臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究利用東海的三維物理-生地化耦合模式，模擬東海之營養鹽(溶解性無機氮，簡稱DIN)、葉綠素-a濃度分布與初級生產力。原先之模式結果(Liu et al., 2010)與Gong et al. (2003)在東海觀測所得不同季節之平均初級生產力相比較，在時間變化的趨勢上大致相符。但必須藉著微推(nudge)的方式趨向長期平均DIN，才能正確的摸擬營養鹽分布；若任由模式自由運算，則會導致表層營養濃度偏低，進而使總初級生產力也過低，模擬之年平均生產力僅及觀測值的67.5%。而在長江口附近因長江排出大量DIN，所以硝酸鹽的模擬結果較高，使得所推算出之葉綠素濃度和初級生產力也較實際觀測結果要高；而對外部陸棚及開放海域的模擬，則硝酸鹽濃度偏低而使得推算出來的葉綠素濃度及初級生產力值也偏低。
因為長江口是一個中等強度的潮汐河口，潮汐對長江水舌分布有一定程度之影響；故本研究的目的在於將原本的物理模式加入潮汐作用，探討其對生地化參數的分布影響，並與實際觀測結果比較。模式中的潮汐作用是在開放邊界上，將潮汐所造成的水位變化加在邊界條件上，令其作用傳入模式範圍之中。
潮汐作用讓長江水舌擺盪及擴散情形更接近實際觀測現象，也使得營養鹽在水平混合及垂直混合均較原來強烈，也更接近真實情形。由DIN積分(0～60m)來看，加入潮汐作用並不會使得原本的營養鹽含量有太大的差別，而是使得上層水體之營養鹽儲量增加，有利光合作用。再由DIN對深度的變化考慮，潮汐作用明顯地加強垂直混合作用，因而使次表層營養鹽因混合作用進入表層。表層營養鹽的濃度增加使得全年的初級生產力估算較原本提高了40%，更接近實測結果。所估算的初級生產力年平均值可達觀測值之93%。由0～30m之營養鹽深度來看，加入潮流作用之後，平均濃度約由1?M增加為2?M，經由米-曼酶動力學(Michaelis–Menten kinetics)來看，藻類生長率可達最高生長率之91%，接近模式結果與實際觀測值之比較。

Abstract
A coupled physical-biogeochemical model has been used to simulate the distributions of nutrient(i.e. DIN, dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and chlorophyll(Chl-a) in the East China Sea and to predict primary productivity(Liu et al.,2010). Concentrations of DIN, Chl-a and the integrated primary production(IPP) are similar to observations of Gong et al.(2003). However, the model relies on nudging towards observed climatological distribution DIN. Without nudging, the modeled DIN is much higher than observations near the Changjiang river mouth and much lower than observations in most of the far field. The mostly underestimated DIN causes underestimating Chl-a and PP. The high values in the near field result from the high DIN concentration of the ChangJiang run off prescribed for the model.
Since Changjiang estuary is an estuary of medium tidal range, its tidal action can influence the dispersal of Changjiang plume. In this study, we add the tidal action in the ECSmodel to explore how tidal action influences the biochemistry of the East China Sea and compare the output with observations. The tidal action is incorporated in the model by prescribing the sea level changes caused by tides on the open boundaries, so that the tidal actions may propogate into the model domain.
The tidal action makes the Changjiang plume more dispersive and better resembling observations. In addition, it induces stronger horizontal and vertical mixing so that the distribution of DIN concentration in the surface layer close to the observations. On the other hand, the total DIN in the upper 60m remains nearby the same, indicating the tidal action merely moves. DIN from the subsurface layer to the surface layer, which enhances photosynthesis. The additional concentration of DIN in the surface layer increases the IPP by 40% on an annual basis. The modeled annual mean IPP reaches 93% of the observated mean value.
For the water depth of 0 ~ 30m, the mean concentration of modeled DIN increases from 1 ?m to 2 ?m in the ECS shelf region by tidal action. From Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the phytoplankton growth rate can reach 91% of maximam phytoplankton growth rate, which may explain the enhanced primary productivity.

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract III
致謝 VI
目錄 VIII
表目錄...........................................................................................................................X
圖目錄..........................................................................................................................Xl
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 東海簡介 1
1.2 初級生產力（primary productivity） 3
1.3 東海三維物理-生地化耦合模式之發展 3
1.4 研究目的 5
第二章 材料與方法 7
2.1 實測資料 7
2.2 東海物理-生地化模式介紹 8
2.1.1 物理環流模式 9
2.1.2 生地化模式 12
2.1.3 底質模式介紹 16
第三章 結果 18
3.1 結果之呈現 18
3.1.1 模式結果 18
3.1.2 觀測結果之主要特徵 18
3.2 模式結果與觀測結果的比較 19
3.2.1 溶解性無機氮(DIN) 19
3.2.2 葉綠素-a(Chlorophyll-a) 20
3.2.3 總初級生產力(integrated primary productivity, IPP) 21
3.3 小結 22
第四章 討論 23
4.1 DIN縱剖面 23
4.2 葉綠素-a縱剖面 24
4.3 DIN積分 26
4.4 遙測推估 27
4.5 小結 28
第五章 結論 30
中文參考文獻 32
Reference 33
附錄A 遙測推估 91
附錄B 東海環流模式物理參數結果 95

中文參考文獻
丁錡樺，2007，呂宋海峽內潮及其強化生地化通量之數值研究，國立中央大學水文科學研究所碩士論文。
中文百科在線-東海，http://www.zwbk.org/zh-tw/Lemma_Show/79220.aspx
王麗文，2007，南海時間序列站之生地化年間變化研究：利用一維海洋生地化模式之探討，國立中山大學海洋地質及化學研究所博士論文
李國勝、王芳、梁強、李繼龍，2003，東海初級生產力遙感反演及其時空演化機制，地理學報，第58期，第4卷，pp.483~493
高生泉、林以安、金明明、高大偉，2004，春秋季東黃海營養鹽的分布變化特微及營養結構，東海海洋，第22期，第4卷，國家海洋局主管，浙江省海洋學會和國家海洋局第二海洋研究所，pp.38~50
陳英傑，2004，南海初級生產力之估算與SEATS測站顆粒態有機質之觀測：應用於南海物理-生地化耦合模式之驗證與改進，國立台灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文
鄧亦程，2006，翡翠水庫之水文特性及水理水質之模式研究，國立中央大學水文科學研究所碩士論文。
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