臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

蓮子是營養價值十分高的食物，為增加其多元化之利用，本研究擬以添加不同比例之蓮子粉於玉米粉中，利用擠壓技術開發膨發性休閒食品，並分析其相關抗氧化活性。研究分為下列兩部分：
本實驗第一階段以4×3複因子試驗設計，以添加蓮子粉比例、螺軸轉速做為擠壓機之操作條件。蓮子粉添加比例範圍為10%、20%、30%、40%、擠壓機螺軸轉速範圍為180 rpm、270 rpm、360 rpm，共計有12組處理，針對各項處理組之產品進行物理性質(徑向膨發率、縱向膨發、假密度、硬度值、最大剪切力、吸水性指標、水溶性指標)之測定。根據各項測定之結果以統計分析，尋求最佳品質蓮子擠壓產品之擠壓機最適操作條件。本實驗找出之最適擠壓操作條件為第八組蓮子擠壓產品(蓮子粉添加比例30%、螺軸轉速270 rpm)與第九組蓮子擠壓產品(蓮子粉添加比例30%、螺軸轉速360 rpm)。
第二階段則針對擠壓機最適操作條件下之擠壓產品，與乾蓮子粉原料，進行總多酚、類黃酮及微量元素含量之測定。再將最適操作條件組合之蓮子擠壓產品、乾蓮子粉原料、純玉米擠壓產品等之實驗處理組，與 BHA、維生素 C及維生素E等藥品對照組，進行抗氧化特性之實驗。評估項目為清除DPPH自由基能力、還原力、總抗氧化能力及螯合亞鐵離子能力之測定等，以了解最適擠壓條件下之蓮子擠壓產品其抗氧化功能特性。蓮子粉原料、第八組蓮子擠壓產品與第九組蓮子擠壓產品，在總多酚、類黃酮及微量元素之測定，三種成分含量測定皆是以蓮子粉原料最高；第八組蓮子擠壓產品與第九組蓮子擠壓產品其次，而蓮子粉與蓮子擠壓產品間均有顯著差異。蓮子粉原料、第八組蓮子擠壓產品、第九組蓮子擠壓產品與玉米擠壓產品在清除DPPH自由基能力之IC50濃度分別為11.622±0.144 mg/ml、16.849±0.150 mg/ml、16.302±0.102 mg/ml與23.130±0.217 mg/ml。還原力之測定結果顯示；萃取濃度在5~40 mg/ml之間時，蓮子粉原料吸光值分別從0.159逐漸升高到0.747，第八組蓮子擠壓產品吸光值從0.119逐漸升高到0.295，第九組蓮子擠壓產品吸光值從0.123逐漸升高到0.319，而玉米擠壓產品吸光值從0.106逐漸升高到0.228，測得之吸光值愈高，表示其樣本還原力愈好。總抗氧化能力之測定結果顯示，蓮子粉原料、第八組蓮子擠壓產品、第九組蓮子擠壓產品與玉米擠壓產品之IC50濃度分別為2.544±0.276 mg/ml、7.660±0.676 mg/ml、7.087±0.334 mg/ml與13.771±0.566 mg/ml。螯合亞鐵離子能力測定結果顯示，蓮子粉原料、第八組蓮子擠壓產品、第九組蓮子擠壓產品與玉米擠壓產品之IC50濃度分別為2.607±0.040 mg/ml、8.046±0.238 mg/ml、7.738±0.243 mg/ml與55.495±1.693 mg/ml。綜合上述四種抗氧化功能測定，皆以蓮子粉效果最高；其次為第九組蓮子擠壓產品與第八組蓮子擠壓產品；而玉米擠壓產品最低，而蓮子粉原料與其他三者間均有顯著差異，第八組蓮子擠壓產品與第九組蓮子擠壓產品間無顯著之差異。

Lotus seed is rich in nutrition. In order to increase the diversity of lotus seed, different proportion of lotus seed powder were added into corn grit with extrusion technology which was used to develop a puffed snack foods, and analyze the extrudates’ antioxidant activity. This study is divided into two parts as follow.
In the first experiment, 4×3 factorial design applied in the first stage to analyze the effect of the portion of lotus seed power 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and screw speed 180 rpm, 270 rpm, 360 rpm on physical properties (radial expansion, longitudinal expansion, bulk density, hardness, maximum shear force, water solubility index and water absorption index) of the product. Based on the results of the determination with the statistical analysis, it could be find out the fitted extrusion condition combination under optimized quality. The optimum of Trt.8 lotus seed powder is 30% and optimum screw speed is 270 rpm; the optimum of Trt.9 lotus seed powder is 30% and optimum screw speed is 360 rpm.
In the second part, total polyphenol, flavonoid and microelement content were determined with the extrudates and pure lotus seed powder. Then, the experimental group involving lotus seed extrudates, pure lotus seed powder and pure corn powder extrudates, and the control group including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), vitamin C and vitamin E were used to the experiment of antioxidant properties. Estimated entries are DPPH radical scavenging capacity, reducing power and chelating ability on ferrous ions to understand the antioxidant properties of lotus seed extrudates under optimized extrusion. According to the determination of lotus seed powder and Trt.8 and Trt.9 lotus seed extrudates total polypherol, flavonoid and microelement content, the results showed that the determination of lotus seed powder was highest among three component contents; Trt.8 and Trt.9 lotus seed extrudates was the next. There were significant difference between lotus seed and lotus seed extrudates. The IC50 of lotus seed powder, Trt.8 lotus seed extrudates , Trt.9 lotus seed extrudates and corn extrudates on scavenging DPPH radical ability were 11.622±0.144 mg/ml, 16.849±0.150 mg/ml, 16.302±0.102 mg/ml and 23.130±0.217 mg/ml, respectively. As shown in the results of reducing power determination, with extraction concentration between 5~40 mg/ml, the optical density (OD) of lotus seed powder gradually increased from 0.159 to 0.747; the OD of Trt.8 lotus seed extrduate gradually increased from 0.119 to 0.295; the OD of Trt.9 lotus seed extrduate gradually increased from 0.123 to 0.319 and the OD of corn extrudate gradually increased from 0.106 to 0.228. The higher the OD is, the higher the reducing power. As shown in the results of total antioxidant capacity determination, the IC50 of lotus seed powder, Trt.8 lotus seed extrudates, Trt.9 lotus seed extrudates and corn extrudates were 2.544±0.276 mg/ml, 7.660±0.676 mg/ml, 7.087±0.334 mg/ml and 13.771±0.566 mg/ml respectively. As shown in the results of chelating ability on ferrous ions, the IC50 of lotus seed powder, Trt.8 lotus seed extrudates, Trt.9 lotus seed extrudates and corn extrudates were 2.607±0.040 mg/ml, 8.046±0.238 mg/ml, 7.738±0.243 mg/ml and 55.495±1.693 mg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the four antioxidant properties shown above indicate that the effect of lotus seed powder was the highest. Significant difference is shown between the fourth. Trt.08 lotus seed extrudates and Trt.9 lotus seed extrudates had no obviously distinction.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………..iii
表目錄………………………………...………………………...….…….viii
圖目錄 x

1. 緒 論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
2. 文獻探討 3
2.1 擠壓技術 3
2.1.1 擠壓技術簡介 3
2.1.2 擠壓技術之優點 3
2.2 擠壓機簡介 4
2.3 蓮…..……………………………………………………………7
2.3.1 蓮簡介 7
2.3.2 蓮子簡介……………………………….………….....…..8
2.3.3 蓮子成份及其應用………………………….…..…….....8
2.3.4 蓮子生理活性之功能….……………………………….11
2.4 自由基傷害與抗氧化物質 12
2.5 複因子實驗設計法 16
3. 材料與方法.............................................................................................17
3.1 實驗材料與設備 17
3.1.1 實驗材料 17
3.1.2 實驗設備 17
3.2 實驗設計 19
3.3 產品量測項目與分析方法 21
3.3.1 徑向膨發率 23
3.3.2 縱向膨發 23
3.3.3 假密度 23
3.3.4 硬度值 24
3.3.5 最大剪切力 24
3.3.6 水溶性指標及吸水性指標 24
3.4 抗氧化功能之評估 25
3.4.1 總多酚含量測定 25
3.4.2 類黃酮含量測定 25
3.4.3 微量元素含量測定………………………………….….26
3.4.4 清除DPPH自由基能力…………………………….….26
3.4.5 還原力…………….. .......................................................27
3.4.6 總抗氧化能力……………………………………….….27
3.4.7 螯合亞鐵離子能力………………………………….….27
3.5 統計分析……………………………………………………....28
4. 結果與討論…………………………………………………….…….. 30
4.1 第一階段實驗之結果與討論…………….……………………..... 30
4.1.1 徑向膨發率……………………………….……………... 30
4.1.2 縱向膨發……………………………………………........ 37
4.1.3 假密度…………………………………………………......42
4.1.4 硬度值……………………………………………............ 46
4.1.5 最大剪切力………………………………………............ 51
4.1.6 吸水性指標………………………………………............ 56
4.1.7 水溶性指標………………………………………............ 63
4.1.8 各項反應性狀間之相關性分析…………………............ 68
4.1.9 最適操作條件之選定與評估…………………................70
4.2 第二階段實驗之結果與討論…………………………………... 71
4.2.1 總多酚、類黃酮及微量元素含量之測定…................ 71
4.2.2 清除DPPH自由基能力之測定…………………............ 72
4.2.3 還原力之測定…………………..……………….............. 78
4.2.4 總抗氧化能力之測定……………………………............ 86
4.2.5 螯合亞鐵離子能力之測定……………………….............94
5. 結論……………………………………………………………............99
6. 對今後研究工作之建議………………………………………..........101
參考文獻………………………………………………………………...102

朱淯維。2003。荷葉乙醇萃取物抗氧化性之探討。碩士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所。
江林、趙榮貨、王家翠、付雪、寸麗玲。1993。蓮的各部位微元素測定。雲南中醫學院學報，16 (4)：9-10。
行政院院衛生署。2003。臺灣地區食品營養成份資料庫。
行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會。2003。臺灣常用藥用植物圖鑑第一冊。
吳艾真。2007。桑椹浸漬萃取條件對成分溶出及萃取液抗氧化能力之影響。碩士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學園藝學研究所。
吳宗沛。1990。米穀擠壓膨發食品之纖維強化及其品質之改進。博士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所。
呂政義、張曙明、韓建國。1987。以擠壓機成型法製備米食產品加工條件之探討。食品科學，14(4)：342~350。
宋國祥。2000。添加綠茶粉於米食膨發食品最適操作條件之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學農業機械工程研究所。
李世平。1996。全脂大豆擠壓產品之理化特性研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學農業機械工程研究所。
李宗翰。2008。香菇擠壓休閒食品之開發及其抗氧化特性之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學生物產業機電工程研究所。
沈明來。1997。試驗設計學。九州圖書文物有限公司。p.175-183。
林木連、蔡右任、張清寬、陳國任、楊盛勳、陳英玲、賴正南、陳玄、張如華。2003。茶葉的營養價值與保健功效。臺灣的茶葉：172-179。
林金源。2001。臺灣產野生刺莧水萃取物對免疫功能的影響。博士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學農業化學研究所。
林銘棋。1989。探討米穀擠壓過程中澱粉裂解之現象。碩士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所。
邵貽沅。2002。甘藷品種抗氧化性之研究。國科會專題研究計畫成果報告書。臺北：實踐大學食品營養學系。
邱再預。1986。水生食用植物重金屬污染調查。行政院衛生署藥品食品檢驗局。
侯春岑。2003。淺談臺灣中草藥發明專利審查基準草案。萬國法律雜誌。129:41。
姜少捷。2010。洛神花擠壓休閒食品之開發及其抗氧化特性之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學生物產業機電工程研究所。
洪金蘭。2005。清心連子飲合四逆散治療失眠臨床研究。傳統醫學雜誌16（2）：113-122。
徐士濠。2009。六種中草藥之抗氧化與抗癌活性探討。碩士論文。高雄：義守大學生物技術與化學工程研究所。
馬忠杰、王惠琴、劉麗娟、沈家琴。1995。蓮子的抗衰老實驗研究。中草藥，26 (2)：81-83。
馬漢成。1994。九種中成藥在防治腫瘤之應用。江蘇中醫。P.43。
涂春木。1994。單軸擠壓機加工米穀粉物理特性之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學農業機械工程研究所。
張明義。2001。模孔孔徑與蕎麥粉添加比例開發蕎麥擠壓食品最適條件之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學農業機械工程研究所。
張蘭昌。1981。中藥大辭典第四、五冊。昭人出版社。臺中。
許鴻源，陳玉盤，許順吉，許照信，陳建志，張憲昌。1985。簡明藥材學。新醫藥出版社。
陳仲謀。2005。菊花、洛神葵、枸杞子、大棗草藥飲品之抗氧化功能探討。碩士論文。嘉義：南華大學自然醫學研究所。
陳怡穎。2003。臺灣土肉桂葉精油之組成與抗氧化性。碩士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所。
陳惠英、顏國欽。1998。自由基、抗氧化防禦與人體健康。中華民國營養學會會誌 23(1)：105-121。
陳輝煌。1991。膨發型米穀雙軸擠壓加工之最適化研究。碩士論文。基隆：國立海洋大學水產食品科學系。
陳寶香。1988。蓮儲存蛋白之研究。博士論文。臺北：國立臺灣大學植物學研究所。
陸欽堯、黎明。1989。抗衰老的中草藥。渡假出版社。p. 114-117。
彭育新。1992。擠壓技術發展概況。食品工業24(8) : 49-56。
彭錦樵。1993。擠壓技術專家-米勒先生演講專輯。美國飼料穀物協會。
曾道一。1993。澱粉之理化特性。食品工業25(3) : 33-42。
黃俊嘉。2006。添加芝麻粕擠壓休閒產品之開發及其抗氧化活性分析。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學生物產業機電工程研究所。
黃國城，施少捷，鄭強。1994。蓮子對果蠅壽命的影響。現代應用醫學。(11)2: 14-15。
黃雪芳、董大成。1989。Lectin在蔬菜、水果之分布。中華民國營養學雜誌。14：2/1 P.37。
黃榮丞。2005。含番茄紅素擠壓休閒產品之開發及其抗氧化活性分析。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學生物產業機電工程研究所。
楊淑華。2004。薏仁品種及白米添加比例對擠壓產品 物理化學及抗氧化特性之影響。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學生物產業機電工程研究所。
經濟部技術處。2004。食品技術。產業技術白皮書。經濟部技術處。
鄔文盛、陳輝煌、龔鳴盛、孫寶年。1989。米之雙軸擠壓加工(Ⅰ)水分和油脂添加對米擠壓產品特性之影響。食品科學，16(4)：305~318。
劉伯康。1997。數種傳統食用植物抗氧化性之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系。
潘憶萱。1997。胡蘿蔔渣應用於高纖擠壓產品之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學農業機械工程研究所。
蔣炳煌、呂幸江。1989。利用擠壓技術製造脆米。食品科學16(4) : 305-318。
蕭世傑。1998。原料配方及螺溝寬度對擠壓緩衝產品理化及生物分解特性之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學農業機械工程研究所。
錢明賽。1998。蔬果中之抗氧化物質。食品工業30(8)：21-34。
謝昆琳。2007。番木瓜果實水萃取物之抗氧化能力研究。碩士論文。臺中：靜宜大學食品營養學系。
簡英正。2000。近代食品擠壓技術發展與現況。食品工業，32 (6) :1-5。
魏開舜。2002。原料配方對擠壓緩衝產品理化機械及生物分解特性之影響。碩士論文：臺中。國立中興大學生物產業機電工程學系。
蘇惠如。2000。蓮子萃取物抗氧化性之研究。碩士論文。臺中：國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系。
Acker, F. A. A., O. Schouten, G. R. M. M. Haenen, W. J. F. Vijgh and A. Bast. 2000. Flavonoid can replace α-tocopherol as an antioxidant. Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc. 473 : 145-148.
Ames, J. B., T. Tanaka, L. Stryer and M. Ikura. 1996. Portrait of a myristoyl switch protein. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 6: 432-438.
Angelo, A. J. S. 1996. Lipid oxidation in foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 36(3):175-224.
AOAC 2000. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (17th ed). Washington, DC.
Aruoma, O. I., B. Halliwell and G. Williamson. 1998. In vitro methods for characterizing potential prooxidant and antioxidant actions of nonnutritive substances in plant foods. 10 : 173-204.
Arnao, M. B., J. L. Casas, J. A. Rio, M. Acosta and F. Garcia-Canovas. 1990. An enzymatic colorimetric method for measuring naringin using 2,2-azzion-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ATBS) in the presence of peroxidase. Analytical Biochem. 185 : 335-338.
Asahina, A., Y. Tada, K. Nakamura and K. Tamaki. 2001. Colchicine and griseofulvin inhibit VCAM-1 expression on human vascular endothelial cells - evidence for the association of VCAM-1 expression with microtubules. J. Dermatol. Sci. 25:1-9.
Ashok, B. T and R. Ali. 1999. The aging paradox: free radical theory of aging. Experimental Gerontol 34 : 293-303.
Bergendi, L., L. Benes, Z. Durackova and M. Ferencik. 1999. Chemistry, physiology and pathology of free radicals. Life Sci. 65: 1865-1874.
Bhatnagar, S. and M. A. Hanna. 1995. Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of starch-based plastic foams. Trans. Of ASAE, 38(2) : 567-571.
Brand-Williams, W., M. E. Cuvelier and C. Berset. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm-Wiss. U. Technol. 28 : 25-30.
Castelluccio, C., G. Paganga, N. Melikian, G. Bolwell, J. Pridham, J. Sampson and C. A. Rice-Evans. 1995. Antioxidant potential of intermediates in phenylpropanoid metabolism in higher plants. FEBS Lett. 368 : 188-192.
Chen, J. J. and S. Lu. 1997. Effect on the physicochemical characteristics by milling methods of waxy rice in Taiwan. Cereal Food. World. 42: 629.
Chinnaswamy, R. and M. A. Hanna. 1988. Optimum extrusion-cooking condition for maximum expansion of corn starch. J. Food Sci. 53: 834-839.
Chiou, W. F., C. H. Peng, C. F. Chen and C. J. Chou. 2003. Anti-inflammatory properties of piperlactam S: modulation of complement 5α-induced chemotaxis and inflammatory cytokines production in macrophages. Planta Med. 69:9-14.
Conner, E. M. and M. B. Grisham. 1996. Inflammation, free radicals, and antioxidants. Nutrition 12 : 274-7.
Davidson, V. J., D. Pation, L. L. Piosady and G. Larocque. 1984. Degradation of wheat starch in a single screw extruder: Charcteristics of extruded starch polymers. J. Food Sci. 49 : 453.
Dinis, T. C. P., V. M. C. Madeira and L. M. Almeida. 1994. Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and peroxyl radical scavengers.Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 315：161~169.
Dziezak, J. D. 1990. Taking the gamble out of produce development. Food Technol. 44(6) : 110-117.
Einbond, L. S., K. A. Reynertson, X. D. Luo, M. J. Basie and E. J. Kennelly. 2004. Anthocyanin antioxidants from edible fruits. Food Chemistry 84 : 23-28.
Fletcher, S. I., P. Richmond and A. C. Smith. 1985. An experimental study of twin-screw extrusion-cooking of maize grits. J. Food Eng. 4(4):291-312.
Fogliano, V., V. Verde, G. Randazzo and A. Ritieni, 1999. Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47: 1035-1040.
Furukawa, H., T. H. Yang and T. J. Lin. 1965. Alkaloids of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. XI. Alkaloids of loti embryo (4). Structure of lotusine a new water-soluble quaternary base. Yakugaku zasshi. 5 : 472-475.
Furukawa, H. 1966. Studies on the alkaloids of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. NMR spectra of liensinine type alkaloids. Yakugaku zasshi. 10 : 883-886.
Gomez, M. H. and J. M. Agurilera. 1983 : Changes in the starch fraction during extrusion-cooking of corn. J. Food Sci. 48( 2 ): 378-382.
Gordon, M. H. 1990. The mechanism of antioxidant action in vitro. Nutr.66:116-122.
Greenwald, P. 2001. Clinical trials of breast and prostate cancer prevention. J Nutr. 131: 176-178.
Halliwell, B and J. M. C. Gutteridge. 1989. Free radicals, ageing and disease. In Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford. : 484-487.
Halliwell, B., M. A. Murcia, S. Chirico and O. I. Aruoma. 1995. Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo : what they do and how they work. Crit Rev Food Sci. Nuttr. 35 : 7-20.
Halliwell, B., J. M. Gutteridge and C. E. Cross. 1992. Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 119 : 598-620.
Halliwell, B. 1996. Antioxidants in human health and disease. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16：33-50. March.
Hanasaki, Y., Ogawa, S. and S. Fukui. 1994. The correlation between active oxygens scavenging and antioxidative effects of flavonoids. 1994. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 16 : 845-850.
Holm, J., N. G. Bjorck, N. G. Asp, L. B. Sjoberg and I. Lundquist. 1985. Starch availability in vitro and vivo after flaking steam cooking and popping of wheat. Cereal Sci. 3 : 193-205.
Harborne, J. B. and C. A. Williams. 2000. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry 55:481-504.
Harper, J.　M. 1981. Extrusion of Foods, Vol.ⅠandⅡ. CR C Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Harper, J. M. 1986. Extrusion texturization of food. Food Technol.
Hsu, H. F., J. Y. Houng, C. L. Chang, C. C. Wu, F. R. Chang and Y.C. Wu. 2005. Antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and DNA information of Glossogyne tenuifolia. J Agric Food Chem. 2005, 53, 6117-6125.
Jang, C. G., M. Kang, J. H. Cho, S. B. Lee, H. Kim, S. Park, J. Lee, S. K. Park, M. Hong, M. K. Shin, I. S. Bae and H. Shim. 2004. Nelumbinis Semen reverses a decrease in 5-HT1A receptor binding induced by chronic mild stress, a depression-like symptom. Arch Pharm Res. 27: 1065-1072.
Jia, Z., M. Tang and J. Wu. 1999. The determination of flavonoid content in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 64 : 555-559.
Kahkonen, M. P., A. I. Hopia, H. J. Vuorela, J. P. Rauha, K. Pihlaja, T. S. Kujala and M. Heinonen. 1999. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compound. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47：3954-3962.
Kashiwada, Y., A. Aoshima, Y. Ikeshiro, Y. P. Chen, H. Furukawa, M. Itoigawa, T. Fujioka, K. Mihashi, L. M. Cosentino, S. L. Morris-Natschke and K. H. Lee. 2005. Anti-HIV benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera, and structure-activity correlations with related alkaloids. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13:443-448.
Kim, J. H., M. Kang, C. Cho., H. S. Chung, C. W. Kang, S. Parvez and H. Bae. 2006. Effects of Nelumbinis Semen on contractile dysfunction in ischemic and reperfused rat heart. Arch. Pharm. Res. 29:777-785.
Kirby, A. R., A. L. Ollett, R. Parker and A. C. Smith. 1988. An experimental study of screw configuration effects in the twin-screw extrusion cooking of maize grits. Food Eng. 8：247-272.
Koner, B. C., B. D. Banerjee and A. Ray. 1997. Effects of in-vivo generation of oxygen free radicals on immune responsiveness in rabbits. Immunology Letters 59 : 127-31.
Kunitomo, J., M. Miyoshi, T. Maruyama and E. Yuge. 1971. Studies on the alkaloids of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn XV. Synthesis of dl-nornuciferine (dl-1-methoxy-2-hydroxyaporphine). Yakugaku zasshi. 91 : 896-900.
Kunsch, C. and R. M. Medford. 1999. Oxidative stress as a regulator of gene expression in the vasculature. Circulation Research 85 : 753-66.
Lander, H. M. 1997. An essential role of free radicals and derived species in signal transduction. FASEB J 11:118-124.
Larson, R. A. 1988. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochem. 27 : 969-978.
Launay, B. and J. M. Lisch. 1984. Twin-screw extrusion cooking of starches : Flow behavior of starch pastes, expansion and mechanical properties of extrudates in “Extrusion cooking technology” P.159
Lawton, J. W., A. B. Davis and K. C. Behnre. 1985. High-temperature, short time extrusion of wheat gluten and bran-like fraction. Cereal Chem. 62:266-267.
Liu, C. P., W. J. Tsai, C. C. Shen, Y. L. Lin, J. F. Liao, C. F. Chen and Y. C. Kuo. 2004. The extracts from Nelumbo nucifera suppress cell cycle progression, cytokine genes expression, and cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Life Sci. 75: 699–716.
Liu, C. P., W. J. Tsai, C. C. Shen, Y. L. Lin, J. F. Liao, C. F., Chen and Y. C. Kuo. 2006. Inhibition of (S)-armepavine from Nelumbo nucifera on autoimmune disease of MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 531: 270-279.
Lotito, S. B. and C. G. Fraga, 1998. (+)-Catechin prevents huan plasma oxidation. Free radical biology & medicine 24: 435-441.
Mason, W. R. and R. C. Hoseney. 1986. Factors affecting the viscosity of extrusion cooked wheat starch. Cereal Chem.63(5) : 436-441.
Mazumder, U. K., M., G. Gupta, and R. K. Pramanik. Mukhopadhyay, Sarkar, S. 1992. Antifertility activity of seed of Nelumbo nucifera in mice. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30: 533–534.
Mercier, C., R. Charbonniere and J. F. D. L. Gueriviere. 1980. Formation of amylose-lipid complexes by twin-screw extrusion cooking of manioc starch. Cereal Chem. 57(1)：4-9.
Miller, N. J., R. E. Catherine, M. J. Davies, V. Gopinathan and A. Iller. 1993. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin. Sci. 84 : 407-412.
Miller, N. J. and C. A. R. Evans, 1996. The relative contributions of ascorbic acid and phenolic antioxidants to the total antioxidant activity of orange and apple fruit juices and blackcurrant drink. Food Chemistry 60(3): 331-337.
Miller, L. N., C. A. Rice-Evans, M. J. Davis, V. Gopinathan and A. Milner, 1993. A novel method for measuring antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clinical science 84: 407-412.
Montgomery, D. C. 1996. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 4thEd. John Wiley & Sons. 436-469.
Mukherjee, P. K., D. Mukherjee, A. K. Maji, S. Rai and M. Heinrich. 2009. The sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera - phytochemical and therapeutic profile. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 61:407-422.
Ness, A. R. and J. W. Powles. 1997. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1:1-13.
Onai, N., Y. Tsunokawa, M. Suda, N. Watanabe, K. Nakamura K, Y. Sugimoto and Y. Kobayashi. 1995. Inhibitory effects of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids on induction of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Planta Med. 61:497-501.
Oyaizu, M. 1986. Studies on products of browning reaction：Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepaed from glucosamine. Jpn. J. Nuttr. 44：307-315.
Pan B. S., M. S. Kong and H. H. Chen. 1992. Twin-screw extrusion for expanded rice products: processing parameters and formulations of extrudate properties. Food Extrusion Science and Technology. p. 693-709.
Peluso, M. R. 2006. Flavonoids attenuate cardiovascular disease, inhibit phosphodiesterase, and modulate lipid homeostasis in adipose tissue and liver. Exp. Biol. Med. 231:1287-1299.
Peng, J., H. E. Huff and F. Hsieh. 1994. An RTD determination method for extrusion cooking. J. Food Proc and Pres. 18 (4): 263~277.
Qian, J. Q. 2002. Cardiovascular pharmacological effects of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derivatives. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 23: 1086-1092.
Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. J. and G. Paganga. 1997. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends Plant Sci. 2: 152-159.
Rossen, J. L and R. C. Miller. 1973. Food extrusion. Food Tech. 27(8) : 46-53.
Sacchetti, G., G. G. Pinnavaia, E. Guidolin and M. D. Rosa. 2004. Effects of extrusion temperature and feed composition on the functional, physical and sensory properties of chestnut and rice-flour-based snack-like products. Food Res. Int. 37: 527-534.
Salah, N., N. J. Miller, G. Paganga, L. Tijburg, G. P. Bolwell and C. A. Rice-Evans. 1995. Polyphenolic flavanols as scavengers of aqueous phase radicals and as chain-breaking antioxidants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 322 : 339-346.
Schnackenberg, C. G. 2002. Oxygen radicals in cardiovascular-renal disease. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2 : 121-5.
Sohn, D. H., Y. C. Kim, S. H. Oh, E. J. Park, X. Li and B. H. Lee, 2003.Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of Nelumbo nucifera. Phytomedicine. 10: 165–169.
Shimada, K., K. Fujikawa, K. Yahara and T. Nakamura. 1992. Antioxidative properties of xathane on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40：945-948.
Van-Poppel, G. and H. Van den Berg. 1997. Vitamins and cancer. Cancer Lett. 114: 195-202.
Wang, J. L., Y. Nong, G. J. Xia, W. X. Yao and M. X. Jiang. 1993. Effects of linesinine on slow action potentials in myocardium and slow inward current in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 28: 812-816.
Weisburger, J. H. 1998. Evaluation of the evidence on the role of tomato products in disease prevention. Pro Soc Exp Biol Med. 218:104-143.
Wu, S., Sun, C. Cao, X. Zhou, H. Zhang and H. Y. Pan. 2004. Preparative counter-current chromatography isolation of liensinine and its analogues from embryo of the seed of Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN. using upright coil planet centrifuge with four multilayer coils connected in series. J. Chromatogr. 1041: 153–162.
Xiao, J. H., J. H. Zhang, H. L. Chen, X. L. Feng and J. L. Wang, 2005. Inhibitory effects of isoliensinine on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Planta Med 71: 225-230.
Yamaguchi, N. and Y. Okada, 1968. Browing reaction products produced by the reaction between sugars and amino acids. Ⅶ. Decomposition of lipid hydroperoxide by the browning products. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 15: 187-191.
Yen, G. C. and P. D. Duh. 1993. Antioxidative properties of methanolic extracts from peanut hulls. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 70(4) : 383-386.