臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

背景：鄰苯二甲酸酯類為廣泛添加於塑膠產品中的塑化劑，用以提升其延展性。過去的研究已證明鄰苯二甲酸酯類具生殖毒性及發育毒性。也因鄰苯二甲酸酯類被廣泛的使用，造成人類可經由不同的途徑暴露，如飲食、呼吸、皮膚吸收或醫療接觸等接觸鄰苯二甲酸酯類。醫療人員頻繁的使用拋棄式手套如天然乳膠手套(natural rubber latex gloves, NRL)，手套內的鄰苯二甲酸酯類可能因接觸各類消毒藥劑而被溶出，成為醫護人員接觸鄰苯二甲酸的可能途徑。本研究目的為研究拋棄式手套中六種鄰苯二甲酸酯類–鄰苯二甲酸甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate, DMP)、鄰苯二甲酸乙酯(Diethyl phthalate, DEP)、鄰苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己基) ( Di(2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate, DEHP)、鄰苯二甲酸丁酯(Dibutyl Phtalate, DBP)、鄰苯二甲酸二異丁酯(Di-iso-butyl Phthalate, DIBP)及鄰苯二甲酸甲苯基丁酯(Benzyl Butyl Phthalat, BBP)的含量，並探討手套接觸醫療用消毒劑時，此六種鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物被溶出的情形。

方法：本研究選用四種拋棄式手套–聚乙烯手套(Polyethylene gloves, PE)、聚氯乙烯手套(polyvinylchloride gloves, PVC)、天然乳膠手套(natural rubber latex gloves, NRL)及醫療用nitrile手套。將直徑為25.4 mm之圓形手套樣本浸泡於10 mL 萃取溶液正己烷(n-hexane)中，以60C水浴震盪3小時。萃取樣本先以氮氣濃縮至0.2 mL，再加入0.8 mL乙腈，進行後續定性定量分析。溶出試驗是將手套樣本浸泡於5 mL消毒劑(75%乙醇、2.5%戊二醛及1000 ppm含氯消毒水)中，於25C室溫環境下，每30分鐘取出所有消毒劑溶液，再加入5 mL消毒劑於樣本中，重複此過程至120分鐘。每次所取出之5 mL樣本以前述之液液萃取方式進行萃取。所有過程皆進行三重複。樣本以HPLC-UV分析，移動相設定為乙腈/水之梯度沖提，UV偵測波長為210 nm。

結果：HPLC-UV對DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP、DIBP及DEHP之定量線性範圍為2–20 ng/μL，且線性迴歸係數(R2)皆大於0.995。當溫度為60℃，萃取溶液為正己烷時，可得到六種鄰苯二甲酸酯類最佳的回收率(%)，分別為DMP 89.33±2.11、DEP 61.75±1.48、BBP 95.52±2.32、DBP: 92.16±1.74、DIBP 93.15±0.99及DEHP 97.05±4.28。PVC、PE及NRL手套中皆可萃取出DEHP，其濃度分別為100.24–114.53 (mg/g PVC glove)、0.87–1.11 (mg/g PE glove)及ND–4.64×10-3 (mg/g NRL glove)。NRL樣本手套可測到六種鄰苯二甲酸，濃度範圍為0.79×10-3–2.91×10-3 (mg/g NRL glove)。PVC、NRL及Nitrile手套中皆可被75%酒精溶出DEHP。PVC可被溶出2.45±0.09 μg，NRL手套可被溶出0.028±0.002 μg，而Nitrile手套則可被溶出0.061±0.005 μg的DEHP。

結論：本研究結果顯示，拋棄式手套中確實含有研究中所探討的鄰苯二甲酸酯類，且可被75%酒精溶出，醫護人員因穿戴手套使用消毒劑而暴露於鄰苯二甲酸酯類之情形應被重視並進一步探討。

Background: Phthalate esters (PAEs) are used in commercial plastic products as plasticizers to improve its stretchability. Reproductive effect and developmental effect of phthalate were reported in peers’ studies. The widespread uses of PAEs result in multiple routes of human exposures, such as ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption or medical contact. The aims of the study were to quantify the extractable masses of six phthalates, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalat (BBP), dibutyl phtalate (DBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in different disposable glove materials and the leached out amounts if the glove materials contacted disinfectants.

Method: The disposable gloves, polyvinylchloride gloves (PVC), disposable natural rubber latex gloves (NRL), disposable polyethylene gloves (PE), nitrile medical examination gloves, were investigated. The round shape glove sample with a diameter of 25.4 mm was immersed into 10 mL n-hexane and ultrasoniced at 60C for 3 hours. The removed extracted solutions was concentrated to 0.2 mL under a nitrogen stream and the amount of 0.8 mL acetonitrile was added into the concentrated solution for HPLC analyses. The leaching test was performed by immersing the glove sample into 5-mL disinfectant (75% ethanol aqueous solution, 2.5% glutaraldehyde aqueous solution, or 1,000 ppm NaDCC aqueous solution) at 25C, the room temperature. The immersion solution was transferred to a flask and replenished another fresh 5-mL disinfectant solution every 30 min. This procedure was repeated for 120 min. The removed 5-mL disinfectant solutions were extracted followed the liquid-liquid phase extraction procedure as mentioned previously. Each experiment condition was proceeded triplicate. All samples were analyzed by HPLC-UV with the gradient elution system (acetonitrile/water) and UV detection wavelength 225 nm.

Results: The HPLC-UV linear dynamic range was 2–20 ng/μL for DMP, DEP, BBP, DBP, DIBP, and DEHP with a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.995. The n-hexane at 60C resulted in the best recovery rates and highest amounts of phthalates. The recovery rates (%) were 89.33±2.11 for DMP, 61.75±1.48 for DEP, 95.52±2.32 for BBP, 92.16±1.74 for DBP, 93.15±0.99 for DIBP, and 97.05±4.28 for DEHP. DEHP was extracted in PVC, PE, and nitrile gloves at concentrations of 100.24–114.53 (mg/g PVC glove), 0.87–1.11 (mg/g PE glove) and ND–4.64×10-3 (mg/g NRL glove), respectively. Six phthalate were detected in NRL glove in a range from 0.79×10-3 to 2.91×10-3 (mg/g NRL glove). DEHP in PVC, NRL and nitrile gloves were able to be leached by 75% ethanol aqueous solution. The dissolved masses were 2.45±0.09 μg for PVC glove, 0.028±0.002 μg for NRL glove and 0.061±0.005 μg for Nitrile glove at 30 min.

Conclusions: The result demonstrated gloves did contain the investigated phthalates. More attention should be paid to the medical care personnel to avoid exposure of phthalates through the glove materials.

摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅳ
Table of contents Ⅶ
List of Tables Ⅸ
List of Figures Ⅹ
Chapter one Introduction 1
Chapter two Literature Reviews 4
2.1 Physicochemical properties of phthalates 4
2.2 PAEs in environment 6
2.3 Routes of exposure to PAEs 8
2.3.1 Ingestion 8
2.3.2 Inhalation 10
2.3.3 Medical contact 10
2.3.4 Skin absorption 12
2.4 Health hazards of PAEs 14
2.4.1 Animal Studies 14
2.4.2 Human health risk of PAEs 17
2.4.3 Risk levels of human health 19
Chapter Three Materials and Methods 21
3.1 Materials 21
3.1.1Chemicals and reagents 21
3.1.2 Apparatus 22
3.1.3 Gloves 23
3.2 Optimization the HPLC-UV condition 24
3.2.1 Selection of eluents 24
3.2.2 UV wavelength selection 24
3.3 Liquid-liquid phase extraction 25
3.4 Leaching test by medical disinfectant 27
3.5 The quality control of sample analysis 29
3.5.1 Blank 29
3.5.2 Standard solutions 29
3.5.3 Calibration curves 29
3.5.4 Recovery rates 29
3.5.5 Procedures for clean up 30
3.5.6 Statistics 30
Chapter Four Results 31
4.1 HPLC conditions 31
4.1.1 Composition of eluents 31
4.1.2 Detector wavelength 32
4.1.3 Calibration Curves 34
4.2 Extraction trial 36
4.2.1 Extraction temperature 36
4.2.2 Extraction solution 36
4.2.3 Recovery rate 37
4.2.4 Extraction trial of three different gloves 39
4.3 Leaching test by medical disinfectant 42
4.4 Glove physical change 46
Chapter Five Discussion 48
5.1 Liquid-liquid phase extraction trial 48
5.2 PAEs content in plastic products 52
5.3 Investigation of leaching test 55
5.4 Limitation 57
Chapter Six Recommendations and Conclusions 58
Chapter Six Recommendations and Conclusions 58
References 60

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