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研究生:陳致葳
研究生(外文):Chen, Chihwei
論文名稱:外交保護之研究
論文名稱(外文):Diplomatic Protection in International Law
指導教授:李孟玢李孟玢引用關係廖宗聖廖宗聖引用關係
指導教授(外文):Meng-Bin LeeTsung-Sheng Liao
口試委員:廖蕙玟葉錦鴻
口試日期:2011-06-22
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:法律學研究所
學門:法律學門
學類:一般法律學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2011
畢業學年度:99
語文別:中文
論文頁數:168
中文關鍵詞:外交保護國家責任卡爾弗理論國籍真實連繫用盡當地救濟人權賠償反制措施
外文關鍵詞:Diplomatic protectionStates responsibilityCalvo DoctrineNationalityGenuine linkExhaustion of local remediesHuman rightsReparationCountermeasures
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外交保護制度是國際法保護個人權利的重要一環。在互通來往頻繁的現代社會,每個人無可避免的會踏出自身國家的國門,到世界各處旅遊、工作、從事商業活動,因而不論是法人抑或是自然人,皆很有可能的會碰觸到權利受到侵害的情形,而外交保護制度亦是為了解決此種狀況,存在於國際法制度中。雖然或許現今有許多的權利救濟方法可供選擇,不過外交保護仍然是國際社會用以解決國際紛爭優先考量的方式。外交保護廣義而言,除了字面上所認識的外交方式的保護外,亦包含司法程序的保護作用,不過,通常而言,國際上所指的外交保護制度僅是指狹義範圍內的司法程序,而並未包括以外交手段交涉的外交保護。
實施外交保護制度必定會經過三種考量 ─ 國籍、不法行為以及用盡當地救濟,國家在提起外交保護時,必須經過審慎的思考,受害人是否為本國人?不法行為是否可歸咎於侵害國?受害人是否用盡當地救濟?當三個條件被滿足時,國際司法或仲裁機構才會受理國家所提起的相關案件。另外,與外交保護有著密切關係的,就是國際人權保障的發展。國際人權與外交保護相同的特點在於對個人權利的維護,但其卻未如有外交保護廣大的涵蓋範圍,又,國際人權與外交保護兩套體制是不相隸屬的關係,也因此兩套制度的運作如何去交相調和,亦是國際法外交保護制度的重點之一。
而每一套權利救濟制度最後無可避免必須處理的問題乃是「賠償」問題,外交保護制度亦不例外,該制度以「回復原狀」為優先賠償方式,而賠償或補償以及滿足則作為輔助賠償方式。不過,重要的問題點在於當適用輔助的賠償方式時該如何去評估所受損害價值與金額,是單方面考量受害者損害程度?還是衡量雙方過失程度以決定賠償範圍?抑或是在判斷賠償金額是亦須將侵害者賠償能力加以考量?諸此問題,均值得進一步的探討思考。

序論 1
一、 研究動機 1
二、 研究目的 2
三、 研究範圍 4
四、 研究方法 14
第一章 外交保護 17
第一節 前言 17
第二節 歷史發展 18
第三節 定義與範圍 20
第一項 定義 20
第二項 範圍 22
第一款 政府機關公務員 23
第二款 國際組織的工作人員 25
第四節 行使方式 27
第一項 行使要件 27
第一款 必須有國際不法行為存在,且受害人受有損害,而此不法行為必須可歸因於侵害國 27
第二款 行使外交保護之國家為受害人之國籍國 29
第三款 請求行使外交保護前必須用盡侵害國之當地法律救濟 31
第二項 法律性質 33
第一款 國家義務說 33
第二款 國家權利說 33
第五節 卡爾弗理論的影響 37
第一項 歷史發展 37
第二項 行使方式 39
第三項 法學家見解 42
第四項 現今發展 43
第二章 國籍 46
第一節 前言 46
第二節 定義 47
第一項 自然人的國籍取得 49
第二項 法人的國籍取得 51
第三節 國籍持續 54
第一項 定義 55
第二項 判斷時點 56
第一款 損害之日 56
第二款 最後持有之日 57
第三項 連續不間斷之問題 59
第四節 雙重或多重國籍及無國籍人與難民 60
第一項 定義 61
第二項 國籍國判斷標準 62
第三項 真實聯繫因素產生問題點 64
第四項 真實聯繫制度的改良 65
第五項 國籍現今發展 67
第五節 法人國籍問題 70
第三章 用盡當地救濟原則 73
第一節 前言 73
第二節 定義 75
第一項 歷史發展 75
第二項 當地救濟定義與範圍問題 77
第三項 何謂用盡 80
第三節 制度目的 82
第四節 制度性質與運用方式 84
第一項 性質 84
第二項 如何證明已用盡 87
第五節 例外 90
第一項 無需用盡 90
第一款 所提供有效的當地救濟程序並不存在,或當地救濟並不具有救濟的合理可能性 90
第二款 救濟過程受到不當的拖延 92
第三款 受損害的人與地主國於損害發生時並無任何的聯繫因素 93
第四款 受損害之人明顯被排除了尋求當地救濟的可能 94
第五款 地主國放棄用盡當地救濟的要求 94
第二項 現今替代方式的問題 95
第四章 與人權之關係 97
第一節 前言 97
第二節 人權發展概述 100
第一項 國際人權保護機制 102
第二項 區域人權保護機制 103
第三節 人權與外交保護之差異 105
第一項 人權 105
第二項 外交保護 107
第三項 人權與外交保護程序之差異與缺失 108
第四節 人權與外交保護的調和問題 111
第一項 將外交保護歸入人權或將人權歸入外交保護的問題 111
第二項 人權與外交保護分別適用的問題 112
第三項 將外交保護以是否簽訂人權條約的有無劃分的問題 114
第五節 現今發展 116
第五章 賠償方式 119
第一節 前言 119
第二節 賠償方式 120
第一項 恢復原狀 121
第二項 補償 124
第三項 滿足 126
第三節 賠償範圍評判 129
第一項 人身損害賠償判斷 130
第二項 財物損害賠償判斷 131
第一款 財產價值 132
第二款 利潤損失 134
第三款 雜項費用 135
第三項 侵害國的賠償能力判斷 135
第四節 受損害者對侵害者所採取的措施 136
第六章 結論 141
參考文獻 149
附錄 164

一、書籍
中文部分
Heers, P.J.,簡明西洋中古史(劉增泉譯),國立編譯館,1995年。
Tierney, Brian,西洋中古史(下) (袁傳偉譯),麥格羅‧希爾國際股份有限公司,1997年。
王覺非主編,歐洲五百年史,高等教育出版社,2001年。
丘宏達,現代國際法(二版),三民書局,2006年。
沈克勤,國際法(增修八版),台灣學生書局,1991年。
范劍虹、田青,跨國公司國際投資法,澳門大學法學院,2003年。
柯澤東,國際私法(二版),元照出版有限公司,2002年。
段昌國,十五~十八世紀歐洲史,空中大學,2005年。
俞寬賜,國際法新論,啟英文化,2002年。
廖福特,歐洲人權法,學林文化事業有限公司,2003年。
歐本漢,國際法Q&A,風雲論壇,2003年。

英文部分
Amerashinghe, C.F., Diplomatic Protection (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008).
Amerashinghe, C.F., Local Remedies in International Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd ed., 2004).
Bedjaoui, M. (ed.), International Law: Achievements and Porspects (UNESCO, Paris, 1991).
Borchard, E.M., The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad (W.S. Hein & Co., Buffalo, 2003).
Brownlie, I., Principles of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 7th ed., 2008).
Coffin, J.G., and Stacey, R.C., Western Civilizations (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 16th ed., 2008).
Council of Europe, Freedom of Expression in Europe: Case-law Concerning Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2007).
Dijk, P. van, Hoof, F. van, Rijn, A. van and Zwaak, L. (eds.), Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (Intersentia, UK, 4th ed., 2006).
Dolzer, R. and Schreuer, C., Principles of International Investment Law (Oxford University Press, USA, 2008).
Emer de Vattel, The Law of Nations, or Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns (Liberty Fund Inc., Indianapolis, 2008).
Evans, Malcolm D. (ed.), international law (Oxford University Press, USA, 3rd ed., 2010).
Evens, M. and Murray, R. (eds.), The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: The System in Practice 1986-2006 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd ed., 2008).
Harris, D.J., Cases and Materials on International Law (Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2004).
Harris, D.J., O’Boyle, M., Warbrick, C., Bates, E. and Buckley, C., Law of the European Convention on Human Rights (Oxford University Press, USA, 2nd ed., 2009).
Henkin, L., Pugh, R.C., Schachter, O. and Smit, H., International Law: Cases and Materials (West Publishing Co., U.S.A., 3rd ed., 1993), p. 583.
Joseph, S., Schultz, J. and Castan, M., The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2nd ed., 2004).
Malanczuk, P., Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law ( Routledge, London and New York, 7th ed., 1997).
Merrills, J.G., International Dispute Settlement (Cambridge University Press, UK, 4th ed., 2005).
Mertus, J.A., The United Nations and Human Rights: a guide for a new era (Routledge, London, 2nd ed., 2009).
Morsink, J., The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1999).
QC, Hazel Fox, The Law of State Immunity (Oxford University Press, USA, 2002).
Ramcharan, B.G., The Concept and Present Status of International Protection of Human Rights: Forty Years after the Universal Declaration (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989).
Renteln, A.D., International Human Rights: universalism versus relativism (Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1990).
Shaw, M.N., International Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 6th ed., 2008).
Shea, D.R., The Calvo Clause (University of Minnesota Press, Minneaplois, 1955).
Shelto, D., Remedies in International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press, USA, 2nd ed., 2008).
Sornarajah, M., International Law on Foreign Investment (Cambridge University Press, USA, 2nd ed., 2004).
Ssenyonjo, M., Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law (Hart Publishing, UK, 2009).
Steiner, H.J., International Human Rights in Context─law, politics, morals (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2nd ed., 2000).
The American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law ─ The Foreign Relations Law of the United States (American Law Institute, St. Paul, Minn, 1986).
Tudor, I., The Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard in the International Law of Foreign Investment(Oxford University Press, USA, 2008).
Van Harten, Gus, Investment Treaty Arbitration and Public Law (Oxford University Press, USA, 2008).

二、期刊文章
中文部分
中國國際法學會,中國國際法與國際事務年報第2卷,台灣商務印書館,1988年。
李子文,從一九七○年國際法院對巴塞隆納牽引、光、電公司案判決探討國際法上對公司之外交保護,育達學院報第十九期,2009年。
李孟玢,論世界人權宣言之基本性質與法律效力,中正大學法學集刊第1期,1998年。
余勁松,公司的外交保護,政法論壇第26卷第1期,2008年。
林詩梅,淺介國際人權保護實踐機制─以聯合國體系為例,律師雜誌第272期5月號,2002年。
張國書,西方與亞洲在人權觀念上的對抗?--淺介國際人權法概念中的普遍性原則與文化相對主義,新世紀智庫論壇第8期,1999年12月。
董簫、吳向榮,試論對我國海外投資的外交保護,河北法學第25卷第10期,2007年。
龔繁榮,論跨國投資公司外交保護的兩個前提條件,http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=8209,2000年。

英文部分
Alvarez-Jiménez, A., “Foreign Investors, Diplomatic Protection and the International Court of Justice’s Decision on Preliminary Objections in the Diallo Case”, 33 North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 437 (2008).
Amerasinghe, C.F., The Formal Character of the Rule of Local Remedies, 25 Zeitschrift fur auslandisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht 445 (1965).
American Society of Comparative Law, The United States and the Hague Conferences on Private International Law, 1(3) The American Journal of Comparative Law 277 (1952).
American Society of International Law, The Canevaro Case at the Hague, 6(3) The American Journal of International Law 709 (1912).
American Society of International Law, Claim of the British Ship "I'm Alone" v. United States, 29(2) The American Journal of International Law 326 (1935).
American Society of International Law, Codified Text of the Andean Foreign Investment Code, 16 International Legal Materials 138(1977)
American Society of International Law, Opinion Dealing with Germany’s Obligations and The Jurisdiction of The Commission as Determined by The Nationality of Claims and Administrative Decision No.5, 19(3) The American Journal of International Law 612 (1925).
Borchard, E.M., The Mavrommatis Concessions Cases, 19(4) The American Journal of International Law 728 (1925).
Crawford, J. (edited by Bodansky, D. and Crook, J.R.), The ILC’s State Responsibility Articles: The ILC’s Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts: A Retrosppect, 96(4) The American Journal of International Law 874 (2002).
Dennis, W.C., The Sinking of the I'm Alone, 23(2) American Society of International Law 351 (1929).
Forcese, C., “Shelter from the Storm: Rethinking Diplomatic Protection of Dual Nationals in Modern International Law”, 37 George Washington International Law Review 469 (2005).
Klein, N. and Barry, L., A Human Rights Perspective on Diplomatic Protetion: David Hicks and His Dual Nationality, 13(1) The Australian Journal of Human Rights 1 (2007).
Matheson, M.J., Current Development: The Fifty-eighth Session of the International Law Commission, 101(2) The American Journal of International Law 407 (2007).
Richard, N.S., Waivers of Individual Claims Via Treaty: Chinese Slave Laborers, Japanese Jurisprudence, and the Solution of the European Court of Human Rights, 34 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 239 (2008).
Schreuer, C., Calvo’s Grandchildren: The Return of Local Remedies in Investment Arbitration, 4(1) The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 1 (2005).
Shan, Wenhua, “Is Calvo Dead?”, 55 The American Journal of Comparative Law 123 (2007).
Shapovalov, A., Should a Requirement of "Clean Hands" Be a Prerequisite to the Exercise of Diplomatic Protection? Human Rights Implications of the International Law Commission's Debate, 20 American University International Law Review 829 (2005).
Shirley, Jonathan, “The Role of International Human Rights and the Law of Diplomatic Protection in Resolving Zimbabwe’s Land Crisis”, 27 Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 161 (2004).
Sloane, Robert D., “Breaking the Genuine Link: The Contemporary International Legal Regulation of Nationality”, 50 Harvard International Law Journal 1 (2009).
Sohn, L.B., The New International Law: Protection of the Rights of Individuals Rather than States, 32 The American University Law Review 1(1982).
Summers, L.M., “The Calvo Clause”, 19(5) Virginia Law Review 459 (1933).
Umozurike, U.O., Current Development: The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 77(4) The American Journal of International Law 902 (1983).
Vermeer-Künzli1, A., As if: The Legal Fiction in Diplomatic Protection, 18 European Journal of International Law 37(2007).
Vermeer-Künzli1, A., Unfinished Business: Concurrence of Claims Presented before a Human Rights Court or Treaty Body and through Diplmatic Protection, 10 Human Rights Law Review 269(2010)

三、論文
Bruno, R., Access of Private Parties to International Dispute Settlment: A Comparative Analysis, http://centers.law.nyu.edu/jeanmonnet/papers/97/97-13.html,1997.

四、國際法文件
Report of the International Law Commission Forty-eight Session General Assembly Official Record (UN Doc. A/51/10).
Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Forty-ninth Session (UN Doc. A/52/10).
Report of the International Law Commission Fifty-third Session General Assembly Official Record (UN Doc. A/56/10).
Report of the International Law Commission Fifty-fourth Session General Assembly Official Record (UN Doc. A/57/10).
Report of the International Law Commission Fifty-sixth Session General Assembly Official Record (UN Doc. A/59/10).
Report of the International Law Commission Fifty-eighth Session General Assembly Official Record (UN Doc. A/61/10).
Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property Report of the Secretary-General (UN Doc. A/52/294).
Ago, Roberto (Special Rapporteur), First report on State responsibility (UN Doc. A/CN.4/217 and Corr.1 and Add.1).
Mohamed Bennouna (Special Rapporteur), Preliminary report on diplomatic protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/484).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), First report on diplomatic protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/506).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), First report on diplomatic protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/506/Add.1).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), Second report on Diplomatic Protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/514).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), Third report on Diplomatic Protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/523).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), Third report on diplomatic protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/523/Add.1).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), Fifth report on diplomatic protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/538).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), Sixth report on diplomatic protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/546).
Dugard, John R. (Special Rapporteur), Seventh report on diplomatic protection (UN Doc. A/CN.4/567).
2 Yearbook of the International Law Commission 173 (1956) (UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1956/Add.1).
2 Yearbook of the International Law Commission 104 (1957) (UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1957/Add.1).
2 Yearbook of the International Law Commission 149 (1969) (UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1969/Add.1).
2 Yearbook of the International Law Commission 227 (1979) (UN Doc. A/CN.4/SERA/1979/Add.l Part 1).
Provisional Summary Record of the 2793rd Meeting, ILC Fifty-sixth Session (UN Doc. A/CN.4/SR.2793).
Reprot of the Regional Meeting for Asia of the World Conference on Human Rights (UN Doc. A/CONF.157/ASRM/8 ‧A/CONF.157/PC/59).
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, UN General Assembly (UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23).
Report and Recommendations Made by the Panel of Commissioners Concerning the First Instalment of “E2” Claims(UN Doc. S/AC.26/1998/7).
Report and Recommendations Made by the Panel of Commissioners Concerning the First Instalment of “E3” Claims (UN Doc. S/AC.26/1998/13).
Reprot of the Regional Meeting for Asia of the World Conference on Human Rights (UN Doc. A/CONF.157/ASRM/8 ‧A/CONF.157/PC/59).
Trade Policy Review Brazil (WT/TPR/S/140)(WTO).

五、國際司法或準司法機構案例
PCIJ
Case Concerning the Factory at chorzów (Merits)( Germany v. Polish), 1928 PCIJ Series A, No. 9 and No. 17.
Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco (Advisory Opinion), 1923 PCIJ series B No. 4.
The Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria Preliminary Objection (Belgium v. Bulgaria), 1939 PCIJ series A/B No. 77.
The Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (Greek v. Palestine), 1924 PCIJ Series A No. 2(Jurisdiction).
The Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway Case (Estonia v. Lithuania), 1939 PCIJ Series A/B No. 76(Jurisdiction).

I.C.J.
Case Concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), 2007 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), 2004 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. Advisory Opinions and Orders (U.S.A v. Italy), 1987 I.C.J. Reports.
Case of Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway), 1957 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Merits) (Nicaragua v. United States of America), 1986 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning the Aerial Incident (United States v. Bulgaria), 1959 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), 2002 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning The Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited Second Phase (Belgium v. Spain), 1970 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning The Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), 1997 I.C.J. Reports.
Case Concerning Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), 2005 I.C.J. Reports
Interhandel Case (Switzerland v. U.S.A.), 1959 I.C.J. Reports.
LaGrand Case (Germany v. United States of America), 2001 I.C.J. Reports.
Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), 1955 I.C.J. Reports.
Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion of April), 1949 I.C.J. Reports.
The Corfu Channel Case (Merits)(Albania v. United Kingdom of Great Britain), 1949 I.C.J. Reports.

International Arbitral Awards
Administrative Decision No. V (U.S.A. v. Germany, 1924), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 7 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_VII.htm).
Affaire Canevaro (Italian v. Peru, 1912), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 11 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XI.htm).
Affaire des Forêts du Rhodope Central (fond) (Grèce v. Bulgarie, 1933), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 3 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_III.htm).
Affaire des navires Cape Horn Pigeon, James Hamilton Lewis, C.H. White et Kate and Anna (U.S.A. v. Russia, 1902), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 9 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_IX.htm).
Air Service Agreement of 27 March 1946 between the United States of America and France (United States v. France), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 18 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XVIII.htm).
Claim of Finnish Ship owners Against Great Britain in Respect of the Use of Certain Finnish Vessels During the War (Finland, Great Britain, 1934), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 3 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_III.htm).
Di Caro Case (of a general nature)(Italian v. Venezuelan, 1903), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 10 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XX.htm).
Dispute concerning responsibility for the deaths of Letelier and Moffitt (U.S.A v. Chile, 1992) , Reports of International Arbitral Awards vol. 25 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XXV.htm).
El Oro Mining and Railway Company (Ltd.) (Great Britain v. United Mexican States), Reports of International Arbitral Law Awards Vol. 5 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_V.htm).
Flegenheimer Case (U.S.A v. Italy, 1958), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 14 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XIV.htm).
I’m Alone (Canada v. United States, 1935), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 3 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_III.htm).
Mergé Case (U.S.A. v. Italian, 1955), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 14 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XIV.htm).
Mexican Union Railway (Ltd.) (Great Britain) v. United Mexican States(1930), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 5 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_V.htm ).
Minnie Stevens Eschauzier (Great Britain) v. United Mexican States Case(1931), Reports of International Arbitral Law Awards Vol. 5 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_V.htm).
Shufeldt claim (Guatemala v. USA), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 2 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_II.htm).
The Lusitania Cases (United States v. Germany, 1923), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 7 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XX.htm).
The Rainbow Warrior Affair (New Zealand v. France, 1990), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 20 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_XX.htm).
Walter Fletcher Smith Claim (Cuba v. U.S.A., 1929), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 2 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_II.htm).
William A. Parker (U.S.A.) v. United Mexican States(1926), Reports of International Arbitral Awards Vol. 4 (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/cod/riaa/vol_IV.htm ).

六、其他案例
歐洲人權法院
Case of Beaumartin v. France (Application no. 15287/89), 1994.
Case of Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein v. Germany (Application no. 42527/98), 2004.
X. Y. and Z. v. United Kingdom (Application no.8022/77; 8025/77; 8027/77), 1979 Decisions and Reports.

伊朗與美國索償法庭
American International Group, Inc. and American Life Insurance Company, Claimants, v. Islamic Republic of Iran and Central Insurance of Iran (Bimeh Markazi Iran), Respondents (U.S.A. v. Iran, 1983)(Award No. 93-2-3), 4 Iran-U.S. Claim Tribunal Report 96 (From West Law 233287).
INA Corporation, Claimant, v. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Respondent (U.S.A. v. Iran, 1985) (Award No.184-161-1), 8 Iran-U.S. Claim Tribunal Report 373 (From West Law 324048).
Sedco Inc. Claimant, v. National Iranian Oil Company and the Islamic Republic of Iran, Respondents (U.S.A. v. Iran, 1987) (Award No. 309-129-3), 15 Iran-U.S. Claim Tribunal Report 305 (From West Law 503885).
Starrett Housing Corporation, Starrett Systems, Ing., Starrett Housing International, Ing., Claimants, v. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Bank Markazi Iran, Bank Omran, Bank Mellat, Respondents (U.S.A. v. Iran, 1987) (Award No. 314-24-1), 16 Iran-U.S. Claim Tribunal Report 277 (From West Law 233287).

法國法院
Princesse de Bauffremont C. Prince de Bauffremont, Cour de cassation (Ch. civ.) — 18 mars 1878 (Available at http://www.uniset.ca/other/cs3/bauffremont.html).

美國法院
1925 Opinion Dealing with Germany’s Obligations and The Jurisdiction of The Commission as Determined by The Nationality of Claims and Administrative Decision No. 5 (Available at 19(3) American Journal of International Law 612).
Jackson v People's Republic of China, 794 F.2d 1490 (1986) (No. 84-7744).
Letelier v. Republic of Chile, 748 F.2d 790 (1984) (No. 1251, Docket 83-9048).

英國法院
R (Hicks) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department Case (Case No: CO/9087/2005 Case No: CO/9087/2005)(From West Law 2005 WL 3464398), Court of Appeal (Civil Division) 47(2006)(From West Law 2006 WL901073), and Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court) CO/9087/2005

七、條約
African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Available at http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/Text/Banjul%20Charter.pdf).
American Convention on Human Rights (Available at http://www.cidh.oas.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm)
Andean Pact (See 16 International Legal Materials 138).
Bangkok Declaration (UN Doc. A/CONF.157/ASRM/8 ‧A/CONF.157/PC/59)
BIT between Mauritius and Singapore (2000)(See Bilateral investment treaties 1995-2006: trends in investment rulemaking).
Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (Available at http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/r29.htm).
Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967) (Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/protocolrefugees.htm).
Convention Concerning the Recognition of the Legal Personality of Foreign Companies, Associations and Institutions (1956) (Available at http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=36).
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Available at http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm).
Convention of International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (Available at http://icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/StaticFiles/basicdoc/partA-chap04.htm#s06).
Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Law (1930) (Available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3b00.html).
Convention on the settlement of investment disputes between States and nationals of other States (1966) (Available at http://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=080000028012a925).
Convention on Special Missions (1969) (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_3_1969.pdf).
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees(1951) (Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/refugees.htm).
Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons(1960) (Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/stateless.htm).
Declaration of The Government of The Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Concerning The Settlement of Claims by The Government of The United States of America and The Government of The Islamic Republic of Iran (Claims Settlement Declaration) (Available at http://www.iusct.org/claims-settlement.pdf).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm).
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm)
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/194.htm).
North American Free Trade Agreement (Available at http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/en/view.aspx?conID=590&mtpiID=ALL).
Protocol No. 14 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, amending the control system of the Convention (Available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/194.htm).
Protocol on Promotion and Protection of Investments Coming from Non-MERCOSUR State Parties (1994) (Available at http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/MRCSRS/Decisions/dec1194e.asp).
Rules of Court (ECHR) (Available at http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/
basic+Texts/Other+texts/Rules+of+Court/).
Rules of Procedure for the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (UN Doc. HRI/GEN/3/Rev.3).
Supplementary Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for European Economic Co-operation on the Legal Capacity, Privileges and Immunities of the Organisation (Available at http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_2649_20
1185_39985730_1_1_1_1,00.html).
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/).
UN Chapter (Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter1.shtml).
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (WTO) (Available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/28-dsu_e.htm).
United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004) (Available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/4_1_2004.pdf)

八、網站
African union: http://www.africa-union.org
ECHR: http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/
Harvard International Review: http://hir.harvard.edu/failed-states/an-internal-challenge
HCCH: www.hcch.net
ICJ: http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php?lang=en
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal: http://www.iusct.org
NAFTA: http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org
OECD: http://www.oecd.org/home/0,2987,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
OHCHR: http://www.ohchr.org
UN: www.un.org
United Nations Compensation Commission: http://www.uncc.ch/
UNHCR: www.unhcr.org
University of Texas Libraries: http://www.lib.utexas.edu
中廣新聞網:http://www.bcc.com.tw/
台灣司法院:http://www.judicial.gov.tw/
聯合知識庫: http://udndata.com/library/

九、其他相關參考資料
西班牙憲法http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sp00000_.html (Available at New York University Library)
巴西憲法 http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br__indx.html (Available at New York University Library)
美國移民與國籍法 http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.f6da51a2342135be7e9d7a10e0dc91a0/?vgnextoid=fa7e539dc4bed010VgnVCM1000000ecd190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=fa7e539dc4bed010VgnVCM1000000ecd190aRCRD&CH=act
馬其頓憲法 http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mk00000_.html (Available at New York University Library)
馬爾他婚姻法 http://www.gov.mt/frame.asp?l=2&url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/lom.aspx?pageid=27&mode=chrono
墨西哥憲法 http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/cpeum.htm
德國國籍法 http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/rustag/index.html#BJNR005830913BJNE000811160

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