中文摘要
臺灣北部的四圍山與中部的塔塔加兩土壤剖面皆為具有淋澱化作用特徵的淋澱化土，兩地區在海拔高度、氣候條件與植被覆蓋上有許多差異，故針對兩土壤剖面之物理化學性質與黏土礦物方面進行研究，藉以了解在不同化育條件下兩淋澱化土壤之差異。進行的實驗包含土壤剖面基本理化性質分析、三二氧化物化學特性分析與黏土礦物鑑定。
在基本理化性質方面，兩土壤剖面皆為強酸性，並且交換性陽離子的含量，除了表層因為有機質的影響以外，其餘化育層含量都很低，另外由質地分析可發現兩剖面皆有明顯黏粒向下洗入移動聚積的現象，這是由於兩研究地區因高降雨量造成淋洗作用強烈，此外四圍山剖面總碳、總氮含量與碳氮比相較於塔塔加剖面則皆較低。
在三二氧化物化學特性方面，兩土壤剖面鐵、鋁氧化物皆有由土壤表層向下淋洗並累積在剖面下層的現象，而塔塔加的鐵活度比(Feo/Fed)值較四圍山高，且塔塔加剖面鐵氧化物結晶化指標(Fed-Feo)/ Fed)也較四圍山低，該兩指標顯示塔塔加剖面處於較還原的狀態。另外由鐵活度比可知塔塔加剖面淋澱化作用較四圍山剖面活躍，此外利用高梯度磁場分離機濃縮土壤中磁性物質後，再經X射線繞射儀鑑定土壤中的鐵氧化物後，發現兩土壤剖面皆含有鋁同構取代纖鐵礦(0.624 nm)與鋁同構取代針鐵礦(0.416 nm)。
在黏土礦物鑑定方面，四圍山土壤剖面中主要的礦物組成為綠泥石、伊萊石、高嶺石與三水鋁石，而塔塔加土壤剖面則為蛭石、伊萊石、高嶺石與三水鋁石，另外在塔塔加剖面的底層發現有氫氧基夾層蛭石(HIV)(1.41~1.01 nm)的存在，推測蛭石層間有氫氧化物的插入現象。由於四圍山與塔塔加土壤化育因子的差異，造成在塔塔加淋澱化作用較四圍山活躍，三二氧化物於剖面中向下移動現象明顯，並於剖面下方插入蛭石層間生成HIV。

關鍵詞︰淋澱化土、淋澱化作用、三二氧化物、鐵活度比、氫氧基夾層蛭石

Abstract
Both Suweishan and Ta-Ta-Chia pedons are podzolic soils in Taiwan. There are a lot of different soil characteria with elevation, including climates and vegetations. This study aimed to identify soil physical, chemical properities and clay mineral compositions at different weathering conditions between the Suweishan and Ta-Ta-Chia pedons.
Soil pH of the Suweishan and Ta-Ta-Chia pedons are under acidic conditions. Cation-exchange capacity except the surface horizon is because of high organic matter contents, the other horizons are low. These two study regions have high precipitation and intense leaching lead to clay contents increased with increasing soil depth. On the other hand, due to lower elevation of the Suweishan pedons, the total carbon, nitrogen contents and C/N ratio is lower than that of the Ta-Ta-Chia pedons.
The sesquioxides leached from surface soils into subsoils and accumumated on subsoils. The iron activity ratio (i.e., Feo/Fed) on the Ta-Ta-Chia is higher than that of the Suweishan pedons and the iron crystallinity index (i.e., Fed-Feo/Fed) showed the reversed trend. From Feo/Fed and Fed-Feo/Fed values, it is indicated that Ta-Ta-Chia pedons with high clay contents are under higher activity of podzolization and redoximorphic condition than that of the Suweshan pedons. After high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) treatments and X-ray diffraction analyses, both Suweishan and Ta-Ta-Chia pedons contained lepidocrocite and goethite.
The clay fractions of the Suweishan contained chlorite, illite, kaolinite and gibbsite, and Ta-Ta-Chia pedon of vermiculite, kaolinite, illite and gibbsite. In addition, the hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) was found in subsoils of the Ta-Ta-Chia pedons. Formation of HIV in the Ta-Ta-Chia pedons are caused by the high higher activity of podzolization and redoximorphic condition during pedogenesis.

Keywords: podzolic soils, podzolization, sesquioxides, iron activity ratio, hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite (HIV)

目錄
頁碼
謝誌------------------------------------------------------I
中文摘要--------------------------------------------------II
英文摘要--------------------------------------------------IV
目錄-------------------------------------------------------V
圖目錄---------------------------------------------------VII
表目錄----------------------------------------------------IX
第一章 前言------------------------------------------------1
第二章 前人研究--------------------------------------------3
第一節、 淋澱土的生成環境--------------------------------3
第二節、 淋澱土的形態特徵--------------------------------4
第三節、 淋澱土的化育機制--------------------------------6
第四節、 臺灣淋澱土的分佈-------------------------------12
第五節、 土壤鐵氧化物的濃縮-----------------------------12
第六節、 黏土礦物層間物質的抽出與層間電荷之研究---------13
第三章 材料與方法-----------------------------------------15
第一節、 研究地區環境資料-------------------------------15
第二節、 土壤採樣方法-----------------------------------21
第三節、 土壤樣品前處理---------------------------------21
第四節、 土壤樣品基本物理化學性質分析及方法-------------21
第五節、 三二氧化物的化學抽出分析-----------------------24
第六節、 黏土礦物組成成分鑑定---------------------------25
第四章 結果與討論-----------------------------------------30
第一節、 土壤的基本物理化學性質-------------------------30
第二節、 土壤三二氧化物性質-----------------------------38
第三節、 土壤黏土礦物的鑑定與組成-----------------------46
第四節、 土壤黏土礦物的風化序列-------------------------64
第五節、 高梯度磁場分離技術處理-------------------------69
第六節、 層間物質的抽出處理-----------------------------73
第五章 結論-----------------------------------------------82
第六章 參考文獻-------------------------------------------83
圖目錄
圖一、剖面採樣地點示意圖-----------------------------------18
圖二、兩採樣剖面照片(圖A︰四圍山剖面，圖B︰塔塔加剖面) ---19
圖三、四圍山地區氣溫和降雨的變化圖-------------------------20
圖四、塔塔加地區氣溫和降雨的變化圖------------------------ 20
圖五、塔塔加與四圍山兩土壤剖面各形態鐵鋁氧化物之分佈趨勢---41
圖六、四圍山土壤剖面A層黏粒X射線繞射圖------------------47
圖七、四圍山土壤剖面AE層黏粒X光繞射圖-------------------49
圖八、四圍山土壤剖面E層黏粒X光繞射圖--------------------50
圖九、四圍山土壤剖面Bt層黏粒X光繞射圖--------------------51
圖十、四圍山土壤剖面Bw1層黏粒X光繞射圖------------------53
圖十一、四圍山土壤剖面Bw2層黏粒X光繞射圖-----------------54
圖十二、四圍山土壤剖面Bw3層黏粒X光繞射圖-----------------55
圖十三、塔塔加土壤剖面Oa層黏粒X射線繞射圖----------------57
圖十四、塔塔加土壤剖面AE層黏粒X射線繞射圖---------------58
圖十五、塔塔加土壤剖面Bt1層黏粒X射線繞射圖---------------60
圖十六、塔塔加土壤剖面Bt2層黏粒X射線繞射圖---------------62
圖十七、塔塔加土壤剖面Bt3層黏粒X射線繞射圖----------------63
圖十八、四圍山剖面經HGMS處理之XRD圖--------------------70
圖十九、塔塔加剖面經HGMS處理之XRD圖--------------------72
圖二十、塔塔加剖面Bt3化育層黏粒經0.3 M檸檬酸鈉溶液在80℃下抽出後，再以鉀飽和室溫處理之X射線繞射圖-----------74
圖二十一、塔塔加剖面Bt3化育層黏粒經熱檸檬酸鈉溶液抽出48小時後，再以鎂飽和、鎂-飽和甘油加熱和鉀飽和加熱室溫處理之X射線繞射圖----------------------------------75
圖二十二、塔塔加剖面Bt3化育層黏粒經0.1 M鹽酸溶液在80℃下抽出後，再以鉀飽和室溫處理之X射線繞射圖-----------77
圖二十三、塔塔加剖面Bt3化育層黏粒經鹽酸溶液抽出32小時後，再以鎂飽和、鎂-飽和甘油加熱和鉀飽和加熱室溫處理之X射線繞射圖--------------------------------------78
圖二十四、為經過0.3 M熱檸檬酸鈉80℃抽出後的黏粒，再以十二烷基氨離子插入後的X射線繞射圖--------------------81
表目錄
表一、四圍山與塔塔加採樣地區的環境條件---------------------17
表二、四圍山剖面土壤基本物理化學性質表---------------------31
表三、塔塔加剖面土壤基本物理化學性質表---------------------32
表四、四圍山剖面土壤中三二氧化物分佈表---------------------39
表五、塔塔加剖面土壤中三二氧化物分佈表---------------------40
表六、四圍山地區不同土壤化育層黏土礦物種類及相對含量(半定量)--------------------------------------------------65
表七、塔塔加地區不同土壤化育層黏土礦物種類及相對含量(半定量)--------------------------------------------------65
表八、0.3 M檸檬酸鈉各時間點抽出的鋁、鐵和鎂離子含量--------79
表九、0.1 M鹽酸各時間點抽出的鋁、鐵和鎂離子含量------------80

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