臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣產瘤顎家蟻屬 (Strumigenys) 的種類大都是屬於台灣的特有種。然而，因為這類螞蟻體型較小，分類型態特徵上不易觀察而易發生鑑定錯誤，且瘤顎家蟻屬的物種從往昔的研究可知以跳蟲 (collembolan) 為主食，捕捉行為被認為是被動捕食，而懷疑瘤顎家蟻具有吸引跳蟲的能力，因此，本研究之目的在於利用固相微萃取法 (Solid phase micro-extraction) 對蓬萊瘤顎蟻、日本瘤顎蟻、姬瘤顎蟻、六龜瘤顎蟻與屈尺瘤顎蟻之毒液進行氣相層析質譜儀 (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry) 分析進行化學分類，並與形態分類與分子標記分類進行比較。另一方面，研究中會利用蓬萊瘤顎家蟻與相似皺家蟻以及畢氏粗角蟻進行誘引行為比較，同時利用上述三種螞蟻以及邵氏角瘤家蟻，進行表皮碳氫化合物與不同部位之溶劑萃取，進行誘引跳蟲之能力比較。結果顯示，使用毒液進行化學分類可將蓬萊瘤顎蟻、日本瘤顎蟻與姬瘤顎蟻於主成分分析中清楚分開，但六龜瘤顎蟻與屈尺瘤顎蟻的毒液則因成分類似而無法被互相分開。在個體誘引的研究中可發現，蓬萊瘤顎蟻比其他兩種螞蟻具有較好的誘引能力，且都具有顯著差異 (p < 0.05)。除此之外，相同的物種在不同部位的萃取液之間所誘引到的跳蟲比例是沒有顯著差異的，但不同物種在之間相同部位的萃取液卻是有差異的 (p < 0.05)，其中蓬萊瘤顎蟻與邵氏角瘤蟻在頭部與胸部的萃取液與其他兩種具有顯著差異 (p < 0.05)，顯示以跳蟲為主食的螞蟻可能會具有誘引跳蟲的能力。

Most of species in genus Strumigenys are endemic species in Taiwan. However, their taxonomic characteristics are difficult to identify because of their tiny body size. On the other hand, all species in Strumigenys are predator of collembolans and they were considered as a passive predator. For this reason, we doubted whether they could attract their preys, collembolans, or not. According to the result, we had two purposes as follow: First, solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) was used to extract the venom from five Strumigenys species, S. formosensis, S. solifontis, S. minutula, S. liukueiensis and S. chuchihensis, and analyses in Gas chromatography / Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for chemotaxonomy. Morphological taxonomy and molecular phylogeny were also compared with chemotaxonomy. In addition to the chemotaxonomy, our study had also compared the attracted ability of collembolans between S. formosensis, Tetramorium simillimum and Cerapachys biroi. In the same time, we had extracted the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) and other body parts by solvent extraction from the ants above and Pyramica sauteri to test the attracted ability. Our results had indicated that venom could distinguish S. formosensis, S. solifontis and S. minutula clearly; however, S. liukueiensis and S. chuchihensis were not well separated. In the follow research, individuals of S. formosensis had better attraction than T. simillimum and C. biroi. Besides, there was no statistically difference between different body extractions and CHCs in the same species. But the result revealed that the significant difference between different species. The head and alitrunk extraction of S. formosensis and P. sauteri had significant difference from the other two species, especially. These result indicated that Strumigenys and Pyramica may have ability to attract collembolans.

目錄 I
誌謝 III
摘要 IV
Abstract V
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VII
壹、前言 1
貳、往昔研究 3
一、瘤顎家蟻屬的分類沿革 3
二、台灣產瘤顎家蟻屬之型態特徵與覓食行為 4
三、螞蟻的腺體與費洛蒙 6
四、螞蟻之化學氣味研究 7
五、螞蟻之親源分析 10
參、材料與方法 11
一、螞蟻的採集與飼養 11
二、分類學研究 12
三、化學覓食行為學研究 14
四、統計分析 16
肆、結果 23
一、毒液化學分類 23
二、形態特徵分類 23
三、分子標記之親緣性分析 24
四、化學覓食行為學 25
伍、討論 39
陸、結論 46
柒、參考文獻 48
附錄一 57
附錄二 61
圖目錄
圖一、研究中所使用的螞蟻物種採集地圖 18
圖二、螞蟻固定裝置 19
圖三、個體誘引能力研究裝置 20
圖四、身體不同部位誘引能力之研究裝置 21
圖五、五種瘤顎家蟻毒液之總離子層析圖 27
圖六、五種瘤顎蟻毒液成分的相對面積百分比 (RA) 之主成分分析...28
圖七、五種瘤顎家蟻毒液之群聚分析 29
圖八、五種瘤顎家蟻的形態學特徵之群聚分析 30
圖九、五種瘤顎家蟻 COI 序列之 A+T 與 C+G 含量百分比 31
圖十、針對五種瘤顎家蟻之 COI 基因進行最大概似法 (Maximum likehood method) 所建構之親源關係樹 32
圖十一、比較蓬萊瘤顎家蟻、相似皺家蟻與畢氏粗角蟻個體誘引跳蟲之能力 33
圖十二、不同螞蟻在不同部位的萃取液誘引跳蟲能力之比較 34

表目錄
表一、研究所使用的螞蟻物種、採集時間與採集巢數 22
表二、五種瘤顎家蟻之波峰代碼與相對豐量 35表三、五種瘤顎家蟻之形態特徵編碼 38

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