臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以台灣西南小琉球海域產叉尾鶴鱵(Tylosurus acus melanotus)為研究對象，利用耳石來進行年齡成長之判定。採樣從2008年7月至2009年8月，按月前往小琉球海域蒐集以流刺網捕獲之樣本，總計共採得658尾樣本魚，其中雌魚329尾、雄魚329尾。體重(BW)與眼眶後尾叉長(EFL)之廻歸關係經最大概似法(Maximum likelihood)檢定結果顯示並無顯著差異(p>0.05)，故將雌雄魚體長體重之資料合併，其廻歸式為BW=0.0105EFL2.7904 (r2=0.87，n=658)。眼眶後尾叉長(EFL)與耳石長(OL)之廻歸關係經最大概似法(Maximum likelihood)檢定出雌雄魚有顯著差異(p<0.05)，其雌雄魚廻歸式分別表示如下:雌魚為EFL = 7.7823OL1.0249 (r²=0.87，n=290)；雄魚為EFL = 7.6061OL1.015 (r²=0.82，n=281)。耳石形質經研磨後有442顆耳石可判讀，APE平均值為1.88%；CV平均值為2.39%，根據耳石每月之邊緣成長率變化推測輪紋是一年形成一次。以非線性廻歸分別估得雌雄魚之von Bertalanffy成長參數經最大概似法檢定結果顯示，雌雄間沒有顯著差異(p>0.05)。方程式為L∞ = 102.7 cm，k = 0.4482/yr，to = -0.1674/yr。

Age and growth of the needle fish, Tylosurus acus melanotus, caught in the Hsiao-Liu-Chiu waters off southwestern Taiwan, was examined by using otolith ring counting in this study. A total of 658 specimens (329 females and 329 males) were collected monthly from the catches of driftnet between July 2008 and August 2009. The relationships the eye fork length (EFL) and body weight (BW) for females and males are not significantly different and a sexes combined relationship can be expressed as BW=0.0105EFL2.7904 (r2=0.87, n=658). The relationships between eye fork length (EFL) and otolith length (OL) are estimated to be EFL = 7.7823OL1.0249 (r²=0.87, n=290) for females, and EFL = 7.6061OL1.015 (r²=0.82, n=281) for males. Ages were derived from 442 counted otoliths, which the APE average was 1.88%, and CV average was 2.39%. Monthly changes in the marginal increment ratio of the otoliths indicated that annulus formed once a year. The growth parameters of sexes combined von Bertalanffy growth eguation were L∞ = 102.7 cm, k = 0.4482/yr, to = -0.1674/yr.

目錄
中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
謝詞 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
表目錄 Ⅶ
圖目錄 Ⅷ
一、前言 1
1-1 分類地位 1
1-2形態特徵 2
1-3 分佈習性及漁獲方法 2
1-4 小琉球漁業及資源概況 3
1-5 相關文獻 4
1-6 研究目的 5
二、材料與方法 6
2-1 樣本採集 6
2-2 樣本處理及量測 6
2-3 年齡形質之選定 7
2-4 耳石處理及包埋 8
2-5 耳石研磨 9
2-6 輪紋計數 10
2-7 分析方法 10
2-7-1 眼眶後尾叉長(EFL) 與全長(TL)、尾叉長(FL)、標準體長(SL)之廻歸關係 10
2-7-2 體長體重之關係 11
2-7-3 耳石成長 12
2-7-4 輪紋判讀之誤差 12
2-7-5 邊緣成長率之計算 13
2-7-6 成長方程式之推估 14
三、結果 15
3-1 體長頻度分佈 15
3-2 眼眶後尾叉長(EFL)與全長(TL)、尾叉長(FL)、標準體長(SL)間之廻歸關係 15
3-3 體長與體重之關係 16
3-4 眼眶後尾叉長(EFL)與耳石長(OL)、耳石徑長(OR)、耳石重(OW)之關係 16
3-5 耳石輪紋之判讀與計數 18
3-6 耳石輪紋判讀之誤差 19
3-7輪紋形成之週期 19
3-8 出生輪之判定 20
3-9 von Bertalanffy 成長方程式 20
四、討論 22
4-1 叉尾鶴鱵樣本之探討 22
4-2 查定年齡方法之探討 23
4-3 輪紋形成週期 26
4-4 輪紋判讀之誤差 28
4-5 成長速率 29
4-6成長方程式 29
五、結論 32
參考文獻 33
附表 43
附圖 47

參考文獻

一、中文
丘臺生 (1999) 台灣的仔稚魚種海洋生物本性教材 (二) 。國立海洋生物博物館籌備處，296頁。
石佳隴（2008）印度洋長鰭鮪之年齡成長研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，77 頁
沈世傑、李信徹、邵廣昭、莫顯蕎、陳春暉、陳哲聰 (1993) 台灣魚類誌。國立台灣大學動物學系印行，960頁
林玉婷 (2009) 台灣西南海域產小鰭鐮齒魚之年齡成長研究。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理研究所碩士論文，61頁。
殷名稱 (1996) 魚類生態學。水產出版社，台灣，537頁。
能勢幸雄、石井丈夫、清水誠 (1990) 水產資源學。中國水產月刊，447期：43-62。
張崑雄、邵廣昭、花長生 (1991) 台灣珊瑚礁魚類。度假出版社有限公司，235頁。
陳哲聰 (2007) 小琉球海域生物多樣性之研究。行政院農委員會漁業署九十六年度科技計畫研究報告，150頁。
陳凱暐 (2006) 台灣西南沿海產七星魚之年齡成長。國立高雄海洋科技大學漁業生產與管理所碩士論文，93頁。
曾萬年 (2008) 隱藏在魚類內耳裡的生活史秘密：耳石的構造和微化學及其生態應用，國立台灣大學漁業科學研究所，89頁。
蘇楠傑 (2003) 臺灣近海鮪延繩釣漁業黃鰭鮪的年齡、成長、死亡率及單位加入生產量。國立臺灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文，44頁。
 
二、英文

Adachi K., K. Takagi, E. Tanaka, S. Yamada and T. Kitakado (2000) Age and growth of alfonsino Beryx splendens in the waters around the Izu Islands. Fisheries Science, 66: 232-240.
Ambrose D. A. and H. G. Moser (1988) Rearing, development, and early life history of the California Needlefish. Srtongylura exilis. Revue française d'aquariologie, 15(2): 43-48.
Antoine, L. M., J. J. Mendoza and P. M. Cayre (1983) Progress of age and growth assessment of Atlantic skipjack tuna, Euthynnus pelamis, from dorsal fin spines. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 8: 91-97.
Banford, H. M., E. Bermingham and B. B. Collette (2004) Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of transisthmian and amphi-Atlantic needlefishes (Belonidae: Strongylura and Tylosurus): Perspectives on New World marine speciation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31: 833-851.
Barkman, R. C. (1987) The use of otolith growth rings to age young Atlantic silversides, Menidia menidia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 107: 790-792.
Batts, B. S. (1972) Age and growth of the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus), in North Carolina Waters. Chesapeake Science, 13(4): 297-244.
Beamish, R. J. and D. A. Fournier (1981) A method for comparing the precision of a set of age determinations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38: 982-983.
Beamish, R. J. and G. A. McFarlane (1987) Current trends in age determination methodology. In: Summerfelt, R. C., G. E. Hall, (eds.), Age and Growth of Fish. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 15-42.
Beamish, R. J. and G. A. McFarlane (1983) The forgotten requirement for age validation in fisheries biology. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 122: 735-743.
Beckman, D. W. and C. A. Wilson (1995) Seasonal timing of opaque zone formation in fish otolith. In:Secor, D. H., Dean, J. M. , Campana, S. E. (eds.), Recent Development in fish Otolith Research. University of South Carolina Press, South Carolina, 27-43.
Bertalanffy, L. V. (1938) A quantitative theory of organic growth (inquiries on growth laws.Ⅱ). Human Biology, 10: 181-213.
Briggs, P. T. (1970) Records of ectoparasitic is opods from Great South Bay, New York. New York Fish and Game Journal, 17(1): 55-57.
Cailliet, G. M., and K. J. Goldman (2004) Age determination and validation in chondrichthyan fishes. In Carrier, J. F., J. A. Musick and M. R. Heithaus (eds.), The Biology of Sharks and their Relatives. 399-447. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
Campana, S. E. (2001) Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods. Journal of Fish Biology, 59: 197-242.
Carlson, J. K., and I. E. Baremroe (2005) Growth dynamics of the spinner shark (Carcharhinus brevipinna) off the United States southeast and Gulf of Mexico coast: a comparison of methods. Fishery Bulletin, 103: 280-291.
Carpenter, K. E. and V. H. Niem (1999) The living marine resources of the western central pacific, (Mugilidae to Carangidae), FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery purposes, 4(2): 2069-2790.
Casselman, J. M. (1983) Age and growth assessment of fish from their calcified structures-techniques and tools. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 8:1-17.
Collette, B. B. and N. V. Parin (1970) Needlefishes (Belonidae) of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Atlantide Report, 11: 7-60.
Cressey, R. F. and B. B. Collette (1971) Copepods and needlefishes: a study in host-parasite relationships. Fishery Bulletin, 68(3): 347-432.
Forster N. R. (1974) Behavior, development, and early life history of the Asian (Xenentodon cancila). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 125: 77-88.
Hilborn, R. and C. Walters (1992) Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: choice, dynamics, and uncertainty. Chapman and Hall, New York. pp. 570.
Hoening, J. M., J. Csirke, M. J. Sanders, A. Abella, M. G. Andreoli, D. Levi, S. Ragonese, M. Al-Shoushani, and M. M. El-Musa (1987) Data Acquisition of length-based stock assessment: report of working group I, 343-352. In Pauly D. and G. R. Morgan (eds.), Length-based method in fisheries research. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 13:468. International Center for Living Aquatic Resource Management, Manila, Philippmes, and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait.
Iqbal, K. M., Y. Masuda, H. Suzuki and A. Shinomiya (2006) Age and growth of the Japanese silver-biddy, Gerres equulus, in western Kyushu, Japan. Fisheries Research, 77: 45-52.
James, C. L. (2002) Swimming in needlefish (Belonidae): anguilliform locomotion with fins. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 205(18): 2875-2884.
Johnson, A. G. (1983) Comparison of dorsal spine and vertebrae as ageing structures for little tuna, Eutyhnnus alletteratus, from the northeast Gulf of Mexico. United States of America. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 8: 111-115.
Jones, C. M. (1992) Development and application of the otolith increment technique. In D. K. Stevenson and S. E. Campana (eds.), Otolith Microstructure Examination and Analysis, Chapter 1, 1-11. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 117.
Jones, J. B. (1981) Growth of two species of fresh water crayfish (Paranephrops spp.) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 15: 15-20.
Kowk K. Y. and I. H. Ni (2000) Age and growth of cutlassfishes, Trichiurus spp., from the South China Sea. Fishery Bulletin, 98: 748-758.
Liao. Y. Y. and Y. H. Chang (2011) Reproductive biology of needle fish, Tylosurus acus melanotus in the waters around Hsiao-Liu-Chiu, Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 50(3): 296-308.
Lorenzo, J. M. and J. G. Pajuelo (1999) Age and growth of the sand smelt Atherina (Hepsetia) presbyter Cuvier, 1829 in the Canary Islands (Central-east Atlantic). Fisheries Research, 41: 177-182.
MacDonald, P. D. M. and T. J. Pitcher (1979) Age-groups from size-frequency data: a versatile and efficient method of analyzing distribution mixtures. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36: 987-1001.
Masuda, Y., T. Ozawa, S. Onoue and T. Hamada (2000) Age and Growth of the flathead, Platycephalus indicus, from the coastal waters of west Kyushu, Japan. Fisheries Research, 46: 113-121.
McBride, R. S. and P. E. Thurman (2003) Reproductive Biology of Hemiramphus brasiliensis and H. balao (Hemiramphidae): Maturation, Spawning Frequency and Fecundity. Biological Bulletin, 204: 57-67.
Mohamad K. H., K. M. S. Ameer Hamsa, T. S. Balasubramanian and S. Rajapackiam (1996) Fishery of full beaks and half beaks with special reference on the growth, mortality and stock assessment of Ablennes hians (Valenciennes) along the Tuticorin coast, Gulf of Mannar. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 43(1): 51-59.
Morales-Nin, B. and D. Sena-Carvalho (1996) Age and growth of the black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) off Madeira. Fisheries Research, 25: 239-251.
Nakaya, M., T. Morioka, K. Fukunaga, S. Sekiya, T. Jinbo, H. Nagashima and Y. Ueno (2008) Validation of otolith daily increments for larval and juvenile Japanese halfbeak Hyporhamphus sajori. Fisheries Research, 93: 186-189.
Neer, J. A. and B. A. Thompson (2005) Life history of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in the northern Gulf of Mexico, with comments on geographic variability in life history traits. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 73: 321-331.
Newman, S. J., M. Cappo and D. M. Williams (2000) Age, growth, mortality rates and corresponding yield estimates using otoliths of the tropical red snappers, Lutjanus erythropterus, L. malabaricus and L. sebae, from the central Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research, 48: 1-14.
Polat, N., Y. İnceismail, S. Yılmaz and D. Bostancı (2009) Age determination, Age-length and length-weight relationships of Garfish (Belone belone L., 1761) in the Black Sea (Samsun). Research Article, 3(3): 187-198.
Ravichandran, S. (2007) Infestation of Isopod Parasite Lironeca puhi in Slender Needle Fish Srrongylura leiura. Research Journal Parasitology, 2(2): 97-93.
Ricker, W. E. (1979) Growth rate and Models. Fish Physiology Ⅷ series, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 677-743.
Rodriguez-Marin, E., Ruiz and A. Sarasua (2002) Validation of roughhead grenadier (Macrourus berglax) otolith reading. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 18: 70-80.
Smith, C. L. (1983) Summary of round table discussion on backcalculation. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 8: 45-47.
Steward, C. A., K. D. DeMaria and J. M. Shenker (2009) Using otolith morphometrics to quickly and inexpensively predict age in the gray angelfish (Pomacanthus arcuatus). Fisheries Research, 99: 123-129.
Stewart J. and J. M. Hughes (2007) Age validation and growth of three commercially important hemiramphids in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Fish Biology, 70: 65-82.
Tserpes, G. and N. Tsimenides (2001) Age, growth and mortality of Serreanus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Cretan shelf. Fisheries Research, 51: 27-43.
Uçkun, D., S. Akalin, E. Taşkavak and M. Toğulga (2004) Some biological characteristics of the garfish (Belone belone L., 1761) in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20: 413-416.
Williams, T. and B. C. Bedford (1974) The use of otoliths for age determination. In T. B. Bagenal (eds.), The Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Ageing of Fish: Sponsored by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commis. Unwin Brothers Ltd, 114-123.
Zhao, C. Y. and Y. W. Jiang (1983) Studies on habit and early morphogenesis of needlefish Ablennes anastomella (Cuvier et Valenciennes). Marine Fisheries Research, 5: 63-71.
 
三、網路文獻
台灣魚類資料庫(2011)。
http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw/version.htm
國立臺灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系海洋遙測實驗室
http://140.121.161.31/RSL/