In previous studies, cerebellum had long been thought as only a part of the motor coordination system. However, more and more researches pointed out that cerebellum takes part in many other brain activities and even higher cognitive functions. In recent years, some studies focused on establishing anatomical atlas of cerebellum by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while others concentrated on task-positive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of the cerebellum.
Our study used non-invasive and task-free resting-state fMRI analysis to demonstrate the functional connectivity between different sub-regions of cerebellum and the whole cerebrum. We first applied four well-explored motor tasks to verify whether the results of resting fMRI analysis were comparable to those of traditional fMRI analysis. Secondly, the cerebellum was divided into 28 sub-regions based on its anatomical structures, and their blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) correlations with whole cerebrum were analyzed respectively.
20 healthy subjects were enrolled. The results of region of interest (ROI)-based resting-state fMRI analysis revealed that the functional connectivity maps of different motor tasks were similar to those of the traditional BOLD fMRI analysis. Following this, the BOLD correlation analysis between 28 sub-regions of cerebellum and cerebrum were illustrated separately. Interestingly, sub-regions belonged to the same phylogenetic system displayed certain similar functional connectivity maps. Vestibulocerebellum had few BOLD correlations with cerebral cortex; spinocerebellum mainly contributing to the coordination system possessed strong BOLD correlations with motor-related cortexes; the youngest cerebrocerebellum had vigorous BOLD correlations with prefrontal and parietal lobes.

Contents
口試委員會審定書 I
誌謝 II
中文摘要 III
Abstract IV
Content VI
List of Figures IX
List of Tables XI
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Anatomic background 1
1.2. Task-based fMRI and resting-state fMRI experiments 2
1.3. Motor function in cerebellum and cerebrum 4
1.4. Previous researches in cerebellum 5
1.5. Motivation and hypothesis 6
2. Materials and Methods 8
2.1. Participants 8
2.2. MRI data acquisition 8
2.3. Experiment designs 9
2.4. Preprocessing 9
2.4.1. Motion correction 10
2.4.2. Normalization 10
2.4.3. Smooth 11
2.4.4. Detrend 11
2.4.5. Filter 11
2.5. Motor function analysis 12
2.5.1. BOLD fMRI with tasks 12
2.5.2. Functional connectivity of motor functions 12
2.6. Cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity 13
2.6.1. SUIT template and ROI definition 13
2.6.2. Orthogonalize 14
2.6.3. Functional connectivity calculations 14
3. Results 15
3.1. Motor function relationship between motor cortex and cerebellum 15
3.2. Functional connection distribution in cerebellum 17
3.2.1. Vestibulocerebellum connectivity maps 17
3.2.2. Spinocerebellum connectivity maps 18
3.2.3. Cerebrocerebellum connectivity maps 20
4. Discussion 22
4.1. Motor function relationships 22
4.2. Cerebellar - cerebral connectivity 23
4.2.1. Vestibulocerebellum 24
4.2.2. Spinocerebellum 25
4.2.3. Cerebrocerebellum 26
4.2.4. Validations from cerebrum to cerebellum 26
4.2.5. Functional connectivity and anatomic fiber pathways 27
4.2.6. Somatotopic-liked Distributions 27
4.3. The effects of analysis procedures 28
4.3.1. ROI selections 28
4.3.2. Orthogonalization 29
4.4. Limitations 30
4.4.1. Variability of ‘Resting-state’ 30
4.4.2. Physiological basis of the low frequency fluctuations 31
4.4.3. Differences of analysis methods 31
5. Conclusion and Future Works 33
5.1. Conclusion 33
5.2. Future Works 34
5.2.1. Different levels of motor functions 34
5.2.2. Multi-modality analysis methods 34
5.2.3. Specific functional networks investigation of cerebellum 35
5.2.4. Cerebellum functional template 35
References 36
Appendix 40
A-1 Figures 40
A-2 Tables 66

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