臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究探討民俗節慶活動之大氣氣膠化學組成特性變異，研究採集鹽水元宵節時期的沿街繞轎活動以及煙火蜂炮近活動源微粒，並在鹽水國中的頂樓及鹽水武廟附設會館的頂樓採樣，探討當地活動進行前後的大氣氣膠，且在研究初期偶遇一高污染事件(PM episode)也一併探討。主要分析的物種為無機鹽類、羧酸、有機碳及重金屬，以瞭解民俗節慶活動時期的環境氣膠之化學組成及粒徑分佈之特性。
元宵節時期大氣氣狀物之全日平均濃度高低為NH3 >SO2 > HNO2 >HNO3 > HCl > oxalic acid，其中SO2、HCl及HNO3均是日間大於夜間，而HNO2為夜間大於日間，顯示日間之HNO3為HNO2經由光化轉變而成。研究初期的高污染事件，PM2.5無機鹽類全日平均濃度高低為NO3- > SO42- > NH4+，顯示在PM episode發生時NO3-為PM mass最主要的物種。元宵節時期，在鹽水武廟及鹽水國中之PM2.5無機鹽類K+之濃度為元宵節前後時期10倍，此外，Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、PO4-3亦在元宵節期間較元宵節前期明顯上升，顯示元宵節煙火的燃放活動會使上述物種之濃度明顯上升，而以K+最為顯著。元宵節時期之PM2.5氣膠羧酸以oxalic acid之濃度佔最高，而glutaric acid在元宵節時期為元宵節前期的13.9倍，顯示glutaric acid在煙火燃放中有特殊高比例的增加，故為煙火燃燒之重要指標物種。而malonic acid/succinic acid之比值> 3，顯示元宵節慶之大氣氣膠另有光化反應後的二次產物。而acetic acid/formic acid (A/F)的比值遠大於1，顯示元宵節慶之大氣氣膠亦有來自原生物種之貢獻。此外levoglucosan在元宵節慶中亦有高濃度的上升趨勢顯示爆竹煙火的燃放存在植物纖維的原生燃燒產物。元宵節前後時期之質量濃度粒徑主要分佈在droplet mode上，Na+在元宵節時期粒徑在奈米的部分有明顯的增加，煙火的燃放對於K+在droplet mode的增量有明顯的貢獻。鹽水武廟及鹽水國中在元宵節前後及元宵節期間的oxalic acid波峰均落在droplet mode上與SO42-有非常相似之粒徑濃度分佈。火藥主要原料為硝酸鉀，顯現在元宵節現場煙火與蜂炮燃煙之重金屬主要以K佔最大濃度，同時導致元宵節期間PM2.5之K+的高濃度。

The subject of this report is focused on the chemical properties of aerosol in ambient environment and near activity sources during the folk festival events. The collection of air samples was conducted from the roof top of Yanshui Junior High School and Temple of the Martial Deity. There occurred a PM episode during the intensive program. The main species in aerosol to discuss are inorganic species, carboxylic acids, anhydrosugars and metals. The results demonstrate chemical compositions and size distributions in aerosols during the folk festival events.
The concentration of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere Latern Festival is the following order NH3> SO2> HNO2> HCl> HNO3> oxalic acid. There are high concentrations of SO2, HCl and HNO3 in the daytime, meanwhile high concentration of HNO2 occurred in the nighttime, indicating that during the daytime HNO2 is converted to HNO3 by photochemical reactions in atmosphere.
During the PM episode, the PM2.5 concentration of inorganic species is the following order NO3- > SO42-> NH4+ iIndicating in the PM episode occurs, NO3-is the most important species in PM mass. Compared to before and after Lantern Festival, K+ concentration during the Latern Festival increased 10 times. Furthermore, during the Latern Festival Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、PO43-concentration are much higher than those before Latern Festival, indicating burning of fireworks will significantly increase the concentration of above-mentioned species, specifically K+. During the Latern Festival, oxalic acid is the most dominant carboxylic acid in PM2.5. However, glutaric acid increase 13.9 times, compared to before Lantern Festival, indicating glutaric acid in burning of fireworks significantly increase and is regarded as an important emission indicator of firework. The ratio of malonic acid/succinic acid is > 3, indicating during Lantern Festival there also occurred apparent secondary photochemical reaction. The ratio of acetic acid/formic acid is > 1, indicating during Lantern Festival there exists the primary emission released from the fireworks. Levoglucosan is the most important anhydrosugar species during the activity program. During the Latern Festival, the major mass with peak concentration at droplet mode, the Na+ has increased significantly at nuclei mode during the burning of fireworks, K+ at the droplet mode of significant incremental contribution. Oxalic was major at droplet mode, and SO42- are very similar. The main raw material in fireworks is potassium nitrate. In burning of fireworks, K mainly accounted for the highest concentration of metals, which also led to the high concentration of PM2.5 K + during the Lantern Festival.

目錄

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XIII
第一章 前言 1
1-1研究緣起 1
1-2 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 大氣中的懸浮微粒 4
2-2大氣氣膠無機鹽類之來源及組成 6
2-2 大氣氣膠羧酸之生成及來源 7
2-3 大氣氣膠無機鹽類及羧酸之粒徑分佈 12
2-3-1 大氣氣膠無機鹽類之粒徑分佈 12
2-3-2 大氣氣膠羧酸之粒徑分佈 14
2-4生質燃燒之脫水醣類來源 17
2-5 重金屬 17
2-5-1 煙火與重金屬 18
第三章 研究設備與方法 19
3-1 採樣地點及採樣時間 19
3-2 採樣方法與設備 21
3-4 分析前處理 33
3-5樣品分析 34
3-5-1 大氣氣膠水溶性陰、陽離子及草酸之分析 34
3-5-2 羧酸分析 35
3-5-3 糖醇類分析 38
3-5-4 碳分析 38
3-5-5 重金屬分析 39
3-6 樣品分析之品保品管 39
第四章 元宵節時期空氣品質狀態之大氣氣膠氣狀物之探討 42
4-1元宵節前後時期之大氣氣狀物全日濃度變異比較 42
4-2元宵節前後時期之大氣氣狀物日夜濃度變化 46
4-3 各地氣狀物濃度比較比較 51
第五章 台南鹽水區元宵時期大氣氣膠之組成差異 55
5-1 元宵時期PM2.5微粒無機鹽類之變異 55
5-1-1鹽水武廟PM2.5無機鹽類之變異 55
5-1-2鹽水國中PM2.5無機鹽類之變異 57
5-2 元宵時期PM2.5微粒羧酸之變異 60
5-2-1鹽水武廟PM2.5羧酸之變異 60
5-2-2鹽水國中PM2.5羧酸之變異 61
5-3 元宵節時期PM2.5之脫水醣類之變異 65
5-4 大氣氣膠無機與有機之全日成份比例比較 68
5-4-1一般污染時期之全日成份比例比較 68
5-4-2元宵節前期之全日成份比例比較 72
5-4-3元宵節時期之全日成份比例比較 76
5-4-4元宵節後期之全日成份比例比較 80
5-5元宵節前期與其他時期之PM2.5大氣氣膠濃度比較 84
第六章 元宵節時期鹽水蜂炮大氣氣膠組成份之粒徑分佈變異研究 87
6-1 鹽水武廟與鹽水國中之大氣氣膠質量濃度粒徑分佈 87
6-2 鹽水武廟及鹽水國中大氣氣膠無機鹽類之粒徑分佈百分比濃度比較 89
6-3鹽水武廟與鹽水國中大氣氣膠有機酸之粒徑分佈與百分比濃度比較 98
第七章 元宵節鹽水蜂炮之金屬燃煙組成變異探討 107
7-1 樣本採集 107
7-2 鹽水蜂炮之日夜金屬燃煙濃度比較 107
第八章 結論與建議 112
8-1結論 112
8-2 建議 115
參考文獻 116

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