臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

二氧化碳已證實為造成全球溫室效應的主要因子，故如何採取適切的策略，以有效減緩大氣層中二氧化碳濃度增加速率，為人類必須面對的重要課題。目前二氧化碳減量的研究課題方法眾多，其中以生物法減量最為人所研究。本文中係以藍綠藻Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803的碳酸酐酶 (Carbonic anhydrase, CA)為主軸，利用基因重組技術將來自矽藻之矽凝聚蛋白R5 (Silica-condensing enzyme, R5)及親和性標籤(His)6進行基因融合表現 (RCAH)。RCAH融合蛋白不但能藉由親和層析樹脂加以純化，亦可與酸解之四甲基矽氧烷 (Tetramethoxysilane, TMOS)進行矽化作用，其所形成酵素觸媒顆粒大小約為300 nm，故可同步達到酵素純化與固定化之效果。根據酵素生化特性分析顯示，藉由矽包覆之酵素觸媒，不但未因矽包覆而有所失活，反而能提升酵素之穩定性並可重複使用至少10次。為進一步試驗其對廢棄CO2的實際轉化效率，本研究採用工業廢棄CO2 進行轉化試驗，研究顯示矽化之酵素能有效將800 ppm工業廢棄二氧化碳，大幅降低至42 ppm左右，其氣體捕獲效率約為94.7％，相較於未矽化酵素之31 %轉化率，顯示RCAH酵素經矽化處理後，並不受廢氣中雜質影響，仍可維持高轉化效率。因此本研究開發之矽封裝固定碳酸酐酶的二氧化碳捕捉轉化系統，開闢了新的CO2減量技術，未來也將可應用於工業CO2減量作業上。

The increase in atmospheric concentrations of one of the vital green house gasses, carbon dioxide, due to anthropogenic interventions has led to several undesirable consequences such as global warming and related changes. In the global effort to combat the predicted disaster, several CO2 capture and storage technologies are being deliberated. One of the most promising biological carbon dioxide sequestration into bicarbonates which was endeavored. In this study, Carbonic anhydrase (icfA) from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was designed to be fused with (His)6 peptide at its C-terminus and silica-precipitating peptide R5 at its N-terminus. Once in contact with hydrolyzed tetramethoxysilane, the homogeneously dispersed purified dual-fusion R5-CA-(His)6 was biosilicification to form aggregates with size about 300nm and it can be reused at least 10 times and just a little activity loss. Analysis of enzyme kinetics data showed that the silica-encapsulated immobilized CA maintains high level of enzymatic activity. When operating the reactor at ambient temperature with silica-encapsulated immobilized carbonic anhydrase, the amount of CO2 initially containing~800 ppm CO2 was decreased to ~42 ppm in the scrubbed gas-a capture efficiency of ~94.7%；Without enzyme only 31% of initial CO2 was removed. The silica-encapsulated immobilized enzyme-based CO2 capture approach opens new opportunities to make capture CO2 processes more efficient and enable broader commercialization of technologies.

明志科技大學碩士學位論文指導教授推薦書 i
明志科技大學碩士學位論文口試委員會審定書 ii
明志科技大學學位論文授權書 iii
誌謝 iv
中文摘要 v
ABSTRACT vi
目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1前言 3
2-2吸附二氧化碳之方法 4
2-2-1物理法 4
2-2-2化學法 9
2-2-3生物固定法 11
第三章 以生物仿生矽化碳酸酐酶進行二氧化碳減量之研究 20
3-1前言 20
3-2實驗材料與方法 22
3-2-1菌株培養 22
3-2-2質體 pRCAH-30建構 23
3-2-3質體轉殖 28
3-2-4蛋白質表現與電泳分析(SDS-PAGE) 29
3-2-5 金屬螯合層析(IMAC)純化蛋白質作用 31
3-2-6酵素免疫性分析 32
3-2-7 Zymography 35
3-2-8酵素仿生矽化 35
3-2-9酵素活性分析 35
3-2-10酵素穩定性測試 36
3-2-11廢棄二氧化碳轉換研究 37
3-3結果與討論 38
3-3-1質體pRCAH-30建構 38
3-3-2蛋白質表現與免疫性分析 40
3-3-3酵素生物仿生矽化 42
3-3-4酵素穩定性分析 43
3-3-5酵素重覆使用效率之研究 46
3-3-6工業廢棄二氧化碳轉換之研究 47
3-4結論 48
第四章 以碳酸酐酶油體進行二氧化碳轉換之探索研究 49
4-1前言 49
4-2實驗材料與方法 51
4-2-1質體pICFA-AOB與pIntein-AOB建構 51
4-2-2質體轉殖 52
4-2-3蛋白質表現與電泳分析(SDS-PAGE) 52
4-2-4製備人造油體(Artificial oil bodies, AOBs) 52
4-2-5酵素活性分析 53
4-2-6蛋白質濃度檢測 53
4-2-7二氧碳轉換之研究 54
4-3結果與討論 55
4-3-1蛋白質表現 55
4-3-2比較培養基LB與LBS對於酵素活性之影響 56
4-3-3人造油體之製備 57
4-3-4酵素活性分析 60
4-3-5二氧化碳轉換研究 60
4-4結論 62
第五章 總結 63
第六章 未來展望 64
參考文獻 65

1. Arakawa H., Aresta M., Armor J. N., Barteau M. A., Beckman E. J., Bell A. T., Bercaw J. E., Creutz C., Dinjus E., Dixon D. A., Domen K., DuBois D. L., Eckert J., Fujita E., Gibson D. H., Goddard W. A., Goodman D. W., Keller J., Kubas G. J., Kung H. H., Lyons J. E., Manzer L. E., Marks T. J., Morokuma K., Nicholas K. M., Periana R., Que L., Rostrup-Nielson J., Sachtler W. M., Schmidt L. D., Sen A., Somorjai G. A., Stair P. C., Stults B. R., Tumas W.,(2001). Catalysis Research of Relevance to Carbon Management: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Chemical Reviews. 101(4), 953-996.
2. Aresta M., Quaranta E., (1992). Alkali-metal-assisted transfer of the carbamate group from phosphocarbamates to alkyl halides: A new easy way to alkali-metal carbamates and to carbamate esters. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions. 12, 1893-1899.
3. Auroux A., Gervasini A., (1990). Microcalorimetric study of the acidity and basicity of metal oxides surface. Journal of Chemical Physics. 94(16), 6371–6379.
4. Badjic J. D., Kostic N. M., (1999). Effects of Encapsulation in Sol-Gel Silica Glass on Esterase Activity, Conformational Stability, and Unfolding of Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase II. Chemistry of Materials. 11(12), 3671–3679.
5. Bagder M. R., Price G. D., (1994). The role of carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 45, 369–392.
6. Bartolini M., Cavrini V., Andrisano V., (2005). Choosing the right chromatographic support in making a new acetylcholinesterase-micro-immobilised enzyme reactor for drug discovery. Journal of Chromatography A. 1065(1), 135-144.
7. Behrenfeld M. J., Randerson J. T., McClain C. R., Feldman G. C., Los S. O., (2001). Biospheric primary production during an ENSO transition. Science. 291, 2594–2597.
8. Bond G. M., Stringer J., Brandvold D. K., Simsek F. A., Medina M. G., Egeland G., (2001). Development of Integrated System for Biomimetic CO2 Sequestration Using the Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase, Energy and Fuels. 15(2), 309–316.
9. Bumell J. N., Gibbs M. J., Mason J. G., (1990). Spinach chloroplastic carbonic anhydrase Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA. Plant Physiology. 92(1), 37-40.
10. Burchell T. D., Judkins R. R., Rogers M. R., Williams A. M., (1997). A novel process and material for the separation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gas mixtures. Carbon. 35(9), 1279–1294.
11. Cavani F.,Trifiro F.,Vaccari A., (1991). Hydrotalcite-type anionic clays: preparation, properties and applications. Catalysis Today. 11(2), 173-301.
12. Chang J. S., Vislovskiy V. P., Park M. S., Hong D. Y., Yoo J. S., Park S. E., (2003). Utilization of carbon dioxide as soft oxidant in the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene over supported vanadium–antimony oxide catalysts. Green Chemistry. 5, 587–590.
13. Chen J. H., Wong D. S. H., Tan C. S., (1997). Adsorption and Desorption of Carbon Dioxide onto and from Activated Carbon at High Pressures. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 36(7), 2808-2815.
14. Cheng L. H., Zhang L., Chen, H. L., Gao C. J., (2008). Hollow fiber contained hydrogel-CA membrane contactor for carbon dioxide removal from the enclosed spaces. Journal of Membrane Science, 324(1-2), 33–43.
15. Chiang C. J., Chen H. C., Chao Y. P., Tzen J. T. C., (2005). Efficient System of Artificial Oil Bodies for Functional Expression and Purification of Recombinant Nattokinase in Escherichia coli. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (12), 4799–4804.
16. Chien L. J., Lee C. K., (2008). Biosilicification of Dual-Fusion Enzyme Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticle. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 100(2), 223-230.
17. Choi S. P., Chang H. N., (2009). Stable Constitution of Artificial Oil Body for the Refolding of IGF1. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering . 14(2), 161-167.
18. Cui J., Zhao T., Jiang Y., Zhou H., (2006). Inhibitory Effect of Furosemide on Carbonic Anhydrase. Tsinghua Scinnce and Technokogy. 11(4), 391-394.
19. Derien S., Dunach E., Perichon J., (1991). From stoichiometry to catalysis: electroreductive coupling of alkynes and carbon dioxide with nickel-bipyridine complexes. Magnesium ions as the key for catalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 113(22), 8447-8454.
20. Drage T. C., Arenillas A., Smith K. M., Pevida C., Piippo S., Snape C. E., (2007). Preparation of carbon dioxide adsorbents from the chemical activation of urea–formaldehyde and melamine–formaldehyde resins. Fuel. 86(1-2), 22–31.
21. Drevon G. F., Unbarke C., Russell A. J., (2003). Enzyme-Containind Michael-Adduct-Based Coatings. Biomacromolecules. 4(3), 675–682.
22. Eriksson M., Karlsson J., Ramazanov Z., Gardestrom P., Samuelsson G., (1996). Discovery of an algal mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase: Molecular cloning and characterization of a low-CO2-induced polypeptide in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America. 93(21), 12031-12034.
23. Esbaugh A. J., Tufts B. L., (2006). The structure and function of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the respiratory system of vertebrates. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology. 154(1-2), 185–198.
24. Fett J. P., Coleman J. R., (1994). Regulation of Periplasmic Carbonic Anhydrase Expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by Acetate and pH. Plant Physiology. 106(1), 103-108.
25. Fukuzawa H., Fujiwara S., Yamamoto Y., Dionisio-Sese M. L., and Miyachi S., (1990). cDNA cloning, sequence, and expression of carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: regulation by environmental CO2 concentration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America. 87(11), 4383-4387.
26. Gaffney T. R., Golden T. C., Mayorga S. G., Brzozowski J. R., Talyer F. W., (1999). Carbon dioxide pressure swing adsorption process using modified alumina adsorbents. United States Patent 5917136.
27. Giordano M., Beardall J., Raven J. A., (2005). CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: Mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 56, 99-131.
28. Girelli A. M., Mattei E., (2005). Application of immobilized enzyme reactor in on-line high performance liquid chromatography: A review. Journal of Chromatography B. 819(1), 3–16.
29. Golden T. C., Talyer F. W., Wang A. W., Kalbassi M. A., (1997). Base treated alumina in pressure swing adsorption. United States Patent 5656064.
30. Geers C., Gros G., (2000). Carbon dioxide transport and carbonic anhydrase in blood and muscle. Physiological Reviews. 80(2), 681–715.
31. Heffelfinger G. S., Tan Z., Gubbins K. E., Marini B. M. U., Swol V. F., (1988). Fluid mixtures in narrow cylindrical pores: Computer simulation and theory. International Journal of Thermophysics. 9(6), 1051-1060.
32. Henry R. P., Dodgson S. J., Forster R. E., Storey B. T., (1986). Rat lung carbonic anhydrase: activity, localization and ioszymes. Journal of Applied Physiology. 60(2), 638–645.
33. Henry R. P., Smatresk N. J., Cameron J. N., (1988). The distribution of branchial carbonic anhydrase and the effects of gill and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase inhibition in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Experimental Biology. 134, 201–218.
34. Hewett-Emmett D., Tashian R. E., (1996). Functional diversity, conservation, and convergence in the evolution of α-, β-, and γ-carbonic anhydrase gene families. Molecular Phylogenetics Evolution. 5(1), 50-77.
35. Hewett-Emmett D., (2000). Evolution and distribution of the carbonic anhydrase gene families. Birkhauser Verlag. 29–76.
36. Hildebrand M., Dahlin K., Volcani B. E., (1998). Characterization of a silicon transporter gene family in Cylindrotheca fusiformis: sequences, expression analysis,and identification of homologs in other diatoms. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 260(5), 480–486.
37. Hisar O., Hisar S. A., YanIK T., Kufrevioglu O. I., (2005). Kinetic Properties of Carbonic Anhydrase Prurified from Erythrocytes of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences. 1(1), 49-55.
38. Hosseinkhani S., Gorgani M. N. (2003). Partial unfolding of carbonic anhydrase provides a method for its immobilization on hydrophobic adsorbents and protects it against irreversible thermoinactivation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 33(2-3), 179–184.
39. Hou W. C., Chen H. J., Lin Y. H., (2000). Dioscorius from different dioscorea species all exhibit both carbonic anhydrase and trypsin inhibitor activities. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. 41: 191-196.
40. Huesca R. H., Diaz L., Armenta G. A., (1999). Adsorption equilibra and kinetics of CO2, CH4 and N2 in natural zeolites. Separation and Purification Technology. 15(2), 163–173.
41. Hufton J., Waldron W., Weigel S., Rao M., Nataraj S., Sircar S., (2000). Sorption enhanced reaction process (SERP) for The Production of Hydrogen. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
42. Innocenti A., Muhlschleqel F. A., Hall R. A., Steeqborn C., Scozzafava A., Supuran C. T., (2008). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Inhibition of the β-class enzymes from the fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with simple anions. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18(18), 5066–5070.
43. Kagunya W., Hassan Z., Jones W., (1996). Catalytic properties of layered double hydroxides and their calcined derivatives. Inorganic Chemistry. 35(21), 5970–5974.
44. Kaneko T., Sato S., Kotani H., Tanaka A., Asamizu E., Nakamura Y., Miyajima N., Hirosawa M., Sugiura M., Sasamoto S., Kimura T., Hosouchi T., Matsuno A., Muraki A., Nakazaki N., Naruo K., Okumura S., Shimpo S., Takeuchi C., Wada T., Watanabe A., Yamada M., Yasuda M., Tabata S., (1996). Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions (supplement). DNA Research. 3(3), 109-136.
45. Kim M. J., Holste J. C., Hall K. R., Slattery J. C., (1993). Supercritical Adsorption in Small Pores. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 158(2), 488-501.
46. Kroger N., Deutzmann R., Sumper M., (1999). Polycationic Peptides from Diatom Biosilica That Direct Silica Nanosphere Formation. Science. 286(5442), 1129-1132.
47. Kroger N., Deutzmann R., Bergsdorf C., Sumper M., (2000). Species specific polyamines from diatoms control silica morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America. 97(26), 14133–14138.
48. Kroger N., Deutzmann R., Sumper M., (2001). Silica-precipitating Peptides from Diatoms. Journal Biological Chemistry. 276(28), 26066–26070.
49. Lane T. W., Morel F. M. M., (2000), Regulation of Carbonic Anhydrase Expression by Zinc, Cobalt, and Carbon Dioxide in the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Plant Physiology. 123(1), 345–352.
50. Li P., Tezel F. H., (2007). Adsorption separation of N2, O2, CO2 and CH4 gases by β-zeolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 98(1-3), 94–101.
51. Lindskog S., (1997). Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 74(1), 1–20.
52. Liu N., Bond G. M., Abel A., McPherson B. J., Stringer J., (2005). Biomimetic sequestration of CO2 on carbonate form：Role of produced waters and other brines. Fuel Process Technology. 86(14-15), 1615–1625.
53. Lowenstam H. A., (1981). Minerals formed by organisms. Science. 211(4487), 1126-1131.
54. Lowell S., Shields J. E., (1991). Powder Surface Area and Porosity. Chapman and Hall.
55. Luckarift H. R., Johnson G. R., Spain J. C., (2006). Silica-immobilized enzyme reactors; application to cholinesterase-inhibition studies. Journal of Chromatography B. 843(2), 310–316.
56. Mao G., Tsuji M., Tamaura Y., (1993). Synthesis and CO2 adsorption features of hydrotalcite-like compound of the Mg2+–Al3+–Fe(CN)64− system with high layer-charge density. Clays and Clay Minerals. 41 (6), 731–737.
57. Marchi A. J., Apesteguia C. R., (1998). Impregnation-induced memory effect of thermally activated layered double hydroxides. Applied Clay Science. 13(1), 35–48.
58. Markoglou N., Wainer I. W., Chromatogr J., (2002). Biosynthesis in an on-line immobilized-enzyme reactor containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in single-enzyme and coupled-enzyme formats. Journal of Chromatography A. 948(1-2), 249-256.
59. Mirjafari P., Asghari K., Mahinpey N., (2007). Investigating the Application of Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase for CO2 Sequestration Purposes. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 46(3), 921–926.
60. Rigobello-Masini M., Aidar E., Masini J. C., (2003). Extra and Intracelular Activities of Carbonic Anhydrase of The Marine Microalga Tetraselmis gracilis (Chlorophyta). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 34(3), 267-272.
61. Mata V., Yong Z., Rodrigues A. E., (2001). Adsorption of carbon dioxide onto hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlcs) at high temperatures. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 40(1), 204–209.
62. Olson J. M., (2006). Photosynthesis in the Archean Era. Photosynthesis Research. 88(2), 109–117.
63. Ozdemir E., (2009). Biomimetic CO2 Sequestration: 1. Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase within Polyurethane Foam. Energy Fuels. 23(11), 5725–5730.
64. Peng C. C., Chen J. C. F., Shyu D. J. H., Chen M. J., Tzen J. T. C., (2004). A system for purification of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli via artificial oil bodies constituted with their oleosin-fused polypeptides. Journal of Biotechnology. 111(1), 51-57.
65. Peterson B. K., Gubbins K. E., (1987). Phase transitions in a cylindrical pore: Grandcanonical Monte Carlo. Molecular Physics. 62(1), 215-226.
66. Pfeiffer N., (1997). Dorzolamide: Development and Clinical Application of a Topical Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor. Survey of Ophthalmology. 42(2), 137-151.
67. Price G. D., Maeda S. I., Omata T., Badger M. R., (2002). Modes of active inorganic carbon uptake in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. Functional Plant Biology. 29(3), 131–149.
68. Rao A. B., Rubin E. S., Berkenpas M. B., (2004). An Integrated Modeling Framework for Carbon Management Technologies. United States Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory.
69. Ravi J., (1993). Pre-purification of air for separation. United States Patent 5232474.
70. Reichle D., Houghton J., Benson S., Clarke J., Dahlman R., Hendrey G., Herzog H., Hunter-Cevera J., Jacobs G., Judkins R., Kane B., Ekmann J., Ogden J., Palmisano A., Socolow R., Stringer J., Surles T., Wolsky A., Woodward N., York M., (1999). Carbon Sequestration: State of the Science. United States Department of Energy Office of Science Office of Fossil Energy.
71. Robinson D. H., Sullivan C. W., (1987). How do diatoms make silicon biominerals?. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 12, 151–154.
72. Round F. E., Crawford R. M., Mann D. G., (1990). The Diatoms：Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press.
73. Ruthven D. M., (1997). Encyclopedia of Separation Technology. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
74. Sawaya M. R., Cannon G. C., Heinhorst S., Tanaka S., Williams E. B., Yeates T. O., Kerfeld C. A., (2006). The structure of beta-carbonic anhydrase from the carboxysomal shell reveals a distinct subclass with one active site for the price of two. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281(11), 7546–7555.
75. Sayari A., Belmabkhout Y., (2010). Stabilization of Amine-Containing CO2 Adsorbents: Dramatic Effect of Water Vapor. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132(18), 6312-6314.
76. Sharma A., Bhattacharya A., Singh S., (2009). Purification and characterization of an extracellular carbonic anhydrase from Pseudomonas fragi. Process Biochemistry. 44(11), 1293–1297.
77. Siriwardane R. V., Shen M. S., Fisher E. P., Poston J. A., Smith D. H., (2001). Adsorption of CO2 on Molecular Sieves and Activated Carbon. United States Department of Energy Office of National Energy Technology Laboratory of Energy Fuels. 15(2), 279-284.
78. Siriwardane R. V., Shen M. S., Fisher E. P., (2003). Adsorption of CO2, N2, and O2 on Natural Zeolites. United States Department of Energy Office of National Energy Technology Laboratory of Energy Fuels. 17(3), 571-576.
79. Smith K. S., Ferry J. G., (1999). A Plant-Type (β-Class) Carbonic Anhydrase in the Thermophilic Methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Journal of Bacteriology. 181(20), 6247–6253.
80. Snape C. E., Smith K. M., Arenillas A., Drage T. C., (2004). Comparison of Two Different Approaches For Enhancement of CO2 Removal by Adsorption on Carbons. Preprint Papers - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry. 49(2), 685-687.
81. So A. K. C., Espie G. S., (1998). Cloning, characterization and expression of carbonic anhydrase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. Plant Molecular Biology. 37(2), 205–215.
82. So A. K., Espie G. S., Williams E. B., Shively J. M., Heinhorst S., Cannon G. C., (2004). A novel evolutionary lineage of carbonic anhydrase (epsilon class) is a component of the carboxysome shell. Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (3), 623–630.
83. Song H. K., Lee K. H., (1998). Adsorption of carbon dioxide on chemically modified carbon Adsorbents. Separation Science and Technology. 33 (13), 2039–2057.
84. Subramanian R., Pyada H., Lira C. T., (1995). An Engineering Model for Adsorption of Gases onto Flat Surfaces and Clustering in Supercritical Fluids. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 34(11), 3830-3837.
85. Suzuki T., Sakoda A., Suzuki M., Izumi J., (1997). Adsorption of carbon dioxide onto hydrophobic zeolite under high moisture. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan. 30(5), 954–958.
86. Tajuddin I., Voelcker N., Mitchell J., (2007). Silica nanostructure formation from synthetic R5 peptide. International Society for Optical Engineering. 6413, 64130Q.
87. Treguer P., Nelson D. M., Bennekom A. J. V., DeMaster D. J., Leynaert A., Queguiner B., (1995). The silica balance in the world ocean: A re-estimate. Science. 268(5209), 375–379.
88. Tzen J. T. C., Huang A. H. C., (1992). Surface Structure and Properties of Plant Seed Oil Bodies. The Journal of Cell Biology. 117(2), 327–335.
89. Tzen J. T. C., Peng C. C., Cheng D. J., Chen E. C. F., Chiu J. M. H., (1997). A New Method for Seed Oil Body Purification and Examination of Oil Body Integrity Following Germination. The Journal of Biochemistry. 121(4), 762-768.
90. Tzen J. T. C., Chuang R. L. C., Chen J. C. F., Wu L. S. H., (1998). Coexistence of Both Oleosin Isoforms on the Surface of Seed Oil Bodies and Their Individual Stabilization to the Organelles. The Journal of Biochemistry. 123(2), 318-323.
91. Ustinov E. A., Klyuev L. E., (1999). Adsorption Equilibrium of Binary Mixtures in Zeolites and State of Adsorbed Phase. Chemistry and Materials Science-Adsorption. 5(4), 331–343.
92. Van Rooijen G. T. H., Moloney M. M., (1995). Plant Seed Oil-bodies as Carriers for Foreign Proteins. Nature Biotechnology. 13(1), 72 – 77.
93. Volcani B. E., (1978). Role of silicon in diatom metabolism and silicification. plant physiology . 40, 177-204.
94. Wikipedia- Carbon Dioxide. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide.
95. World View of Global Warming, The Photographic Documentation of Climate Change- Paleoclimate/Ancient Temperatures. from http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming. org/pages/paleoclimate.html.
96. Xu M., Iglesia E., (1998). Readsorption and adsorption-assisted desorption of CO2 on basic solids. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 102(6), 961–966.
97. Yang R. T., (1997). Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes. World Scientific Pub Co Inc.
98. Yong Z., Mata V. G., Rodrigues A. E., (2001). Adsorption of carbon dioxide on chemically modified high surface area carbonbased adsorbents at high temperatures. Chemistry and Materials Science-Adsorption. 7(1), 41–50.
99. Yu S., Xia D., Luo Q., Cheng Y., Takano T., Liu S., (2007). Purification and characterization of carbonic anhydrase of rice (Oryza sativa L.) expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expression and Purification. 52(2), 379–383.
100. 林業試驗所, (2010)。 網址：http://www.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=17871&print=1.