本論文使用 TSMC 0.35 2P4M CMOS 製程，研製可以利用太陽能,燃料電池等低電壓源系統之電源管理電路。電路設計上分成三部份來實現，第一個部份是數位邏輯控制電路；而第二個部份為類比電路包含內部參考電壓電路，溫度保護電路，脈衝寬度調變(PWM)產生電路，鋸齒波產生電路，過電流保護電路及低輸入電壓啟動電路；第三個部份則由大面積3.3V NMOS做成的開關組成。它的技術採用類比脈衝寬度調變方法來設計,使晶片在整個系統能達到較高的可靠度。
此低電壓脈衝寬度調變及升壓穩壓控制晶片的設計，其輸入啟動電壓可低至0.6V~0.7V，至於輸入電壓可以多低？是由該半導體製程裡，電晶體的臨界電壓所決定；而在系統電路層次上，採用電壓模式的booster架構，量測到的輸出電壓4.8V，整體晶片的消耗功率是111.51mW，晶片面積為2.03 x 1.2mm2。

This thesis presents the design and implements of the Power Management Controller IC, adapted to voltage mode of the pulse width modulation with low input voltage such as solar or fuel cell in TSMC 0.35 2P4M CMOS process. This chip includes three main segments: the first partition is logic control circuit. The second partition is analog circuit which includes linternal reference voltage, over temperature protection, pulse-width modulation, sawtooth wave generation, over current protection, and start-up circuit of ultra-low input voltage. The third segment comprises 3.3V NMOS for power switches. Its technology in design adopts analog PWM method to get higher reliability in whole system.
This chip design reveals a low voltage pulse-width modulation controller with voltage mode of booster type on system level for output voltage regulated. Its minimum input start-up voltage is about 0.6V~0.7V. As for how low the input voltage is depended on the threshold voltage of transistor in this semiconductor process. The die area is 2.03 x 1.2 mm2. The system power consumption is 111.51mW and its output voltage is 4.8V.

List of Contents
Chinese Abstract I
English Abstract II
List of Contents IV
List of Figures VII
List of Tables XI
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 IEEE 519-1992 and IEC-61000-3-2 Standards Overview 2
1.3 Thesis Overview 3
Chapter 2
Personal-Mobile Power Plant Requirement 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Personal- Mobile Power Plant specification comparison 8
2.3 Ultra-low start-up voltage PWM Controller comparison 10
2.4 Why I choose boost converter 11
2.5 Summary 14
Chapter 3
Circuit Designs of Analog PWM Controller with Ultra-low Start-up Voltage
15
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Overview of ultra-low start-up voltage PWM controller 17
3.3 Digital Control Design 20
3.3.1 Digital Control Circuit Overview 20
3.3.2 Charge Control Block 21
3.3.3 Pulse Counter Block 23
3.3.4 Ultra-low Voltage Booster 24
3.4 Reference Voltage Circuit 27
3.4.1 Constant-Gm circuit 29
3.4.2 Added OPAMP Circuit 31
3.4.3 Low-Voltage Bandgap, and start-up Circuit 32
3.5 Over-Temperature Protection 39
3.6 Ramp Waveform Generator 41
3.7 PWM Control Generator 43
3.8 Power-MOS Switch and Current-Limit Protection 48
3.8.1 Power-MOS Switch 48
3.8.2 Current-Limit Protection 50
3.9 Design Review and Layout 52
3.9.1 Design Review 52
3.9.2 Layout 54
Chapter 4
Comparartor Desgin 56
4.1 Comparator design 56
4.1.1 P-channel Comparator 56
4.1.2 Rail-to-rail Comparator 58

Chapter 5
Measurement and Discussion 62
5.1 Measurement Results of DC-DC Boost Converter and PMPP 62
5.1.1 PCB Design of DC-DC Boost Converter 62
5.1.2 Time domain Measurement Setup 63
5.2 Summary 74
Chapter 6
Conclusion 76
Reference 77

Reference
[1] Professor: Dr. Chern-Lin, Chen, “The handout of the course of Power IC, 2006”
[2] Zhang Chuan, Lang J un, Zhu Ying, He Shuzhuan, Yang Shengguang, “Full-custom layout design of a PWM power management IC”, Department of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093
[3] H. Pooya Forghani-Zadeh*, and Gabriel A. Rincón-Mora, “Low-Power CMOS Ramp Generator Circuit for DC-DC Converters”, Analog and Power IC Lab, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA, Journal of Low Power Electronics, Vol. 2, 1-5, 2006
[4] R. Jacob Baker, Book: “CMOS: Circuit: Design, Layout and Simulation, Revised Second Edition”
[5] Behzad Razavi, Book: “Design of Analog, CMOS Integrated Circuits”
[6] David A. Johns, Ken Martin, Book: “Analog Integrated Circuit Design”
[7] Roubik Gregorian, Book: “Introduction to CMOS OP-AMPS and Comparators”
[8] “The document of LOW INPUT VOLTAGE STEP-UP CONVERTER IN 6 PIN SC-70 PACKAGE”, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, SLVS776, January, 2009.
[9] “The introduction of Smart Power Management”, Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG, ZMDI®
[10] Nanopedia, “Solar Power Sitemap”, the web course of nanotechnology, http://nanopedia.case.edu/NWPage.php?page=solar.power.sitemap
[11] ENOLARTM, http://www.enolar.com/products07a.htm
[12] Howard G. Murphy P.E., “What Is Meant by Meeting the Requirements of IEEE-519-1992”, Engineering Note, HITACHI
[13] Li-Jen Liu, Yeong-Chau Kuo, and Wen-Chieh Cheng, “Analog PWM and Digital PWM Controller IC for DC/DC Converters”, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Chou Institute of Technology