臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

生物的形態，是生物在演化過程中所有變異表現之最終適應
形式，其包含許多演化的線索與資訊。傳統上，研究型態變異的
方法經常使用方便的游標卡尺測量標本，由於游標卡尺測量微小
物品時誤差大，容易對於分析上產生誤判或是不小心破壞標本，
而新的測量工具，斷層掃描儀 (Computer Tomography, CT) 具有
更細微的測量值應具有更精準的分析能力與避免破壞標本等優
點，因此，本研究針對台灣島上普遍物種田鼷鼠 (Mus caroli)
族群，使用「游標卡尺」與「運用 CT 搭配 3D 影像重建軟體進
行影像重建」兩種工具進行形態分析，包括主成分分析、判別分
析、差異係數分析 (PCA、DA、CD) 差異性。本研究結果發
現，「運用斷層掃描儀搭配 3D 影像重建軟體進行影像重建」的
方法的確因為解析度的增加而提供形態分析更具有演化意涵的結
果。從形態的差異分析可以推測台灣島上田鼷鼠 (Mus caroli)
族群是經歷幾次冰河時期，由大陸地區擴散至台灣中部後，分別
往北與南還有東部三方向擴散，而南部族群在間冰期的海進過程
中，因為隔離效應而與其他地區的族群有較明顯的分化現象，且
可能因為生態環境的區域性適應現象，使得各區域族群間也出現
可察覺的差異性。

Biological morphology, implying clues and information of evolutionary process,
can be treated as the final adaptation of all kinds of variations. Traditionally, the
method research morphological variation is using calipers. When using calipers to
measure the fine specimen, it’s easy to get generate false inaccuracy erroneous
judgment and to cause damages. Otherwise, computer tomography (CT) is a more
accurate measurement that has advantage of more precisely ability for analyzing and
avoids damages to specimens and etc. So, in this study, we apply morphometrics
analyzed method to examine the Formosan mouse (Mus caroli) populations, a
common species in Taiwan by using both “calipers” and “CT combined with 3D
image reconstruction” to compare the differences of PCA、DA、CD. From the
results, the measurement “CT combined with 3D image reconstruction” provides more
evolutionary implications because of its accuracy. It can be suggested that the
population of Formosan mouse (Msu caroli) in Taiwan was extended from continental
Asian area during several glacial periods. And the populations also extended from the
central Taiwan, to northern, southern and eastern areas. The southern populations
might be separated from others because the sea level rose between glacial periods. The
southern populations was divergent from other more significantly. And the variations
among the population of different areas were detectable because of ecological
adaptations probably.

封面內頁
簽名頁
中文摘要............................................................................................... iii
英文摘要................................................................................................iv
誌謝.........................................................................................................v
目錄........................................................................................................vi
圖目錄....................................................................................................ix
表目錄.....................................................................................................x
1. 前言
1.1 田鼷鼠 (Mus caroli) 的介紹與地理分佈.................................1
1.2 田鼷鼠 (Mus caroli) 相關研究回顧.........................................2
1.3 台灣島內地質變化對族群分化與物種演化的影響................4
1.4 族群分化與生物演化的研究趨勢－形態測量與分子分析.....5
1.5 研究目的...................................................................................8
2. 研究材料與方法
2.1 樣本資料的收集.....................................................................10
2.2 形質測量方式與測量位置......................................................10
2.3 統計分析方法與使用軟體設定..............................................12
vii
2.3.1 主成分分析 (Principle component analysis, PCA) ......12
2.3.2 判別分析 (Discriminant Analysis, DA) ........................13
2.3.3 差異系數分析 (Coefficient of Difference, CD) ............13
2.4 使用測量之工具.....................................................................14
2.4.1 游標卡尺 (Slide Caliper)..............................................14
2.4.2 斷層掃描儀 (Computer Tomography, CT) ..................14
2.4.3 三維影像分析軟體 (Avizo 6.0 & MIIL 2.5)................15
3. 結果
3.1 多變量分析 (游標卡尺部分).................................................16
3.1.1 主成分分析結果 (Principle Component Analysis,
PCA)........................................................................................16
3.1.2 判別分析結果 (Discriminant Analysis, DA) ...............17
3.1.3 差異係數分析結果 (Coefficient of Difference, CD) ...17
3.2 多變量分析(斷層掃描 CT 部分)..........................................18
3.2.1 主成分分析結果 (Principle Component Analysis,
PCA)........................................................................................18
3.2.2 判別分析結果 (Discriminant Analysis DA) .................19
3.2.3 差異係數分析結果 (Coefficient of Difference, CD) ...19
3.3 掃描結果與工作狀況.............................................................20
4. 討論
4.1 統計分析結果代表意涵..........................................................21
viii
4.1.1 主成分分析(PCA)結果..................................................21
4.1.2 判別分析(DA)結果........................................................22
4.1.3 差異係數分析(CD)結果................................................22
4.2 台灣島上田鼷鼠差異現況以及新舊工具的實用性...............23
4.3 台灣島上田鼷鼠族群分化現象原因及族群播遷歷史的推
測....................................................................................................24
4.4 形態學及分子生物學之問題方向與使用...............................26
5. 結論..................................................................................................28
參考文獻...............................................................................................52
附錄.......................................................................................................58
ix
圖目錄
圖1. 整體方法與步驟.........................................................................29
圖2. 田鼷鼠 (Mus caroli) 頭骨變量位置..........................................30
圖3. 研究使用之斷層掃描儀..............................................................31
圖4. 不同解析度下的影像分析..........................................................32
圖5. 游標卡尺主成分分析 (PCA) 結果...........................................33
圖6. 游標卡尺判別分析 (DA) 的結果.............................................34
圖7. CT 之主成分分析 (PCA) 結果.................................................35
圖8. CT 之判別分析 (DA) 的結果...................................................36
圖9. 使用 Avizo 6.0 測量工作圖......................................................37
圖10. MIIL 2.5 下18μm 掃描重建完畢圖.........................................38
圖11. 台灣島上田鼷鼠 (Mus caroli) 播遷推論圖............................39
x
表目錄
表1. 游標卡尺測量田鼷鼠 (Mus Caroli) 的20 個頭骨變量之主成
分分析 (PCA).............................................................................40
表2. 游標卡尺判別分析在資料中的得分..........................................41
表3. 差異係數分析 (CD) 來比較各地區族群的差異......................42
表4. CT 測量田鼷鼠 (Mus Caroli) 的20 個頭骨變量之主成分分析
(PCA)...........................................................................................43
表5. CT 判別分析在資料中的得分....................................................44
表6. 差異係數分析 (CD) 結果.........................................................45
表7. 游標卡尺測量東西南北各族群不同變量之平均數、標準差、
範圍以及樣本數.........................................................................46
表8. CT 測量東西南北各族群不同變量之平均數、標準差、範圍以
及樣本數.....................................................................................49

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