臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

耳石為硬骨魚類內耳中的碳酸鈣結晶體，其形態具有物種間的差異性，可反映魚類形態及生態棲位之異同。本研究以臺灣珊瑚礁區常見的隆頭魚科魚類 (Labridae) 為材料，進行其耳石輪廓形狀參數及縱溝特徵比例之形態學研究；並將魚種棲地分為珊瑚礁區、海草區與砂泥底質區，以探討耳石形態及棲地類型之關聯。臺灣產28屬94種隆頭魚的耳石形態，多為橢圓形或卵圓形、邊緣平滑程度不一、喙部不發達和多樣的異縱溝形。輪廓形狀參數之圓率、長寬比、圓度、波形係數、橢圓率，以及縱溝特徵參數之溝頸高度比例、口部長度比例、尾部長度比例、縱溝長寬比具有顯著的屬間差異，顯示各屬耳石形態不同且多樣化。主成分分析顯示，僅以縱溝參數進行分析並無法有明顯的屬間分群，反而是利用輪廓參數分析能有較佳分群。此結果並非完全符合過去所認知的，耳石輪廓形狀在目以及科的層級有較好的辨識性，縱溝特徵則是應用在屬及種的層級之推論。另根據輪廓形狀參數之長寬比、圓度、橢圓率，以及縱溝特徵參數之縱溝面積比例及縱溝尾部長度比例的結果顯示，礁岩區物種的耳石較為長橢圓形、縱溝面積比例較大且尾部較長，砂泥底質區域物種則大多為偏圓形、縱溝面積比例較小且尾部較短的耳石。

Otoliths are the calcium carbonate crystals in the inner ear of teleost fishes. Morphology of the otolith is species-specific and could be used to reflect the external morphology and ecological niche of fish. Focus on the Labridae, a common coral reef fish in Taiwan, otolith morphology was studied by a combined examination of outline parameters and sulcus characters. The relationship between otolith morphology and labrid habitats that were divided into the types of reef, sea grass and sand was also elucidated. According to the examination from 28 genera and 94 species labrids of Taiwan, the morphology of otolith was mostly elliptic or oval shape with varied margin sculpturing, poorly developed rostrum and the heterosulcoid sulcus. A significant difference among genera was found for the outline parameters (circularity, aspect ratio, roundness, form factor and ellipticity) and sulcus characters (collium height ratio, ostium length ratio, cauda length ratio and sulcus aspect ratio), indicating that the morphology was different and diversified among labrid otoliths. Principal component analysis indicated that the generic grouping was only viable by outline parameters but not for sulcus characters. This was not coincided with the conventional thought that the outline of otoliths is most useful for the order and family level identifications, while the sculpturing on the otolith medial side is diagnostic at the genus and species level. In addition, the results from outline parameters (aspect ratio, roundness and ellipticity) and sulcus characters (sulcus area ratio and cauda length ratio) indicated that otolith morphology of labrids from the reef habitat was usually elliptic with large sulcus area and longer cauda, compared to the round otoliths with smaller sulcus area and shorter cauda for the labrids from sand habitat.

摘要…………………………………………………………………………...……….I
Abstract…………………………………………..……………...………………….II
壹、 前言…………………..…………….………….………….……………1
一、 耳石形態學的研究與應用…….………………….…………….…………1
二、 隆頭魚科魚類概述…….……………………………….………………….2
三、 研究目的…………………….…………………………..…………………2
貳、材料與方法……………….…………………………..……………………….5
一、 標本來源與棲地分類….…………………..…………..………………….5
二、 耳石形態描述………….………………..……………..………………….5
三、 耳石形態測量……….……………..………..…………………………….6
四、 統計分析…………….…………..…………….….……………………….8
參、 結果………………….………………..…………………………………….9
一、耳石形態描述………….…….…..………..…..…………………………….9
二、耳石形態測量………….……...…………………………..………………36
三、主成分分析……….………………………………..………………………37
肆、討論…………………………………………………………………………….39
一、耳石形態學研究方法比較…………………………………………………39
二、耳石形態與分類之關聯………………………………...…………..……..39
三、耳石形態與棲地之關聯……..…………………………...……..…………40
伍、參考文獻………………………..……………………………………………..41
圖…………………………………………………………………………………….45
表…………………………………………………………………………………….54
附圖………………………………………………………………………………….66
附表……………..…………………………………………………………………..78

沈世傑、李信徹、邵廣昭、陳哲聰、陳春暉、莫顯蕎。1993。臺灣魚類誌。國立臺灣大學動物學系。台北。960頁。

邵廣昭 2009。臺灣魚類資料庫，網路電子版。version 2009/1。http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw。2011/07/06。

Arellano, R. V., Hammerlynck, O., Vinex, M., Mees, J., Hostens, K., Gijselink, W., 1995. Changes in ratio of sulcus acusticus area to the sagitta area of Ponatochistus minutus and P. lozanoi (Pisces, Gobiidae). Marine Biology 122: 355-360.

Bugoni, L. and Vooren, C. M., 2004. Feeding ecology of the common tern Sterna hirundo in a wintering area in southern Brazil. The International Journal of Avian Science 146: 438-453.

Castonguay, M., Simard, P. and Gagnon, P., 1991. Usefulness of Fourier analysis of otolith shape for Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) stock discrimination. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 296-302.

Campana, S. E. and Casselman, J. M., 1993. Stock discrimination using otolith shape analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 1062-1083.

Costa, C., Menesatti, P., Aguzzi, J., D'Andrea, S., Antonucci, F., Rimatori, V., Pallottino, F. and Mattoccia, M., 2010. External Shape Differences between Sympatric Populations of Commercial Clams Tapes decussatus and T. philippinarum. Food and Bioprocess Technology 3(1): 43-48.

Cruz, A. and Lombarte, A., 2004. Otolith size and its relationship with colour patterns and sound production. Journal of Fish Biology 65(6): 1512-1525.

Froese, R. and Pauly, D. Editors. 2011. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. 2011/06.

Hecht, T. 1990. Otoliths: An introduction to their morphology and use in the identification of southern ocean fishes. In O. Gon and P. C. Heemstra (Eds.), Fishes of the Southern Ocean, pp. 64–69. Grahamstown, South Africa: J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology.

Iizuka, K. and Katayama, S., 2008. Otolith morphology of teleost fishes of Japan. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research No. 25. 222p.

L’Abee-Lund, J. H. and Jensen, A. J., 1993. Otoliths as natural tags in the systematics of salmonids. Environmental Biology of Fishes 36: 389-393.

Leisler, B. and Winker, H., 1985. Ecomorphology. In Johnston, R. F., editor. Current Ornithology, Vol. 2. New York: Plenum press. pp.155-186

Lombarte, A. and Castellón, A., 1991. Interespecific and intraespecific otolith variability in the genus Merluccius as determinated by image analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 2442-2449.

Lombarte, A. and Lleonart, J., 1993. Otolith size changes with body growth, habitat depth and temperature. Environmental Biology of Fishes 37: 297-306.

Lombarte, A. and Cruz, A., 2007. Otolith size trends in marine fish communities from different depth strata. Journal of Fish Biology 71(1): 53-76.

Motta, P. J., Clifton, K. B., Hernandez, P. and Eggold, B. T., 1995. Ecomorphological correlates in ten species of subtropical seagrass fishes: diet and microhabitat utilization. Environmental Biology of Fishes 44: 37-60.

Nasreddine, K., Benzinou. A. and Fablet, R., 2009. Shape geodesics for the classification of calcified structures: beyond fourier shape descriptors. Fisheries research 98: 8-15.

Nelson, J. S., 2006. Fishes of the World. Fourth Edition. JoHn Wiley & Sons, New York. 601p.

Nolf, D., 1985. Otolithum piscium. In: Schultze, H.P. (Ed.), Handbook of aleoichthyology. Fisher, Stuttgart, New York, pp. 1-145.

Nolf, D., 1995. Studies on fossil otoliths: the state of the art. In: Secor, D., Dean, J.M., Campana, S.E. (Eds.), Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research. University of South Carolina Press, pp. 513-544.

Parisi-Baradad, V., Lombarte, A., Garcia-Ladona, E., Cabestany, J., Piera, J. and Chic, O., 2005. Otolith shape contour analysis using affine transformation invariant wavelet transforms and curvature scale space representation. Marine and Freshwater Research 56(5): 795-804.

Paxton, J. R., 2000. Fish otoliths: do sizes correlate with taxonomic group, habitat and/or luminesence. The Royal Society 355: 1299-1303.

Platt, C. and Popper, A. N., 1981. Structure and function in the ear. In: Tavolga, W.N., Popper, A.N., Fay, R.R. (Eds.), Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. Springer, New York, pp. 3-38.

Ponton, D., 2006. Is geometric morphometrics efficient for comparing otolith shape of different fish species. Journal of Morphology 267: 750-757.

Popper, A. N. and Fay, R. R., 1993. Sound detection and processing by fish: critical review and major research questions. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 41: 14-38.

Ralston, S., 1995. The influence of oceanographic variables on time series of otolith growth in pelagic young-of-the-year rockfish, Sebastes sp. In: Secor, D., Dean, J.M. and Campana, S. E. (Eds.), Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research. University of South Carolina Press, pp. 97–118.

Rivation, J. and Bourret, P., 1999. Otolith of the Indo-Pacific fishes, France, pp.152-162.

Sean, R. T., Jeremy, M. L. and Guy, D., 2006. Application of elliptical Fourier analysis of otolith form as a tool for stock identification. Fisheries research 77: 138-147.

Smale, M.J., Watson, G. and Hecht, T., 1995. Otolith atlas of southern african marine fishes, south africa, pp. 1-192.

Todd, E.S., 1973. Terrestrial sojourns of the longbow mudsuker, Gillichthys miriabilis. Copeia 1: 192-194.

Tollit, D. J., Heaslip, S. G. and Trites, A. W., 2004. Sizes of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) consumed by the eastern stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in southeast Alaska from 1994 to 1999. Fishery Bulletin 102: 522–532.

Torres, G. J., Lombarte, A. and Moralesp-Nin, B., 2000 Variability of the sulcus acusticus in the sagittal otolith of the genus Merluccius (Merlucciidae). Fisheries Research 46: 5-13

Tuset, V. M., Lozano, I. J., Gonzalez, J. A., Pertusa, J. F. and Garcia-Diaz, M. M., 2003. Shape indices to identify regional differences in otolith morphology of comber, Serranus cabrilla (L., 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19(2): 88-93.

Volpedo, A. and Echeverria, D. D., 2003. Ecomorphological patterns of the sagitta in fish on the continental shelf off Argentine. Fisheries Research 60(2-3): 551-560.

Volpedo, A. V., Tombari, A. D. and Echeverria, D. D., 2008. Eco-morphological patterns of the sagitta of Antarctic fish. Polar Biology 31(5): 635-640.

Zeppelin, T. K., Tollit, D.J., Call, K. A., Orchard, T. J. and Gudmundson, C. J., 2004. Sizes of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) consumed by the western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska from 1998 to 2000. Fishery Bulletin 102: 509–521.