. 219-254. Academic Press, USA.
Michiels, N. K., and Koene, J. M. 2006. Sexual selection favors harmful mating in hermaphrodites more than in gonochorists. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46:473–480.
Miron G., Bourget, E., and Archambault, P. 1996. Scale of observation and distribution of adult conspecifics: their influence in assessing passive and active settlement mechanisms in the barnacle Balanus crenatus (Brugikre) . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology 201:137-158.
Murata, A., Imafuku, M., and Abe, N. 2001. Copulation by barnacle Tetraclita japonica under natural conditions. Journal of Zoology, London 253:275-280.
Munn, E. A., Klepal, W., and Barnes, H. 1974. The fine structure and possible function of sensory setae of the penis of Balanus balanoides. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology 14:89–98.
Neufeld, C. J., and Palmer, A. R. 2007. Precisely proportioned: intertidal barnacles alter penis form to suit coastal wave action. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-biological Sciences 275:1081-1087.
Petrie, M., Halliday, T., and Sanders, C. 1991. Peahens prefer peacocks with elaborate trains. Animal Behavior 32:830-835.
Petrie, M. 1994. Improved growth and survival of offspring of peacocks with more elaborate trains. Nature 371:598-599.
Puurtinen, M., and Kaitala, V. 2002. Mate-search efficiency can determine the evolution of separate sexes and the stability of hermaphroditism in animals. The American Naturalist 160 (5) : 645-660.
Raimondi, P. T., and Martin, J. E. 1991. Evidence that mating group size affects allocation of reproductive resources in a simultaneous hermaphrodite. The American Naturalist 138:1206–1217.
Satheesh, S., and Wesley, S. G.. 2009. Breeding biology of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (Crustacea: Cirripedia) : influence of environmental factors in a tropical coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom 89:1203-1208.
Schärer, L., Sandner, P., and Michiels, N. K. 2005. Trade-off between male and female allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum sp.. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 396-404.
Schärer, L. 2009. Tests of sex allocation theory in simultaneous hermaphroditic animals. Evolution 63 (6) : 1377-1405.
Soong, K. Y., Chen, C. P., Chang, K. H., and Tan, T. H. 1981. Settling of oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) and barnacle (balanus amphitrite albicostatus Pilsbry) in shun-sun. Report of the institute of fishery biology of ministry of economic affairs and national Taiwan University 3:103-112.
Walley, L. J. 1967. The cirral glands: a new type of epidermal gland in cirripedes. Crustaceana. 12:151-158.