臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

為了有效的在無線網路中對抗多重擷取干擾（MAI）與多路徑干擾（MI)，我們在本論文中使用了互補碼的技術。在合作式通訊系統中，終端不儘是傳輸與轉送的工作，並且引入了新的技術，稱之為網路編碼（network coding），然而此技術已經被廣泛的探討。在這份研究中，我們致力於將網路編碼與傳統之合作式通訊系統整合在一起，但是我們卻遭遇了某些困難點。合作式通訊系統必須有分集（diversity）的特性產生在基地台，但當我們將網路編碼整合進來時，轉送者（relay）卻不再是轉送來源端（source）的原始訊號，因此違反了分集的三要素之一，即是冗餘（redundancy）。然而，我們發現了一個解決之道，那即是使用乘法器（multiplier）來取代傳統的網路編碼機制，稱之為XOR。建立完以網路編碼為基礎之系統後，我們的目的是要產生分集的特性。在本論文中，我們使用了最大比例合成（MRC）的方式來分析系統性能，而此方式即是最佳機制。以下的章節中將會詳細且完整的列出數學分析。

To effectively combat MAI and MI in wireless networks, we exploit complementary code technique in this thesis. Terminals in cooperative communication system are not only doing the transmission or relaying, but also involve a novel strategy "network coding" which has been investigated widely. In our work, we aim to combine network coding into the conventional cooperative communication system, but we face certain problems in it. Cooperative system has diversity at the destination, but when network coding operation involved, theoretically, it violate the rules of diversity, since the new signals transmitted by relay are no longer as same as the signals from sources. However, we discover a method to solve this problem, which is using the multiplier in relay nodes to replace the conventional network coding operation- XOR. After creating the network coding-based system, our goal is to achieve diversity in cooperative communication system. In this work, we use MRC (maximum ratio combining) for the performance analysis, which is the optimal strategy. Many math works will be shown in the following chapters.

Abstract iv
Acknowledgements vi
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xxiii
Abbreviations xxv
Symbols xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 System Description 7
2.1 Properties of CC-CDMA codes 9
2.2 Relay frameworks 17
2.3 MAC layer channel 18
2.3.1 Physical channels 18
2.3.2 Transmitter algorithms 19
2.3.3 Relay algorithms 20
2.3.4 Base station algorithms 20
Chapter 3 Decode-and-Forward NC-based CC-CDMA cooperative Systems 23
3.1 NC-based CC-CDMA cooperative communications with BPSK modulation 24
3.2 Signals received at relay nodes 24
3.3 Bit error probability at DF relay nodes 29
3.4 Performance analysis 34
3.5 Signals received at destination 35
3.6 Bit error probability at destination 49
3.6.1 Single relay node 49
3.6.2 Two relay nodes 54
3.6.3 Three relay nodes 65
3.6.4 Four relay nodes 84
3.7 General case 99
3.7.1 Bit error probability at destination 105
3.8 Performance analysis 108
Chapter 4 Amplify-and-Forward NC-Based CC-CDMA Cooperative Systems 111
4.1 NC-based CC-CDMA cooperative communication with BPSK modulation 111
4.2 Signals received at relay nodes 112
4.3 Bit error probability at AF relay nodes 116
4.4 Performance analysis 120
4.5 Signals received at destination 121
4.6 Bit error probability at destination 141
4.6.1 Single relay node 141
4.6.2 Two relay nodes 145
4.6.3 Three relay nodes 147
4.6.4 Four relay nodes 148
4.7 General case 150
Chapter 5 Conclusions 157
5.1 Contributions 157
5.2 Future research 158
Appendix A Analysis of Signal Expression From Transmitter 1 to Relay 1 159
Appendix B Analysis of Signal Expression From Transmitter 1 to Destination 163
Appendix C Analysis of Signal Expression From Relay 1 to Destination Using by Decode-and-Forward 167
Appendix D Analysis of Signal Expression From Relay 1 to Destination Using by Amplify-and-Forward 171
Appendix E Demonstration of XOR Operation Can Be Replaced by a Multiplier 179
Appendix F Using Lagrange Multiplier for Finding Optimum Channel Gain 183
Appendix G SNR Derivation for Chapter 3 - Single Relay Case 185
Appendix H Performance Analysis for Chapter 3 - Single Relay node 187
Appendix I Performance Analysis for Chapter 3 - Two Relay nodes 195
Appendix J Performance Analysis for Chapter 3 - Three Relay nodes 203
Appendix K Performance Analysis for Chapter 3 - Four Relay nodes 213
Appendix L Old Performance Analysis for Chapter 3 223
Bibliography 241

[1] R. Ahlswede, N. Cai, and R. W. Yeung, "Network information flow," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1204-1216, July 2000.
[2] Shengli Fu, Kejie Lu, Yi Qian, and Murali Varanasi, "Cooperative network coding for wireless ad-hoc networks," Global Telecommunications Conference, pp. 812-816, Nov. 26-30 2007.
[3] D. H. Woldegebreal, and H. Karl, "Network-coding-based cooperative transmission in wireless sensor networks: diversity-multiplexing tradeoff and coverage area extension," ISBN: 0302-9743 (Print) 1611-3349 (Online), vol. 4913/2008, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 141-155, 2008.
[4] D. H.Woldegebreal, and H. Karl, "Outage probability analysis of cooperative transmission
protocols without and with network coding: inter-user channels based comparison," International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, MSWiM''07, Chania, Crete Island, Greece, pp. 36-44, Oct. 22-26 2007.
[5] M. Sarper Gokturk, and Ozgur Gurbuz, "Cooperation in wireless sensor networks: design and performance analysis of a MAC protocol," International Conference on Communications, ICC, pp. 4284-4289, May 19-23 2008.
[6] Krishna Narayanan, Makesh Pravin Wilson, and Alex Sprintson, "Joint physical layer coding and network coding for bi-directional relaying," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2007.
[7] Ihn-Jung Baik, and Sae-Young Chun, "Network coding for two-way relay channels using lattices," International Conference on Communications, ICC, pp. 3898 - 3902, May 19-23 2008.
[8] Chen Chen, and Haige Xiang, "The throughput order of ad hoc networks with physical-layer network coding and analog network coding," International Conference on Communications, ICC, pp. 2146-2152, May 19-23 2008.
[9] Wei P.U., Chong Luo, Binxing Jiao, and Feng W.U., "Natural network coding in multi-hop wireless networks," International Conference on Communications, ICC, pp. 2388-2392, May 19-23 2008.
[10] Amir Ehsan Khandani, Jinane Abounadi, Eytan Modiano, and Lizhong Zheng, "Cooperative routing in static wireless networks," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2185-2192, Nov. 2007.
[11] S. Zhang, S. C. Liew, and P. P. Lam, "Physical-Layer network coding," in Proc. ACM MobiCom''06, LA, California, USA, Sep. 2006.
[12] S. Fu, K. Lu, T. Zhang, and H. H. Chen, "Cooperative wireless networks based on
physical-layer networkd coding," June 2008.
[13] G. Jakllari, S. V. Krishnamurthy , M. Faloutsos, and P. V. Krishnamurthy, "On broadcasting with cooperative diversity in multi-hop wireless networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, JSAC, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 484-496, Feb. 2007.
[14] T.Wang, and G. B. Giannakis, "High-throughput cooperative communications with complex eld network coding," 41st Annual Conferences on Information Sciences and Systems, CISS, pp. 253-258, March 14-16 2007.
[15] J. Nicholas Laneman, "Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: algorithms and architectures," Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering at MIT, Sep. 2002.
[16] Lei Xiao, Thomas E. Fuja, J�org Kliewer, and Daniel J. Costello, Jr., "A network coding approach to cooperative diversity," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 3714-3722, Oct. 2007.
[17] Todd E. Hunter, "Diversity through coded cooperation," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 283-289, Feb. 2006.
[18] Todd E. Hunter, "Outage analysis of coded cooperation," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 375-391, Feb. 2006.
[19] Therodore S. Rappaport, "Wireless communications: principles and practice,"
ISBN: 0130422320, Prentice Hall PTR, Dec. 31 2001.
[20] H. H. Chen, M. Guizani, "Next generation wireless systems and networks," ISBN: 978-0-470-02434-8, Wiley, July 2006.
[21] H. H. Chen, "The next generation CDMA technologies (Hardcover)," ISBN-10: 0470022949, ISBN-13: 978-0470022948, Wiley, Sep. 17 2007.
[22] J. L. Laneman, David N. C. Tse, and G. W. Wornell, "Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: e cient protocols and outage behavior," IEEE Transaction on
Information Theory, vol. 50, No. 12, pp. 3062-3080, Dec. 2004.
[23] Chirag S. Patel, Gordon L. St�uber, and Thomas G. Pratt, "Statistical properties of amplify and forward relay fading channels," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 1-9, Jan. 2006.
[24] M. Adams, and V. Guillemin, "Measure theory and probability," ISBN: 978-0-8176-3884-9, Boston, MA: Birkh�auser, 1996.
[25] L. Zheng, and David N. C. Tse, "Diversity and multiplexing: a fundamental tradeo ff in multiple-antenna channels," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 1073-1096, May 2003.
[26] A. Bletsas, A. Khisti, David P. Reed, and A. Lippman, "A simple cooperative diversity method based on network path selection," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, JSAC, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 659-672, March 2006.
[27] Sang Wu Kim, "Concatenated network coding for large-scale multi-hop wireless networks," IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC, pp. 985-989, March 11-15 2007.
[28] Babak Azimi-Sadjadiy, and Alejandra Mercado, "Diversity gain for cooperating nodes in multi-hop wireless networks," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC, vol. 2, pp. 1483-1487, Sep. 26-29 2004.
[29] Hsin-Yi Shen, and Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, "Asynchronous cooperative MIMO communication," 5th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks and Workshops, WiOpt, pp. 1-9, April 16-20 2007.
[30] X-H Peng, and X Gu, "Co-operative diversity based on distributed coding schemes in wireless networks," Springer Netherlands, BT Technology Journal, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 97-102, April 2006.
[31] E. Karami, M. Shiva, and Mohammad Abtahi, "Coded CDMA in cooperative channels," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC, vol. 1, pp. 310-313, May 30-June 1 2005.
[32] Wan-Jen Huang, Y.-W. Peter Hong, and C.-C. Jay Kuo, "Relay-assisted decorrelating multiuser detector (RAD-MUD) for cooperative CDMA networks," IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, JSAC, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 550-560, April 2008.
[33] Sudharman K. Jayaweera, "Virtual MIMO-based cooperative communication for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks," IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 984-989, May 2006.
[34] Marvin K. Simon, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, "Digital communication over fading channels," ISBN: 0-471-64953-8, second edition, Wiley, 2005.
[35] T. Eng, and L. B. Milstein, "Coherent DS-CDMA performance in Nakagami multipath fading," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 43, no. 234, pp. 1134-1143, Feb./March/April, 1995.
[36] M. Abramowitz, and I. A. Stegun, "Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables," 9th ed. New York, NY: Dover Publications, 1970.
[37] Yingda Chen, S. Kishore, and Jing Li, "Wireless diversity through network coding," IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC, vol. 3, pp. 1681-1686, April 3-6, 2006.