本論文提出兩種以相位陣列天線為基礎之無線室內定位系統，第一種以非正交波束相位天線為基礎之定位系統，第二種為以陣列天線為基礎且具定位誤差錯誤更正功能之定位系統。此兩套系統皆以藉由偵測各波束間接收訊號強度落差來判斷目標物之所在角度，可同時實現高精確定位且具系統架構簡易之特色。
第一種為具非正交特性之多波束相位陣列天線為基礎之無線室內定位系統，此系統單一讀取機可提供一維之角度量測。本系統中，為了解決室內多重路徑反射信號在定位結果上所造成的誤差，我們提出了兩個解決方法：第一，使用高指向性圓極化天線陣列來抑制多重路徑信號之干擾。第二，破壞了傳統巴特勒矩陣所存在於各波束間之正交特性，使用非正交波束可以有效降低在多重路徑信號干擾下波束零點退化而造成的定位誤差。
第二種是以2×2相位陣列天線為基礎且具定位誤差錯誤更正功能之無線室內定位系統。於系統提出三項創新優點：第一，提出多條功率曲線檢測法，此方法僅需偵測各波束間接收訊號強度落差即可判斷目標物之所在角度。第二，提出誤差平均演算法，此演算法利用多條功率檢測曲線來降低因多重路徑信號干擾而造成定位角度誤差。第三，僅需完成兩個正交軸上的電路誤差校正，即可達到精確之二維角度量測。
此外，由於本論文所提出的無線定位技術將使用於室內環境，為了可事先評估所提出之定位技術在室內多重路徑信號干擾下之特姓，我們推導出室內多重路徑信號之通道模型，此通道模型將可適用於所有一維及二維之相位陣列天線系統。
最後，本論文將相位陣列天線系統中之關鍵電路『可調式相移器』進行晶片化，於0.18-um CMOS中實現了低損耗變動之反射式相移器。此反射式相移器係由一3-dB耦合器搭配反射式負載所組成。由電路分析結果得知，由於高耦合電感式3-dB耦合器具有低相位平衡誤差之特性。因此，於此電路設計中使用高耦合電感式3-dB耦合器取代傳統3-dB耦合器，可有效降低相移器因相位調整所造成之損耗變動。

In this dissertation work, two wireless indoor positioning systems aiming for decimeter positioning accuracy, low circuit complexity, and multipath suppression, were investigated and developed. In both systems, only the received signal strength (RSS) information is required for the target’s direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation so that the system complexity as well as infrastructure cost can be significantly reduced. However, large positioning error could occur due to the multi-path fading effect on the received signal strength. Therefore, the indoor multipath channel modeling for linear and planar array was also derived mathematically. To eliminate the multipath signals, two positioning technologies were proposed, including the non-orthogonal beamforming and the selection-and-average error correct algorithm.
The first wireless indoor positioning system based on the non-orthogonal beam linear arrays was implemented by incorporating two linear array receivers to determine the position of target. The circular-polarized antenna array with high directivity was chosen to suppress the multipath interference. In addition, the beam orthogonality was demoted on purpose so that the angular position can be estimated based on the power ratio of two adjacent beams.
The second wireless indoor positioning system was implemented by using a 2×2 planar array with the selection-and-average error correction algorithm. The multiple power ratio detection curves were generated due to the beam steering, while the selection-and-average error correction algorithm was proposed to improve the location accuracy. The proposed 2-D precise DOA estimation can be achieved by 1-D pattern calibrations in two axils only.
Additionally, numerous tunable phase shifter MMICs, which are the essential component in phased array system, were designed and implemented aiming for low loss-variation performance over quadrants of phase-shift range. The inductively over-coupled quadrature hybrids were theoretically analyzed, such that the phase, amplitude imbalance, and circuit size can be significantly reduced. During the course of this work, four phase shifters MMICs designed at 2.45, 24, and 60 GHz were implemented in 0.18-um CMOS technology.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Review of Wireless Indoor Positioning Principles 4
1.2.1 Triangulation Positioning 4
1.2.2 Proximity 8
1.2.3 Scene Analysis 9
1.3 Contribution of This Work 11
1.4 Organization of Dissertation 13
Chapter 2 Multipath Modeling in Multi-Antenna System 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Multipath Channel Modeling for Linear Array in an Indoor Environments
15
2.3 Multipath Channel Modeling for Planar Array in an Indoor Environments
18
2.4 Conclusion 23
Chapter 3 Wireless Indoor Positioning System Based on
Non-Orthogonal Beams Linear Array 24
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Positioning Principle and System Performance Evaluation 27
3.2.1 Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Beams Linear Array 27
3.2.2 Proposed Method for DOA Estimation 30
3.2.3 System Performance Evaluation with Multipath Interference 32
3.3 Hardware Implementation 35
3.3.1 Active Tag 36
3.3.2 Non-Orthogonal Beams Circular-Polarized Linear Array 38
3.3.3 RSSI Module and MCU 40
3.4 System Performance 43
3.4.1 1-D Positioning Demonstration 43
3.4.2 2-D Positioning Demonstration 45
3.5 Conclusion 47
Chapter 4 Wireless Indoor Positioning System Based on
Planar Array with Selection-and-Average Error Correction
Algorithm 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Positioning Principle and System Performance Evaluation 51
4.2.1 Analysis of Proposed 2-D Positioning Receiver 51
4.2.2 Selection-and-Average Error Correction Algorithm 55
4.2.3 Positioning Area 58
4.2.4 System Performance Evaluation 60
4.3 Hardware Implementation 63
4.3.1 2×2 Phased-Antenna Array with Steerable 2-D Comparator 63
4.3.2 RSSI Module and MCU 67
4.3.3 Active Tag 68
4.4 System Performance 69
4.5 Conclusion 74
Chapter 5 Design of CMOS Reflection-Type
Phase Shifter MMIC 75
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Operation Principle of Proposed Reflection-Type Phase Shifter 77
5.2.1 Operation Principle 77
5.2.2 Inductively Over-Coupled Quadrature Hybrid 78
5.2.3 Imperfect Hybrid Effect 82
5.3 Design of 2.45-GHz Reflection-Type Phase Shifters 84
5.3.1 Design of Quadrature Hybrid 84
5.3.2 Design of Reflective Load 87
5.3.3 Simulation and Measurement Performance 90
5.4 Design of 24-GHz Reflection-Type Phase Shifters 98
5.4.1 Design of Quadrature Hybrid 98
5.4.2 Design of Reflective Load 100
5.4.3 Measurement Performance 101
5.5 Design of V-/W-Band Reflection-Type Phase Shifters 104
5.5.1 Design of Quadrature Hybrid 105
5.5.2 Design of Reflective Load 107
5.5.3 Simulation and Measurement Performance 109
5.6 Conclusion 113
Chapter 6 Conclusion 116
References 119
VITA 131
Publications List 132

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