臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　病態人格是一種以情感缺陷及道德缺失為核心特質的發展疾患。研究證據亦顯示情感上的缺陷與腦部區域的異常有關。在檢閱相關文獻後，研究者認為病態人格之腦部異常區域，與同理心、道德判斷以及性行為背後之神經機制似乎有重疊之處。因此，本研究目的旨在探討病態人格之性侵害加害人在痛覺同理心與道德判斷之表現，是否與非病態人格之性侵害加害人及一般犯罪者存在差異。
　　本研究對象選取於臺北監獄與嘉義監獄，先以病態人格檢索表（Psychopathy Checklist- Revised, PCL-R）篩選病態人格之性侵害加害人（n = 10），並依據受試者年齡與教育程度選取配對的非病態人格之性侵害加害人（n = 10）與控制組（n = 10），進行痛覺同理心與道德判斷實驗。
　　研究結果顯示，病態人格之性侵害加害人在觀看痛覺刺激時，採取自己觀點（self-perspective）與他人觀點（others-perspective）所做出之情緒評價皆為負向的，且情緒強度並無差異。亦即，病態人格之性侵害加害人具備觀點取替（perspective-taking）之認知能力，能夠分辨他人負向情感線索。研究者推測病態人格之性侵害加害人的同理心缺陷，可能來自於對他人痛苦無法產生情感反應（affective responsiveness）。而在道德判斷實驗結果上，病態人格之性侵害加害人、非病態人格之性侵害加害人與一般犯罪者並無差異。推測病態人格之性侵害加害人亦具備分辨行為對與錯之能力，但他們可能對於其行為對被害人所造成的影響並不在乎。根據本研究發現，研究者對未來政策及研究方向提出建議。

Psychopathy is one kind of developmental disorder characterized by affective deficits and a lack of morality. Research has shown that affective deficits were associated with the abnormal areas of the brain. Psychopaths may have deficit in empathy, moral judgment, and sexual behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the ability of pain empathy and moral judgment among psychopath sex offenders, non-psychopath sex offenders, and non-psychopath offenders.
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was used to screen participants from Taipei Prison and Chiayi Prison in Taiwan. The experimental group consisted of 10 psychopath sex offenders, 10 Non-psychopath sex offenders and 10 non-psychopath offenders. They were required to participate in the pain empathy and moral judgment tasks.
Results showed that the three group did not have significant differences in discriminating the emotional valences of self-perspective from others-perspective. I also found that they assessed the emotional intensity of the two perspectives similarly. Namely, perspective-taking abilities were possessed by psychopath sex offenders, implying that they were able to recognize others’ negative affective clues. However, I speculated that the lack of empathy of psychopathic sex offenders may be attributed to their inability to produce affective responsiveness. The data of moral judgment showed that there were no differences in the three groups.I suggested that psychopath sex offenders may distinguish right from wrong, yet they did not pay attention to the adverse impacts arising from their behaviors on the victims. Based on the results, implications for policy and future research are proposed.

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與重要性 1
第二節 研究目的與研究問題 2
壹、研究目的 2
貳、研究問題 3
第三節 名詞釋義 3
壹、性侵害加害人（sex offender） 3
貳、病態人格（psychopathy） 4
參、痛覺同理心（pain empathy） 4
肆、道德判斷（moral judgment） 5
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 病態人格之相關研究 7
壹、病態人格腦部缺陷相關研究 7
貳、病態人格者對威脅刺激之反應 8
參、病態人格者在情緒學習之障礙 9
肆、病態人格者之同理心 11
第二節 道德發展相關理論及研究 14
壹、Piaget的道德發展理論 14
貳、Kohlberg的道德理解階段 15
參、道德／社會成規違反之區分 19
肆、情緒在道德判斷中的角色 20
第三節 性行為背後之神經機制 22
第三章 研究方法 29
第一節 研究對象與樣本選取 29
第二節 研究工具 29
壹、病態人格檢索表（Psychopathy Checklist-Revised，PCL-R） 30
貳、痛覺同理心素材及實驗流程 33
參、道德判斷素材及實驗流程 35
第三節 研究假設 39
第四節 資料分析 39
第四章 研究發現 41
第一節 受試者基本資料及病態人格檢索表 41
壹、受試者基本資料 41
貳、病態人格檢索表得分狀況 42
第二節 痛覺同理心 43
壹、對於痛覺刺激之情緒評價 43
貳、對於痛覺刺激之情緒強度 45
第三節 道德判斷 52
壹、道德判斷之作答方式 52
貳、道德判斷之反應時間 54
第五章 討論與結論 57
第一節 重要研究發現與討論 57
壹、病態人格之性侵害加害人具有觀點取替之認知能力 57
貳、病態人格之性侵害加害人具有分辨行為對與錯之能力 58
第二節 結論與建議 59
壹、結論 59
貳、建議 59
第三節 研究限制 60
參考文獻 63
附錄一　研究參與同意書 69

表目錄
表2-1-1　病態人格、同理心、道德判斷與性行為相關神經機制整理 24
表4-1-1　受試者基本資料平均數與標準差摘要表 41
表4-1-2　病態人格檢索表得分狀況 43
表4-2-1　對痛覺刺激評價百分比之平均數及標準差摘要表 44
表4-2-2　對痛覺刺激評價百分比之變異數分析摘要表 45
表4-2-3　對痛覺刺激情緒強度之平均數及標準差摘要表 45
表4-2-4　對痛覺刺激情緒強度之變異數分析摘要表 46
表4-2-5　病態人格組情緒強度 47
表4-2-6　病態人格組多重比較 47
表4-2-7　非病態人格組情緒強度 48
表4-2-8　非病態人格組多重比較 48
表4-2-9　控制組情緒強度 49
表4-2-10　控制組多重比較 49
表4-2-11　正向評價之情緒強度 50
表4-2-12　正向評價之多重比較 50
表4-2-13　中性評價之情緒強度 51
表4-2-14　中性評價之多重比較 51
表4-2-15　負向評價之情緒強度 52
表4-3-1　道德判斷之作答百分比平均數及標準差摘要表 52
表4-3-2　道德判斷作答百分比之變異數分析摘要表 53
表4-3-3　不同題目類型對於答是百分比多重比較 54
表4-3-4　反應時間平均數及標準差摘要表（單位：毫秒） 54
表4-3-5　道德判斷反應時間之變異數分析摘要表 55
表4-3-6　不同組別對反應時間之多重比較 56

圖目錄
圖2-2-1　不同情境下反應時間平均值及作答方式 21
圖3-1-1　痛覺同理心實驗示意圖 35
圖3-2-2　道德判斷實驗示意圖 38

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