臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要在探討太陽能發電系統從前級最大功率點追蹤到後級並聯市電之系統轉換，並改良傳統單一模組之缺點，進而發展一套多模組之並聯系統。此多模組系統除了可以改善單模組效率，並可讓系統供電之可靠度更高，當有太陽能電池發生故障時，系統不至於無法工作。當太陽能系統運轉時，首先必須擷取各模組之電壓與電流資訊，進一步進行本論文自行研發之適應性最大功率點追蹤，藉降壓轉換器產生最佳化之直流電輸出，接著根據當下各模組之功率大小進行換流器輸出能量控制，此時便可達到大功率電池提供較多能量，而低功率電池提供較少能量之目的。最後再將多餘或不足的能量回饋市電或由市電提供不足之能量。此控制系統在系統負載較重之情況下最為明顯，由實驗可以看出，大功率台陽能電池的確會提供較大之能量，而小功率則提供較少之能量。
本研究之數據、波型與模擬，除了使用MATLAB進行最大功率點追蹤之模擬，還使用SIMPLIS進行並聯市電之訊號分析，以為實作之參考。實驗控制單元使用數位訊號處理器(TMS320F2812)為系統控制核心，其控制與偵測方式皆由軟體完成以增加控制策略之可讀性與減少硬體電路成本。

This thesis investigates the solar cell energy generation system from the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to parallel utility system conversion aimed at improving disadvantages of the traditional single solar cell module by developing a multi-module power supply system. The system not only improves the power supplying efficiency of the single solar cell module, but also strengthens the stability of power supply. That is, if any one of solar cell packs fails, the system still works. When the solar cell system operates, the information of voltage and current of every module is acquired at each sampling instant. A design method based on the adaptive MPPT algorithm is proposed to generate the optimal power output. A DSP-based control system for synchronization of plural AC power sources has also been implemented. The power supplying strategy controls the energy output from the inverter according to the value of current of each module. In which, our goal is that the higher power solar cell modules should supply more energy to the load, while the lower power solar cell modules supply less energy. That means that the higher power sources plays as the master energy supplier, while the lower one serves as the slave supplier. If there is insufficient energy to the load demanded then the utility power will be joining the network. Efficiency of this control scheme would be significant under the condition of heavy load.
In this thesis, simulation not only is conducted in the MATLAB environment for verifying the MPPT strategy, but also utilizing SIMPLIS to analyze parallel utility as the reference for the experiment of parallel power supply. In the control unit, a digital signal processor is used as the core of the multiple power control system. The strategy for power supply control and current detection are all accomplished in the DSP control board. Thus, our can gain better readability of the control strategy and reduce the cost of hardware.

誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Contents v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xii
Nomenclature xiii
Chapter1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Design Approaches 2
1.3 Origination 3
Chapter2 Introduction of PV Systems 5
2.1 Preface 5
2.2 Introduction of Solar Converter 5
2.3 Models and Characters of Solar Energy 6
2.4 PA Mathematical Model 7
Chapter3 Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT) Of Solar Cells 8
3.1 Preface 8
3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking 8
3.2.1 Perturbation and Observation Method 9
3.2.2 Proposed Approach 10
3.3 Implementation of MPPT 12
3.3.1 Buck Converter 13
3.3.2 Analysis of Buck Converter 13
3.3.3 Buck Converter Operation of the Boundary Conditions 19
3.4 MPPT of the Single Full Bridge Inverter 20
3.5 Software Design and Planning of the MPPT 20
3.5.1 Digital Signal Processor 20
Chapter4 Design Principles of Full Bridge Inverter 22
4.1 Preface 22
4.1.1 Half Bridge Inverter 22
4.1.2 Single Full Bridge Inverter 23
4.2 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) 23
4.3 Output Filter Design of Inverter 26
4.4 PI Control and System Stability 27
Chapter5 Bi-module System Hardware/Software Implementation 30
5.1 Single Module Solar Cell Pack and Grid Connection 30
5.2 Bi-module Solar Cell Pack and Grid Connection 30
5.3 Plan and Design of the Hardware 32
5.3.1 Driver Circuit of Power Switch 32
5.3.2 Sampling Solar DC Voltage 32
5.3.3 Sensing Solar Cells DC Current Feedback 32
5.3.4 Sensing AC Current Feedback 33
5.3.5 Zero Crossing Detection 33
Chapter6 Simulated and Experimental Results 34
6.1 PV Array 34
6.2 Parallel Connection with the Utility Power 34
6.3 Bi-module to Parallel the Utility 35
6.4 Measurement and Improvement of Power Factor 35
Chapter7 Conclusions and Future Works 36
7.1 Conclusions 36
7.2 Future Works 36
References 37

[1]I. Takahashi, T. Sakurai, and I. Andoh., “Development of a Simple Photovoltaic System for Interconnection of Utility Power System,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electron., Drives and Energy Syst. Ind. Growth, New Dehli, India, pp. 88-93, 1996.
[2]J. Wang, J. Liu, L. Wu, and Z. Zhao., “Optimal Control of Solar Energy Combined with MPPT and Battery Charging,” in Proc. International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Beijing, China, pp. 285-288, 2003.
[3]W. Swiegers and J.H.R. Enslin., “An Integrated Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Panels,” in Proc. of Int. Symp. Ind. Eng., Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 40-44, 1998.
[4]D.Y. Lee, H.J. Noh, D.S. Hyun and I. Choy., “An Improved MPPT Converter Using Current Compensation Method for Small Scaled PV-applications”, in Proc. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Miami, FL, pp. 540-545, 2003.
[5]I.H. Altas and A.M. Sharaf., “A Novel Fuzzy Logic Controller for Maximum Power Extraction From a PV Array Driving a Three-phase Induction Motor,” in Proc. Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, Anatalya, Turkey, pp.853-856, 1994.
[6]C.L. Liu, “Research on the Fuzzy-Control based Maximum Power Point Tracking Technology for Photovoltaic System,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 2011.
[7]M.A.S. Masoum, S.M.M. Badeiani, and E.F. Fuchs., “Microprocessor-controlled New Class of Optimal Battery Chargers for Photovoltaic Applications,” in Proc. Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Denver, Colorado, pp. 1489, 2004.
[8]T.T. Hsu, “Design and Implementation of a DSP-based-Module-Series Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System,” Master Thesis, Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 2010.
[9]H.T. Hsieh, “Study and Implementation of a DSP-Based Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System,” Master Thesis, Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 2009.
[10]C. Hua, J. Lin, and C. Shen, “Implementation of a DSP-Controlled Photovoltaic System with Peak Power Tracking,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 45, pp 99-107, 1998.
[11]T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, “Comparison of Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques”, National Science Foundation ECS-01-34208.
[12]S.H. Lee, “DSP-Based Single Phase Small Scale Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2003.
[13]T.Y. Kim, H.G. Ahn, S. K. Park, and Y.K. Lee, “A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Power System under Rapidly Changing Solar Radiation,” in Proc. IEEE International Symp. Ind. Electron., 2001, pp. 1011-1014.
[14]K. Kobayashi, H. Matsuo, and Y. Sekine, “A Novel Optimum Operating Point Tracker of the Solar Cell Power Supply System,” in Proc. 35th Annual IEEE Power Electron. Specialists Conf., 2004, pp. 2147-2151.
[15]S. Yuvarajan and S. Xu, "Photo-voltaic Power Converter with a Simple Maximum-Power-Point-Tracker," in Proc. 2003 International Symp. Circuits and Syst., 2003, pp. III-399-III-402.
[16]F.S. Sun, Study of High Performance PV System, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 2005.
[17]林容益， “TMS320F281X系統DSP數位化機電控制”，全華圖書股份有限公司，2008。
[18]W. Xiao, N. Ozog, and W. G. Dunford, “Topology Study of Photovoltaic Interface for Maximum Power Point Tracking,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.54, no.3,pp. 1696-1704,2007.
[19]M.L. Lin, “A DSP-based Single-stage MPPT Inverter and Grid-connected Techniques,” Master Thesis, Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 2010.
[20]M.H. Rashid, Power Electronics 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, 2004.
[21]D.W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, Free Press, 1998.
[22]W.C. Chiou, “Digital Control for Grid-Connected Inverters,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi , Taiwan, 2008.
[23]B.S. Wang, “Development of a DSP-Based Controllable Converter for Wind Turbine and Solar Hybrid Power Conversion System,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 2009.
[24]C.H. Lee, “A Design and Implementation of a Small Scale Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2002.
[25]R.C. Chang, “Digital Control for Bi-directional Inverter under Power Factor Correction Mode,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, 2010.
[26]C.L. Huang,” Design and Implementation of Converter for Grid-Connected Single-Phase Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System,” Master Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan, 2008.